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Revision as of 17:27, 9 November 2022
English
Alternative forms
- bye (archaic for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection)
Etymology
From Middle English by, bi, from Old English bī (“by; near; around”), from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognate with West Frisian by (“by; near”), Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”), Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”), Dutch bij (“near; by”), German Low German bi (“by; near; at”), German bei (“by; near; at”).
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "UK" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. enPR: bī, IPA(key): /baɪ/
Audio (US): (file) - Rhymes: -aɪ
- Homophones: bi, bye, buy
Preposition
by
- Near or next to.
- The mailbox is by the bus stop.
- From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.
- The stream runs by our back door.
- He ran straight by me.
- Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).
- Be back by ten o'clock!.
- We'll find someone by the end of March.
- We will send it by the first week of July.
- Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.
- Following a passive verb.
- The matter was decided by the chairman.
- The boat was swamped by the water.
- He was protected by his body armour.
- 2011 September 28, Jon Smith, “Valencia 1-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:
- Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenetting by Pablo Hernandez.
- Following a noun.
- There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.
- (not in common modern use) Following an adjective.
- I was aghast by what I saw.
- 1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:
- In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred […].
- Following a passive verb.
- Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
- There are many well-known plays by William Shakespeare
- Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.
- I avoided the guards by moving only when they weren't looking.
- By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hippopotamus.
- We went by bus.
- I discovered it by chance.
- By 'maybe' she means 'no'.
- The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.
- 1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:
- "I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal. […]"
- 1945, Neva L. Boyd, Handbook of Recreational Games, 1975 Dover edition, →ISBN, p.16:
- Players: Can we get there by candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.
- 1960, Dr. Seuss, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish
- By the light of the moon, / by the light of a star / they walked all night
- Indicates an authority according to which something is done.
- By the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.
- Invokes an authority in an oath.
- By Jove! I think she's got it!
- By all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.
- c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
- By yonder moon I swear you do me wrong
- 1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:
- 'By my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond […]
- Indicates a means of classification or organisation.
- I sorted the items by category.
- Table 1 shows details of our employees broken down by sex and age.
- Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy
- Our stock is up by ten percent.
- His date of birth was wrong by ten years.
- In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
- We went through the book page by page.
- We crawled forward by inches.
- (with the) Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)
- sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
- He drinks brandy by the bucketful!
- per; with or in proportion to each.
- His health was deteriorating by the day.
- The pickers are paid by the bushel.
- Indicates a referenced source: According to.
- He cheated by his own admission.
- By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.
- 1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, in The Religion of Nature Delineated[1], page 81:
- Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions of letterd and philoſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each other by their own tenents ; when both of them cannot be in the right, and it is well if either of them are.
- Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.
- It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.
- The room was about 4 foot by 6 foot.
- The bricks used to build the wall measured 10 by 20 by 30 cm.
- (horse breeding) Designates a horse's male parent (sire); cf. out of.
- She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
- (chiefly Yeshivish) At, with, among
- Are you eating by Rabbi Fischer? (at the house of)
- By Chabad, it's different. (with, among)
Derived terms
Translations
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Adverb
by (not comparable)
- Along a path which runs past the speaker.
- I watched as it passed by.
- In the vicinity, near.
- There was a shepherd close by.
- 1899 March, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number MI, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part II:
- [The helmsman] steered with no end of a swagger while you were by; but if he lost sight of you, he became instantly the prey of an abject funk […]
- To or at a place, as a residence or place of business.
- I'll stop by on my way home from work.
- We're right near the lifeguard station. Come by before you leave.
- Aside, away.
- The women spent much time after harvest putting jams by for winter and spring.
Derived terms
Translations
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Adjective
by (not comparable)
- Out of the way, off to one side.
- a by path, a by room
- Subsidiary, incidental.
- by catch, a by issue
Usage notes
More usually in compounds, either hyphenated (e.g. by-product) or closed (e.g. byproduct); see also by-.
Antonyms
Derived terms
Noun
by (plural bys)
- Alternative form of bye.
Interjection
by
- Alternative spelling of bye.
Anagrams
Afrikaans
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Dutch bij, from Middle Dutch bi, from Old Dutch bī.
Preposition
by
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Dutch bij, from Middle Dutch bie, from Old Dutch *bīa.
Noun
by (plural bye)
Derived terms
Czech
Pronunciation
Particle
- third-person singular conditional subjunctive of být; would
- Vstával by dřív, ale to by si napřed musel koupit budík.
