Appendix:Serbo-Croatian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in English and Serbo-Croatian.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Serbo-Croatian srpskohrvatski (latinica) |
српскохрватски (ћирилица) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ja | ја |
| 2 | you (singular) | ti | ти |
| 3 | he | on | он |
| 4 | we | mi | ми |
| 5 | you (plural) | vi | ви |
| 6 | they | oni | они |
| 7 | this | ovaj, taj (depending on the location of object and of speaker and listener) | овај, тај (depending on the location of object and of speaker and listener) |
| 8 | that | taj, onaj (depending on the location of object and of speaker and listener) | тај, онај (depending on the location of object and of speaker and listener) |
| 9 | here | ovde, ovdje | овде, овдје |
| 10 | there | tamo | тамо |
| 11 | who | ko, tko | ко, тко |
| 12 | what | što, šta | што, шта |
| 13 | where | gde, gdje | где, гдје |
| 14 | when | kad | кад |
| 15 | how | kako | како |
| 16 | not | ne | не |
| 17 | all | sve | све |
| 18 | many | mnogo | много |
| 19 | some | nekoliko | неколико |
| 20 | few | malo | мало |
| 21 | other | drugi | други |
| 22 | one | jedan | један |
| 23 | two | dva | два |
| 24 | three | tri | три |
| 25 | four | četiri | четири, четри |
| 26 | five | pet | пет |
| 27 | big | velik | велик |
| 28 | long | dug, dugačak | дуг, дугачак |
| 29 | wide | širok | широк |
| 30 | thick | debeo | дебеo |
| 31 | heavy | težak | тежак |
| 32 | small | mali | мали |
| 33 | short | kratak | кратак |
| 34 | narrow | uzak | узак |
| 35 | thin | tanak | танак |
| 36 | woman | žena | жена |
| 37 | man (adult male) | muškarac | мушкарац |
| 38 | man (human being) | čovek, čovjek | човек, човјек |
| 39 | child | dete, dijete | дете, дијете |
| 40 | wife | žena, supruga | жена, супруга |
| 41 | husband | muž, suprug | муж, супруг |
| 42 | mother | majka | мајка |
| 43 | father | otac | отац |
| 44 | animal | životinja | животиња |
| 45 | fish | riba | риба |
| 46 | bird | ptica | птица |
| 47 | dog | pas | пас |
| 48 | louse | uš, vaš | уш, ваш |
| 49 | snake | zmija | змија |
| 50 | worm | glista | глиста |
| 51 | tree | drvo | дрво |
| 52 | forest | šuma | шума |
| 53 | stick | štap, prut, drška | штап, прут, дршка |
| 54 | fruit | voće, plod | воће, плод |
| 55 | seed | seme, sjeme | семе, сјеме |
| 56 | leaf | list | лист |
| 57 | root | koren, korijen | корен, коријен |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | kora | кора |
| 59 | flower | cvet, cvijet | цвет, цвијет |
| 60 | grass | trava | трава |
| 61 | rope | konopac, uže, špaga | конопац, уже, шпага |
| 62 | skin | koža | кожа |
| 63 | meat | meso | месо |
| 64 | blood | krv | крв |
| 65 | bone | kost | кост |
| 66 | fat (noun) | mast, salo | маст, сало |
| 67 | egg | jaje | јаје |
| 68 | horn | rog | рог |
| 69 | tail | rep | реп |
| 70 | feather | pero | перо |
| 71 | hair | kosa, dlaka, vlas | коса, длака, влас |
| 72 | head | glava | глава |
| 73 | ear | uho, uvo | ухо, уво |
| 74 | eye | oko | око |
| 75 | nose | nos | нос |
| 76 | mouth | usta | уста |
| 77 | tooth | zub | зуб |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | jezik | језик |
| 79 | fingernail | nokat | нокат |
| 80 | foot | stopa, stopalo | стопа, стопало |
| 81 | leg | noga | нога |
| 82 | knee | koleno, koljeno | колено, кољено |
| 83 | hand | ruka, šaka | рука, шака |
| 84 | wing | krilo | крило |
| 85 | belly | stomak, trbuh | стомак, трбух |
| 86 | guts | crevo, crijevo | црево, цријево |
| 87 | neck | vrat | врат |
| 88 | back | leđa | леђа |
| 89 | breast | grudi, prsa | груди, прса |
| 90 | heart | srce | срце |
| 91 | liver | jetra | јетра |
| 92 | to drink | piti | пити |
| 93 | to eat | jesti | јести |
| 94 | to bite | ujesti, ugristi | ујести, угристи |
| 95 | to suck | sisati | сисати |
| 96 | to spit | pljuvati | пљувати |
| 97 | to vomit | povraćati | повраћати |
| 98 | to blow | puhati, duvati | пухати, дувати |
| 99 | to breathe | disati | дисати |
| 100 | to laugh | smijati se | смејати се |
| 101 | to see | videti, vidjeti | видети, видјети |
| 102 | to hear | čuti | чути |
| 103 | to know | znati | знати |
| 104 | to think | misliti | мислити |
| 105 | to smell | mirisati | мирисати |
| 106 | to fear | plašiti, bojati se, strahovati | плашити, бојати се, страховати |
| 107 | to sleep | spavati | спавати |
| 108 | to live | živeti, živjeti | живети, живјети |
| 109 | to die | umreti, umrijeti | умрети, умријети |
| 110 | to kill | ubiti | убити |
| 111 | to fight | tući, boriti se | тући, борити се |
| 112 | to hunt | loviti | ловити |
| 113 | to hit | udarati | ударати |
