Appendix:Mayan Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Mayan languages, specifically K'iche', Q'eqchi, Tzotzil, Mam, Yucatec Maya, Wastek and Itzá, compared with that of English.

  • K'iche' (Central Guatemala and Belize) — Spanish orthography used
  • Q'eqchi' (Northern Guatemala)
  • Tzotzil (Chiapas, Mexico) — Zinacantán dialect
  • Mam (Western Guatemala) — Todos Santos Cuchumatán dialect
  • Yucatec Maya (Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico)
  • Itza’ (Petén, Guatemala)
№ English K'iche' Q'eqchi' Tzotzil Mam Yucatec Huastec Itza’ Lang8
1 I in laa’in náya teen nanaa' ten
2 you
(singular) 		at, la (formal) laa’at, at vo7ot jay teech tech
3 he are', aj ha’an, a’an ja letiʼ layti’, ti’i
4 we uj, oj laa’o, aa’o, ha’o vo7otik, vo7otikotik (ex.) jo, jóya (ex.) toʼon to’on-e’ex, to’on (ex.)
5 you
(plural) 		ix, alaq (formal) laa’ex vo7oshuk jey teʼex te’ex
6 they e'are' eb’, teb’ je letiʼob layti’oo’, ti’ijoo’
7 this wa', are', we ha'in, a’in li7 jlu lelaʼ, le jeʼelaʼ a’laj, je’la’
8 that le wan le' tah, ti leloʼ, le jeʼeloʼ a’lo, je’loj
9 here waral arin, ayi', sa'in li7 tzalú wayeʼ, weyeʼ wa’yeh
10 there chiri', chila' le' tah, le7, te toloʼ, teʼeloʼ te’lo’
11 who jachin ani buch’u al máax max
12 what jas k’a’, k’aru k’u ti’ baʼax b’a’ax
13 where jawi b'ar bu ja’ tuʼux tu’ux
14 when jampa joq'e k’u 7ora jtoo (past), jtoj (fut.) baʼax kʼiin b’ikin, kil
15 how jas modo chan ru k’u cha7al bix b’ix
16 not b'i, ma, ja'i' ink'a', moko ... ta mu maʼ ma’, mix
17 all konojel anchal, rek', chi junil kotol, labal tuláakal tulakal
18 many k'i k'i, k'ihal, mayalok 7ep nim yaʼab yaab’
19 some junaq, ka’b’ayaq, k’a’na jujunp’eel
20 few kach’in, ink’a’ k’i, b’ab’ay hay jumpʼíit tz’eek
21 other jalan, jun chik yantik uláakʼ laak’
22 one jun jun hun jun jun jun
23 two kaib' ka'ib', kwib', kiib' cha7 káb’a kaʼa ka’
24 three ox oxib' 7osh óxa óox ox
25 four qa'jib kaahib' chan chája kan kän
26 five o', jo'ob', job' oob', hoob' vo7 jwe’ joʼ jo’
27 big nima nim muk’ matí’j nojoch nojoch, nukuch
28 long nim xkelam bitzbitz, tz’upul nmak chowak chawak
29 wide nim ru hamal la’n, nim twitz kóoch kooch
30 thick tzatz nim xsa' pim cho’t, la’n, tziq’ piim polok
31 heavy al aal 7ol -(t)álil aal p’isa’an
32 small ch'uti kok’, ch'in bik’it ch’in, nux, nuch chan, chichan, mejen mejen
33 short uq tupus roq tzapo ch’in twe’ kóom
34 narrow kok' ru japajtik ch’in twitz nuʼutʼ nuut’
35 thin b'aq hoy xaxj bekʼech b’ek’ech, jay
36 woman ixoq ixq ʔantz xuj chʼuup, xchʼuup, koʼolel uxum ixch’up
37 man
(adult male) 		achij teelom mol xínak xiib winik
38 man
(human being) 		winaq winq, poyanam vinik, krishchnano xjaal wíinik, máak mak
