User:Surjection/urj-pro Swadesh
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Uralic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| No. | English | Proto-Uralic |
Finnish descendant |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *minä | minä |
| 2 | you (singular) | *tinä | sinä |
| 3 | he | ||
| 4 | we | *me | me |
| 5 | you (plural) | *te | te |
| 6 | they | ||
| 7 | this | *e-, *tä | tämä < *tä |
| 8 | that | *to | tuo |
| 9 | here | *tä-kä-nä? | täällä < *tä-x-l-nä < *tä-kä-lä-nä |
| 10 | there | *to-ka-na? | tuolla < *to-x-l-na < *to-ka-la-na |
| 11 | who | *ke, *ku- | kuka < *ku-, ken < *ke- |
| 12 | what | *mi | mikä |
| 13 | where | *ku-? | - |
| 14 | when | ||
| 15 | how | ||
| 16 | not | *e- | ei |
| 17 | all | ||
| 18 | many | ||
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | *mu (PFU) | muu |
| 22 | one | *ükte (PFU) | yksi |
| 23 | two | *kakta | kaksi |
| 24 | three | *kolme/*kormɜ (PFU) | kolme |
| 25 | four | *neljä (PFU) | neljä |
| 26 | five | *witte (PFU? Smy "10") | viisi |
| 27 | big | *enä | enää (“any more”) < *enä |
| 28 | long | *kawka? *pide? | kauko- (“far”) < *kawka, pitkä < *pide |
| 29 | wide | ||
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | ||
| 32 | small | ||
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | ||
| 35 | thin | ||
| 36 | woman | *naje? | nainen (< *naje?) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | *kojema? | - |
| 38 | man (human being) | ||
| 39 | child | ||
| 40 | wife | ||
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | *emä | emä |
| 43 | father | *ićä | isä |
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | *kala | kala |
| 46 | bird | *lunta | lintu |
| 47 | dog | ||
| 48 | louse | *täje (PFU) | täi |
| 49 | snake | *küje | kyy (“viper”) |
| 50 | worm | ||
| 51 | tree | *puxe | puu |
| 52 | forest | ||
| 53 | stick | *śawŋɜ? (PFU) | sauva (“rod, stick”) |
| 54 | fruit | ||
| 55 | seed | ||
| 56 | leaf | ||
| 57 | root | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | *kopa? (PFU), *keri? (PFU) | keri (“rim, edge”) < *keri |
| 59 | flower | ||
| 60 | grass | ||
| 61 | rope | *kewδe | köysi |
| 62 | skin | ||
| 63 | meat | *onśa? | ? osa |
| 64 | blood | *were (PFU) | veri |
| 65 | bone | *luwe | luu |
| 66 | fat (noun) | *kuje (PFU), *śilä | kuu (“(reindeer) fat”) < *kuje, silava < *śilä |
| 67 | egg | *muna | muna |
| 68 | horn | *śarwe (PFU) | sarvi |
| 69 | tail | *čänčä | häntä |
| 70 | feather | *tulka | ? sulka |
| 71 | hair | *ëpte | hapsi |
| 72 | head | *ojwa, *päŋe (PFU) | pää < *päŋe, oiva (“fine, splendid”) < *ojwa |
| 73 | ear | *peljä (PFU?) | - |
| 74 | eye | *śilmä | silmä |
| 75 | nose | ||
| 76 | mouth | *śuwe | suu |
| 77 | tooth | *piŋe | pii (“thorn, prong”) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | *käle, *ńälmä | kieli < *käle |
| 79 | fingernail | *künče | kynsi |
| 80 | foot | *jalka (PFU) | jalka |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | *polwe | polvi |
| 83 | hand | *käte (PFU) | käsi |
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | ||
| 86 | guts | *śola | suoli |
| 87 | neck | *śepä | sepä (“front of a sleigh”) |
| 88 | back | *muka | - |
| 89 | breast | *mälki | - |
| 90 | heart | *śüdäme | sydän |
| 91 | liver | *mëksa | maksa |
| 92 | to drink | *jëxe- | juoda |
| 93 | to eat | *sewe- | syödä |
| 94 | to bite | *pore- | purra |
| 95 | to suck | *ime- | imeä |
| 96 | to spit | *śülke-? | ? sylkeä |