- He would be getting up earlier, but then he would have to buy an alarm clock first.
- (clipping, informal); would
- Byl by tam šel, kdyby mě byli pozvali.
- I would have gone there if they had invited me.
- My by tam šli, kdyby nás byli pozvali.
- We would have gone there if they had invited us.
Usage notes
- In formal language, it is used for the third person of the infinitive být, both singular and plural and with the second person of the verb být.
- Zahrál by sis jednu hru? ― Would you [like to] play one game?
- In colloquial Czech, by is commonly used in place of other conditional forms of být in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is, by is a shared shorthand for bych, bys, bychom and byste.
Related terms
Further reading
Danish
Etymology
From Old Norse býr, bœr (settlement).
Pronunciation
Noun
by c (singular definite byen, plural indefinite byer)
Inflection
Related terms
- bydel c
- bymidte c
- bymæssig (adjective)
- byområde n
- byorkester n
- byplanlægning c
- byret c
Further reading
- by on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia da
Japanese
Etymology
Pronunciation
Particle
- (informal) Used to sign off a message/attribute a text.
Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
Verb
by (defective, invariable)
- would (used with the past active participle to form a conditional)
- Njecynimy to, dokulaž by jim škóźeło.
- We don’t do that because it would hurt them.
Usage notes
This verb may be omitted before the past active participles of móc (“be able to”), kśěś (“want to”), and dejaś (“ought to”).
Derived terms
Further reading
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “by”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “by”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Manx
Alternative forms
Particle
by (triggers lenition)
- past/conditional of s'
- B'laik lhiam briaght jiu c'red bare lhiu jannoo jiu.
- I'd like to ask you what you'd prefer to do today.
- (dated) Past and conditional form of s' (used to introduce the comparative and superlative form of adjectives)
- yn dooinney by hroshey ― the man who was the strongest
Middle English
Verb
by
Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Norse býr (“place (to camp or settle), land, property, lot; and later settlement”).
Noun
by m (definite singular byen, indefinite plural byer, definite plural byene)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From byde, from Old Norse bjóða, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to offer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake, rise up”).
Alternative forms
Verb
by (imperative by, present tense byr, simple past bød or bøy or bydde, past participle budt or bydd)
References
- “by” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Norse býr m, bœr m (“place (to camp or settle), land, property, lot; and later settlement”). Doublet of bø.
Noun
by m (definite singular byen, indefinite plural byar, definite plural byane)
Derived terms
- austlandsby
- badeby
- brakkeby
- byantikvar
- bybarn
- bybefolkning
- bybilde
- bybilete
- bybod
- bybuar
- bydame
- bydel
- byfant
- byfjord
- byfolk
- byfornying
- byfut
- bygard
- bygartnar
- bygate
- bygdeby
- bygut
- byhistorie
- byingeniør
- byjente
- bykart
- bykjerne
- bykommune
- bykultur
- bykvinne
- byliv
- bymann
- bymark
- bymenneske
- bymessig
- bymiljø
- bymur
- bymus
- bymusé
- bymuseum
- bymål
- bynamn
- bynær
- byoriginal
- bypark
- byplan
- byplanlegging
- byport
- byrett
- byråd
- bysamfunn
- bysbarn
- bysenter
- bysentrum
- bystat
- bystatus
- bystrøk
- bystyre
- bysykkel
- byting
- bytrafikk
- byvandring
- byvis
- byvåpen
- drabantby
- ferieby
- festningsby
- fødeby
- gamleby
- garnisonsby
- granneby
- grenseby
- gruveby
- hageby
- hamneby
- hansaby
- heimby
- hytteby
- industriby
- innlandsby
- kystby
- landsby
- Mexico by
- millionby
- mjøsby
- naboby
- oldtidsby
- open by
- provinsby
- reinby
- residensby
- ruinby
- sjøfartsby
- småby
- soveby
- spøkelsesby
- spøkjelsesby
- stasjonsby
- storby
- studentby
- vennskapsby
- venskapsby
- verdsby
- vertsby
- vestlandsby
- villa by
Related terms
Etymology 2
From Old Norse bjóða, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to offer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake, rise up”). Akin to English bid.
Alternative forms
Verb
by (present tense byr, past tense baud or bydde, supine bode or bydd or bydt, past participle boden or bydd, present participle bydande, imperative by)
- to command, order
- Eg byd deg å stoppe.