39 child
(a youth) 		al al 7olol al, k’waal paal paal
40 wife kixoqil ixaqil 7ahnilal xu’l atan a’tan
41 husband b’eelom malalil, mol chmil íicham icham
42 mother chuch na’ me7il txu naʼ na’
43 father qajaw taat, yuwa’ totil man yuum, taat tat
44 animal chikop xul chon alamáj baʼalcheʼ b’a’alche’
45 fish kär, sa’y kar choy kixh kay käy
46 bird tz'ikin tz’ik mut ch’it chʼíichʼ ch’iich’
47 dog tz'i' tz’i’ tz’i7 txya’n peekʼ pek’
48 louse uk' uk' 7uch’ squk’ ukʼ uk’
49 snake kumatz k’anti’ chon lb’aj kaan kan
50 worm kuluk shuit nookʼol, xnookʼol ix nok’ol
51 tree che' che’ te7 tze’, k’uul cheʼ che’
52 forest k'che'laj k’iche’ te7tik, 7osil txhik’úul kʼáax k’aax
53 stick
(of wood) 		ruq' che' k’obol juntsʼíit cheʼ che’
54 fruit wächinik u satil lo’pj ich, u yich cheʼ ich
55 seed b'aq' iyaj bek’ íyaj neekʼ nek’
56 leaf xuxaq che’ xaq 7anal txaq leʼ le’
57 root xe' xe’ 7ibel (t)lok’ moots motz
58 bark
(of tree) 		rix che patil u sóol cheʼ pachajche’
59 flower kotz'i'j uutz'u'uj, atz'um nich ab’éch lool, nikteʼ top’
60 grass k'im pach'aya', ichaj hobel ch’im xíiw, suʼuk su’uk
61 rope k’aam laso chjaj suum sum
62 skin
(of a person) 		tz'u'mal, chirij tz’uumal nukul tz’úmal ootʼ ot’el
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		ti’ij, tio'jil tib’ ti7bol, bek’et chi’pj bakʼ b’äk’
64 blood kik' kik’ ch’ich’ chik’y, txhi’ kʼiʼikʼ k’ik’
65 bone b'aqil b’aq bak b’aaq baak b’ak
66 fat
(noun) 		kab'chiyal manteek hup’el tsaats, yeekʼ yek’
67 egg saqmo'l mol tanal jos jeʼ, eʼel je’
68 horn xukub' shulub baak, xulub b’akche’
69 tail je' ye neil (t)je’ nej nej
70 feather
(rather not down) 		rismal xul, xik’ k’uk’umal kʼuʼukʼum
71 hair rismal, wi' ismal tzotz, tzatzal tzmal (t)wi’ tsoʼots tzo’otz
72 head jolom jolom holol wi’ pool, joʼol pol, ho’ol
73 ear xikin xik chikinil xkin xikin xikin
74 eye b'aq' u wach (sa’) u, (xnaq’) u satil, yashavo7 tb’a’ (t)witz ich ich
75 nose tza'm u’uj ni7 txánb’aj niʼ ni’
76 mouth chi' e 7eal tzi chiʼ chi’
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		we', re' e 7eal witx (w)e koj koj
78 tongue aq' ru'uj aq' 7ok’ aq’ aakʼ ak’
79 fingernail jurub’ sab’äl ixi’ij ni7 7ich’akil íichʼak
80 foot aqan oq 7okol ook ok
81 leg a' a’ 7akanil ook, mukʼook, tʼóon ok
82 knee ch'ek aq k’uhav ch’ek piix pix
83 hand q'ab' uq’m k’abal q’ab’ kʼab k’ab’
84 wing xik' xik’ shik’ xiikʼ xik’
85 belly pam, jupulik sa’ tzukut k’u’j nakʼ näk’
86 guts ixk'ol k'amk'ot, sooyom bikil, tzo7 chooch
87 neck qul kux, ja’aj bikil, tzo7 kaal kal
88 back ij, pak'alik ix patil xyop paach pach
89 breast tu', tz'um tu’ chu7il iim tzem
90 heart k'u'x ch'ool 7o7onil ánm puksiʼikʼal pusik’al
