Appendix:Hindi Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hindi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References[edit]
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “हिंदी”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Native speakers and learners
List[edit]
| № | English | Hindi हिंदी (hindī) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | मैं (ma͠i) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū) (least respect), तुम (tum) (medium respect), आप (āp) (most respect) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | यह (yah) (proximal, gender-neutral), वह (vah) (distal, gender-neutral) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | हम (ham) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुम (tum) (medium respect), आप (āp) (most respect) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ये (ye) (proximal, gender-neutral), वे (ve) (distal, gender-neutral) |
| 7 | this | यह (yah) |
| 8 | that | वह (vah) |
| 9 | here | यहाँ (yahā̃) |
| 10 | there | वहाँ (vahā̃) |
| 11 | who | कौन (kaun) |
| 12 | what | क्या (kyā) |
| 13 | where | कहाँ (kahā̃) |
| 14 | when | कब (kab) |
| 15 | how | कैसा (kaisā) |
| 16 | not | नहीं (nahī̃) |
| 17 | all | सब (sab), सभी (sabhī) (emphatic), सारे (sāre) |
| 18 | many | बहुत (bahut) |
| 19 | some | कुछ (kuch) |
| 20 | few | थोड़ा (thoṛā) |
| 21 | other | दूसरा (dūsrā) |
| 22 | one | एक (ek) |
| 23 | two | दो (do) |
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) |
| 26 | five | पाँच (pā̃c) |
| 27 | big | बड़ा (baṛā) |
| 28 | long | लम्बा (lambā) |
| 29 | wide | चौड़ा (cauṛā) |
| 30 | thick | गाढ़ा (gāṛhā) |
| 31 | heavy | भारी (bhārī) |
| 32 | small | छोटा (choṭā) |
| 33 | short | छोटा (choṭā) |
| 34 | narrow | तंग (taṅg) |
| 35 | thin | पतला (patlā) |
| 36 | woman | औरत (aurat), महिला (mahilā) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | आदमी (ādmī) |
| 38 | man (human being) | इंसान (insān), मनुष्य (manuṣya) |
| 39 | child | बच्चा (baccā) |
| 40 | wife | पत्नी (patnī) |
| 41 | husband | पति (pati) |
| 42 | mother | माता (mātā) |
| 43 | father | पिता (pitā) |
| 44 | animal | जानवर (jānvar) |
| 45 | fish | मछली (machlī) |
| 46 | bird | चिड़िया (ciṛiyā) |
| 47 | dog | कुत्ता (kuttā) |
| 48 | louse | जूँ (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | साँप (sā̃p) |
| 50 | worm | कीड़ा (kīṛā) |
| 51 | tree | पेड़ (peṛ) |
| 52 | forest | जंगल (jaṅgal) |
| 53 | stick | डंडा (ḍaṇḍā), लाठी (lāṭhī) |
| 54 | fruit | फल (phal) |
| 55 | seed | बीज (bīj) |
| 56 | leaf | पत्ता (pattā) |
| 57 | root | जड़ (jaṛ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | छाल (chāl) |
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) |
| 60 | grass | घास (ghās) |
| 61 | rope | रस्सी (rassī) |
| 62 | skin | चमड़ी (camṛī), त्वचा (tvacā) |
| 63 | meat | माँस (mā̃s) |
| 64 | blood | ख़ून (xūn) |
| 65 | bone | हड्डी (haḍḍī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | चरबी (carbī) |
| 67 | egg | अंडा (aṇḍā) |
| 68 | horn | सींग (sīṅg) |
| 69 | tail | पूँछ (pū̃ch) |
| 70 | feather | पंख (paṅkh) |
| 71 | hair | बाल (bāl) |
| 72 | head | सिर (sir) |
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) |
| 74 | eye | आँख (ā̃kh) |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | मुँह (mũh) |