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | *näke- (PFU?) | nähdä (näke-) |
| 102 | to hear | *kule- (PFU?) | kuulla |
| 103 | to know | *tumte- | tuntea |
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | *śaŋke-? | - |
| 106 | to fear | *pele- | pelätä |
| 107 | to sleep | *ade- (PFU?) | - |
| 108 | to live | *elä- | elää |
| 109 | to die | *kale- | kuolla |
| 110 | to kill | *wila- | - |
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | *peksä-? *čaŋa-? | piestä < *peksä- |
| 114 | to cut | *äktä- | - |
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | *puske- (PFU) | puskea |
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | *kajwa- | kaivaa |
| 119 | to swim | *uje- | uida |
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | *mene-? "to go" | mennä (“to go”) |
| 122 | to come | *tole- | tulla |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | ||
| 125 | to stand | *sańśa- | seisoa, seistä |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | *eśkä- (PFU?) | - |
| 128 | to give | *mixe-, *ëmta- (PFU) | myydä (“to sell”) < *mixe-, antaa (“to give”) < *ëmta- |
| 129 | to hold | *pitä- (PFU) | pitää |
| 130 | to squeeze | *puśa- | pusertaa? |
| 131 | to rub | *čaŋa-? | - |
| 132 | to wash | *mośke- | - |
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | *wetä- "to lead"? | vetää |
| 135 | to push | *lükkä- | lykätä |
| 136 | to throw | *loŋe- | luoda (“to create; clear (snow)”) |
| 137 | to tie | *kütke- | kytkeä (“to connect”) |
| 138 | to sew | *worka-? (PFU) | - |
| 139 | to count | *luke- | lukea (“to read”) |
| 140 | to say | *mënɜ- | manata (“to curse”) |
| 141 | to sing | ||
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | *uwa- | vuo (“flow”) |
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | *päje? *päjwä? | päivä |
| 148 | moon | *kuŋe | kuu (“moon”) |
| 149 | star | *kuńćɜ | - |
| 150 | water | *wete | vesi |
| 151 | rain | ||
| 152 | river | *joke, *juka | joki |
| 153 | lake | *towe | ? suo |
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | *salɜ? < IE | suola |
| 156 | stone | *kiwe (PFU) | kivi |
| 157 | sand | ||
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | *mëxe, *muďa | maa < *mëxe, muta < *muďa |
| 160 | cloud | *pilwe (PFU) | pilvi |
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | *ilma? | ilma (“air”) |
| 163 | wind | ||
| 164 | snow | *lome, *kume | lumi < *lome |
| 165 | ice | *jäŋe (PFU) | jää |
| 166 | smoke | *künte? (EU) | - |
| 167 | fire | *tule | tuli |
| 168 | ash | ||
| 169 | to burn | ||
| 170 | road | ||
| 171 | mountain | *wëre? | vuori |
| 172 | red | *puna? "color" (PFU) | puna |
| 173 | green | ||
| 174 | yellow | ||
| 175 | white | *wëlketa? (PFU) | valkea |
| 176 | black | *piľme? "dark" | pimeä |
| 177 | night | *üje | yö |
| 178 | day | ||
| 179 | year | *ëde? | vuosi |
| 180 | warm | *lämpe | lämmin (“warm”), lämpö (“heat”) |
| 181 | cold | ||
| 182 | full | *täwde | täysi |
| 183 | new | *wuδ́i (PFU) | uusi |
| 184 | old | *wanša? (PFP?) | vanha |
| 185 | good | *soma? | ? |
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | *sexji? | ? |
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | ||
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | ||
| 199 | right | ||
| 200 | left | *wasa | vasen |
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | ||
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name | *nime | nimi |