- I command you to stop.
- Eg byd deg å stoppe.
- to bid, offer
- Eg byd deg 100 kroner.
- I offer you a 100 NOK.
- Eg byd deg 100 kroner.
- to offer
- Bestemor baud på småkaker.
- Granny offered us cookies.
- Bestemor baud på småkaker.
Derived terms
Related terms
- bod n
References
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *by.
Pronunciation
Particle
by
- a particle used to make conditional mood; would, would've
- On by tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedłby tam. ― He would not go there.
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
1st person | bym | byśmy |
2nd person | byś | byście |
3rd person | by | by |
Conjunction
by
Further reading
- by in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- by in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Scots
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Middle English bi, from Old English bi, from Proto-West Germanic *bī. Cognates include English by and Yola bee.
Pronunciation
Preposition
by
- by
- (in comparisons) than
- 1894, Robert Hunter, A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant:
- Archie was auld by me.
- Archie was older than me.
- (literally, “Archie was old by me.”)
Adverb
by
Conjunction
by
- by (the time that)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “by, prep., adv., conj..” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Swedish
Pronunciation
audio: (file)
Etymology 1
From Old Swedish bȳr, bȳ (“village, farm, town”), from Old Norse býr. Cognate with Danish by (“town, city”, whence also Faroese býur with the same meaning), Norwegian Bokmål by (“town, city”) and Norwegian Nynorsk by (“town, city”).
Noun
by c
Declension
Declension of by | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | by | byn | byar | byarna |
Genitive | bys | byns | byars | byarnas |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Dutch bui or Low German bö, böe, böje. Cognate with Danish byge, Norwegian Bokmål byge, bøye and Norwegian Nynorsk bye, bøye.
Noun
by c
- gust, rush of wind
Declension
Declension of by | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | by | byn | byar | byarna |
Genitive | bys | byns | byars | byarnas |
Derived terms
References
- by in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
- by in Nationalencyklopedin (needs an authorization fee).
- by in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
West Frisian
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Clay" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /bɛi̯/
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Wood" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /bi/
Preposition
by
- near to
- in relation to
- By âlds
- In the olden days
Further reading
- “by”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Yola
Preposition
by
- Alternative form of bee (“by”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3:
- At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.
- Who by misluck was placed to drive in.
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 84
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/aɪ
- Rhymes:English/aɪ/1 syllable
- English terms with homophones
- English lemmas
- English prepositions
- English terms with usage examples
- English terms with quotations
- English adverbs
- English uncomparable adverbs
- English adjectives
- English uncomparable adjectives
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English interjections
- English two-letter words
- Afrikaans terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Old Dutch
- Afrikaans lemmas
- Afrikaans prepositions
- Afrikaans nouns
- af:Insects
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech terms with audio links
- Czech terms with usage examples
- Czech informal terms
- Danish terms derived from Old Norse
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish common-gender nouns
- Japanese terms borrowed from English
- Japanese terms derived from English
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese particles
- Japanese informal terms
- Lower Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian verbs
- Lower Sorbian defective verbs
- Lower Sorbian terms with usage examples
- Manx lemmas
- Manx particles
- Manx terms with usage examples
- Manx dated terms
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English verbs
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål nouns
- Norwegian Bokmål masculine nouns
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewdʰ-
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Bokmål verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms inherited from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk doublets
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk nouns
- Norwegian Nynorsk masculine nouns
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewdʰ-
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Nynorsk verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk strong verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk class 2 strong verbs
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɘ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɘ/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish particles
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish conjunctions
- Scots terms inherited from Middle English
- Scots terms derived from Middle English
- Scots terms inherited from Old English
- Scots terms derived from Old English
- Scots terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Scots terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Scots terms with IPA pronunciation
- Scots lemmas
- Scots prepositions
- Scots terms with quotations
- Scots adverbs
- Scots conjunctions
- Swedish terms with audio links
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Swedish terms derived from Old Norse
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish common-gender nouns
- Swedish terms with obsolete senses
- Swedish terms derived from Dutch
- Swedish terms derived from Low German
- West Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Frisian lemmas
- West Frisian prepositions
- West Frisian terms with usage examples
- Yola lemmas
- Yola prepositions
- Yola terms with quotations