91 liver seseb' ch'och' sekub táaman, táamnel tamen
92 to drink qumunik uk'ak 7uch’ k’an ukʼul, ukʼ
93 to eat wa'im tzakank, wa'ok, tiwok 7ochan, lahes, ti7 waa’n janal, jaant
94 to bite qachok tzak, ti7 chiʼibal, chiʼ
95 to suck tz'ub'uk tz’utz’ chuʼuch
96 to spit chuub'ak, chuub'ank tubah túub
97 to vomit xa'wak shen xeej
98 to blow
(as wind) 		apuunk uust
99 to breathe musiq'ak 7ich’ 7ik’ chʼaʼ iikʼ
100 to laugh se'ek tze7in cheʼej
101 to see il, ka’yik, ka’yej ilok 7il, 7ilbe sat, k’ot sat il
102 to hear ta, tatab’enik ab'ink 7a7i b’i’n uʼuy
103 to know
(a fact) 		eta'm nawink na7, tz’ak, 7ohtikin alón, tzqi’n ojel
104 to think chomanik, no’jinik k'a'uxlak 7a7i, na7 tuukul
105 to smell
(sense odor) 		chuwinik utz’uk 7a7ibe 7ik’ úutsʼben
106 to fear xej xiw shi7el ba xob’ sajaktal
107 to sleep waram wark vay, bat ch’ulel wenel
108 to live k’asi’k na'ajink naki, kushul najl kuxtal
109 to die kamik kamk cham chim kíimil
110 to kill kämisaj kamsink mil (kub’) b’yon kíinsik
111 to fight ch'e'ok tahin, tzak bail baʼateʼel
112 to hunt
(transitive) 		yohob'k tsʼoon
113 to hit b'ujuk, ketok mah, bah (ok) pjun jaatsʼ
114 to cut kuruk boh, tuch’ xoot, chʼaak
115 to split kiib'ank, jachok hav, t’ah jaats
116 to stab
(or stick) 		xeq'ok pahbe
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		q'oyok, parok hot’
118 to dig k'oto pikok, aq'ink, b'ekok ch’oh, hok’
119 to swim numxik nushih báab
120 to fly ropop rupik, purik vil
121 to walk b’inem b’eek shanav xíimbal
122 to come chul chalk, k'ulunk tal taal
123 to lie
(as on one's side) 		sotlaak, yoklaak puch’etah chital
124 to sit chunlaak, woq'laak tzuni kutal
125 to stand xaqliik noch'
126 to turn
(change direction) 		b’alq’usink, q’otok hoyihes
127 to fall
(as in drop) 		soq'e'k, tob'b'ak tishk'uh, p'ah lúubul
128 to give k'ehok 7ak’ tsʼáaj
129 to hold
(in one's hand) 		q’unuk tom chʼaʼ, mach
130 to squeeze pitz’ok, yatz'ok pitz’
131 to rub jilok, b'iqok biulan
132 to wash ch'ajok, puch'uk pok, chuk’ pʼoʼ
133 to wipe mesok kus
134 to pull jukunk, kelonk nit
135 to push minok, tiikink shuh, net’
136 to throw pumuk, puulesink hip, ten
137 to tie b'ak’ok, jit'ok timan
138 to sew b'ojok, kuuxink tz’is
139 to count ajlank pas kwenta xook
140 to say cha yehok 7al aʼal
141 to sing b’itza’m, b’itzchil, b’ixonik b'ichank k’evuhin kʼaay
142 to play b’atz’unk tahin báaxal
143 to float pamamnak kahi
144 to flow yo i roq
145 to freeze keho'k
146 swell siip(ilal), teb'elal situbel
147 sun qij' saq’e k'ak'al q’ij kʼiin
148 moon ik' po 7u xjaaw uj
149 star ch'umil chahim k’anal che’w eekʼ
150 water ja' ha’ vo', 7a'al a’ jaʼ
151 to rain jab' hab’ vo7 jb’aal kʼáaxal jaʼ