| 114 | to cut | seći, sjeći, rezati | сећи, сјећи, резати |
| 115 | to split | deliti, dijeliti | делити, дијелити |
| 116 | to stab | ubosti | убости |
| 117 | to scratch | češati | чешати |
| 118 | to dig | kopati | копати |
| 119 | to swim | plivati | пливати |
| 120 | to fly | leteti, letjeti | летети, летјети |
| 121 | to walk | hodati | ходати |
| 122 | to come | dolaziti | долазити |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ležati | лежати |
| 124 | to sit | sedeti, sjediti | седети, сједити |
| 125 | to stand | stajati | стајати |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | skrenuti | скренути |
| 127 | to fall | pasti | пасти |
| 128 | to give | dati | дати |
| 129 | to hold | držati | држати |
| 130 | to squeeze | stisnuti, stegnuti | стиснути, стегнути |
| 131 | to rub | trljati | трљати |
| 132 | to wash | prati | прати |
| 133 | to wipe | brisati | брисати |
| 134 | to pull | vući | вући |
| 135 | to push | gurati | гурати |
| 136 | to throw | bacati | бацати |
| 137 | to tie | vezati | везати |
| 138 | to sew | šiti | шити |
| 139 | to count | brojati, brojiti | бројати, бројити |
| 140 | to say | reći, kazati | рећи, казати |
| 141 | to sing | pevati, pjevati | певати, пјевати |
| 142 | to play | igrati | играти |
| 143 | to float | plutati, ploviti | плутати, пловити |
| 144 | to flow | teći | тећи |
| 145 | to freeze | zalediti, smrznuti | заледити, смрзнути |
| 146 | to swell | oteći, oteknuti | отећи, отекнути |
| 147 | sun | sunce | сунце |
| 148 | moon | mesec, mjesec | месец, мјесец |
| 149 | star | zvezda, zvijezda | звезда, звијезда |
| 150 | water | voda | вода |
| 151 | rain | kiša | киша |
| 152 | river | reka, rijeka | река, ријека |
| 153 | lake | jezero | језеро |
| 154 | sea | more | море |
| 155 | salt | sol, so | сол, со |
| 156 | stone | kamen, stena, stijena | камен, стена, стијена |
| 157 | sand | pesak, pijesak | песак, пијесак |
| 158 | dust | prašina | прашина |
| 159 | earth | zemlja | земља |
| 160 | cloud | oblak | облак |
| 161 | fog | magla | магла |
| 162 | sky | nebo | небо |
| 163 | wind | vetar, vjetar | ветар, вјетар |
| 164 | snow | sneg, snijeg | снег, снијег |
| 165 | ice | led | лед |
| 166 | smoke | dim | дим |
| 167 | fire | vatra | ватра |
| 168 | ash | pepeo | пепео |
| 169 | to burn | goreti, gorjeti | горети, горјети |
| 170 | road | put, cesta | пут, цеста |
| 171 | mountain | planina | планина |
| 172 | red | crven | црвен |
| 173 | green | zelen | зелен |
| 174 | yellow | žut | жут |
| 175 | white | beo, bijel | бео, бијел |
| 176 | black | crn | црн |
| 177 | night | noć | ноћ |
| 178 | day | dan | дан |
| 179 | year | godina | година |
| 180 | warm | topao | топао |
| 181 | cold | hladno, hladnoća | хладно, хладноћа |
| 182 | full | pun | пун |
| 183 | new | nov | нов |
| 184 | old | star | стар |
| 185 | good | dobar | добар |
| 186 | bad | loš | лош |
| 187 | rotten | truo, gnjio | труо, гњио |
| 188 | dirty | prljav | прљав |
| 189 | straight | prav | прав |
| 190 | round | obao, okrugao | обао, округао |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | oštar | оштар |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tup | туп |
| 193 | smooth | gladak | гладак |
| 194 | wet | mokar | мокар |
| 195 | dry | suh | сув |
| 196 | correct | točan, tačan | точан, тачан |
| 197 | near | blizak | близак |
| 198 | far | dalek | далек |
| 199 | right | desno | десно |
| 200 | left | levo, lijevo | лево, лијево |
| 201 | at | kod | код |
| 202 | in | u | у |
| 203 | with | s, sa | с, са |
| 204 | and | i | и |
| 205 | if | ako | ако |
| 206 | because | zato, pošto, jer | зато, пошто, јер |
| 207 | name | ime | име |
^ The Ekavian variant (with /e/ superseding old vowel Jat]]) is used in most of Serbia. The Ijekavian (with /je/ or /ije/) is used by Serbs in Western Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Croatia.
^ The Cyrillic alphabet is traditionally used by a majority of people in Montenegro. In Serbia, the Latin script is used roughly by 40% of native speakers vs. 20% natives using Cyrillic in non-official written communication. Another 30% use the Latin script more often then Cyrillic, and 10% use Cyrillic rather than the Latin script. (Conducted: Serbia, 2003.)
See also [edit]
Bibliography [edit]
- Le serbe de poche, Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 2004 - ISBN 2-7005-0281-7
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
External links [edit]
- Serbo-Croatian dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Wiktionary : Swadesh lists for Slavic languages (main source)
- Wiktionary : Swadesh list
- Викиречник (Serbian Wiktionary)