152 river ja'l nima’ 7uk’um nim a’
153 lake cho palaw nab
154 sea
(as in ocean) 		palo palaw nab kʼáakʼnáab
155 salt atz'am atz'am 7atz’am á’tz’a taʼab
156 stone ab'äj, xäq pek ton xaq tuunich
157 sand sanayeb' samahi’ yi'
158 dust poq poqs pukuk, 7ik'ubal quq
159 earth
(as in soil) 		ulew ch’och’ balamil tx’otx’ luʼum
160 cloud sutz' choq tok muuj múuyal
161 fog mayul sujew lumal tok yeeb
162 sky kaj choxa, choxaal vinahel kya’j kaʼan
163 wind
(as in breeze) 		käq’iq’, iq’ iq’ 7ik’ chq’iq’ iikʼ
164 snow muqulik sutz’ xchu’i keh bot
165 ice abäj tew ke taiv
166 smoke sib'el sib’ ch’ail sib’
167 fire q'aq' xam k’ok’ q’a’q kʼáakʼ
168 ash chaj, xaq cha tan tza’j taʼan
169 to burn
(intransitive) 		k’atik, polik, qalajik k’at, choqlenk, humuk chik’, k’ak’ pátan
170 road b'e b'e be b’e bej
171 mountain juyub' tzuul vitz witz wits
172 red kaq(a) kaq tzoh, chak- kyaq chak
173 green rax(a) rax yosh cha’x yaʼax
174 yellow q'an(a) q'an k’on sak q’ent kʼan, kʼankʼan
175 white saqi saq sak sak sak
176 black q'eq(a) q'eq 7ik’ q’eq’ boox
177 night aq'ab'al, chaq’äb’ q'ojyin 7ak’ubal, 7ik’7osil qoníya áakʼab
178 day
(daytime) 		q'ij kutank k’ak’al, 7osil q’ijl k’iin
179 year junab' hab’ habil jnab’q’í, tyem jaʼab
180 warm
(as in weather) 		qa'q' tiq k’ok’ métmaj chokoj, kʼíinal
181 cold
(as in weather) 		tew ke sik che’w keʼel, síis
182 full nojinäq nujenaq noh noj chuup
183 new k’ak’ ak’ 7ach’ ák’aj túumben
184 old q’e’l q'eel k’a7 q’ának, tij úuchben
185 good utz us 7utz, lek b’a’n uts, maʼalob
186 bad itzel, ma utz täj lab' chopol k’a’ kʼaas
187 rotten
(as, a log) 		q'aaneq k’a7al, k’o7
188 dirty b'alak', pes 7ik’ éekʼ
189 straight tiik tuk’
190 round kotko, sursu setset
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		q'es
192 dull
(as a knife) 		room (Spanish)
193 smooth q'un, ji'ji' ch’ulul, lich’ich’
194 wet ch'aqalik t'aqt'aq, tz'uuq t’ushul
195 dry
(adjective) 		chaqi'j chaqi takin
196 right
(correct) 		q'axal chaab'il melel
197 near naqaj nach', rik'in nopol naká, nka naatsʼ
198 far naj nach' nom naqch náach
199 right
(side) 		wikiaq'ab sa' nim batz'i k'obol noʼoj
200 left
(side) 		moxq'ab tz'e tz’et tsʼíik
201 at pa sa’ ta tiʼ
202 in pa sa’ k’al ich
203 with
(accompanying) 		ruk' rik’in chi7uk, tohol yéetel
204 and xupuje' ut 7i yéetel
205 if si' (Spanish) mi ka wa
206 because xb’aan naq k’u ti tumen
207 name b'i' k'ab'a'ej biil b’i kʼaabaʼ

Sources[edit]

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Swadesh lists
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Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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