| 77 | tooth | दाँत (dā̃t) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जीभ (jībh) |
| 79 | fingernail | नाख़ुन (nāxun) |
| 80 | foot | पैर (pair) |
| 81 | leg | टांग (ṭāṅg) |
| 82 | knee | घुटना (ghuṭnā) |
| 83 | hand | हाथ (hāth) |
| 84 | wing | पंख (paṅkh) |
| 85 | belly | पेट (peṭ) |
| 86 | guts | अंतड़ी (antṛī) |
| 87 | neck | गरदन (gardan) |
| 88 | back | पीठ (pīṭh) |
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī) |
| 90 | heart | दिल (dil) |
| 91 | liver | जिगर (jigar), कलेजा (kalejā) (also heart) |
| 92 | to drink | पीना (pīnā) |
| 93 | to eat | खाना (khānā) |
| 94 | to bite | काटना (kāṭnā) |
| 95 | to suck | चूसना (cūsnā) |
| 96 | to spit | थूकना (thūknā) |
| 97 | to vomit | उल्टी करना (ulṭī karnā), उल्टी मारना (ulṭī mārnā) |
| 98 | to blow | फूँकना (phū̃knā) |
| 99 | to breathe | साँस लेना (sā̃s lenā) |
| 100 | to laugh | हँसना (hãsnā) |
| 101 | to see | दिखना (dikhnā) (intransitive), देखना (dekhnā) (transitive) |
| 102 | to hear | सुनना (sunnā) |
| 103 | to know | जानना (jānnā) |
| 104 | to think | सोचना (socnā) |
| 105 | to smell | सूँघना (sūṅghnā) |
| 106 | to fear | डरना (ḍarnā) |
| 107 | to sleep | सोना (sonā) |
| 108 | to live | जीना (jīnā) |
| 109 | to die | मरना (marnā) |
| 110 | to kill | मारना (mārnā) |
| 111 | to fight | लड़ना (laṛnā) |
| 112 | to hunt | शिकार करना (śikār karnā) |
| 113 | to hit | मारना (mārnā) |
| 114 | to cut | काटना (kāṭnā) |
| 115 | to split | बंटना (baṇṭnā) |
| 116 | to stab | भोंकना (bhoṅknā) |
| 117 | to scratch | खरोंचना (kharoñcnā) |
| 118 | to dig | खोदना (khodnā) |
| 119 | to swim | तैरना (tairnā) |
| 120 | to fly | उड़ना (uṛnā) |
| 121 | to walk | चलना (calnā) |
| 122 | to come | आना (ānā) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | लेटना (leṭnā) |
| 124 | to sit | बैठना (baiṭhnā) |
| 125 | to stand | खड़ा होना (khaṛā honā) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | मुड़ना (muṛnā) |
| 127 | to fall | गिरना (girnā) |
| 128 | to give | देना (denā) |
| 129 | to hold | पकड़ना (pakaṛnā) |
| 130 | to squeeze | दबाना (dabānā), निचोड़ना (nicoṛnā) ("squeeze in order to extract liquid") |
| 131 | to rub | मलना (malnā) |
| 132 | to wash | धोना (dhonā) |
| 133 | to wipe | पोंछना (poñchnā) |
| 134 | to pull | खींचना (khīñcnā) |
| 135 | to push | धक्का देना (dhakkā denā), धक्का मारना (dhakkā mārnā) |
| 136 | to throw | फेंकना (pheṅknā) |
| 137 | to tie | बाँधना (bāndhnā) |
| 138 | to sew | सीना (sīnā) |
| 139 | to count | गिनना (ginnā) |
| 140 | to say | कहना (kahnā), बोलना (bolnā) (grammatically intransitive) |
| 141 | to sing | गाना (gānā) |
| 142 | to play | खेलना (khelnā) |
| 143 | to float | तैरना (tairnā) |
| 144 | to flow | बहना (bahnā) |
| 145 | to freeze | जमना (jamnā) |
| 146 | to swell | सूजना (sūjnā) |
| 147 | sun | सूरज (sūraj) |
| 148 | moon | चांद (cānd) |
| 149 | star | तारा (tārā) |
| 150 | water | पानी (pānī) |
| 151 | rain | बारिश (bāriś) |
| 152 | river | नदी (nadī) |
| 153 | lake | झील (jhīl) |
| 154 | sea | समन्दर (samandar) |
| 155 | salt | नमक (namak) |
| 156 | stone | पत्थर (patthar) |
| 157 | sand | रेत (ret) |
| 158 | dust | धूल (dhūl) |
| 159 | earth | धरती (dhartī) |
| 160 | cloud | बादल (bādal) |
| 161 | fog | धुंध (dhundh) |
| 162 | sky | आसमान (āsmān) |
| 163 | wind | हवा (havā) |
| 164 | snow | बर्फ़ (barf) |
| 165 | ice | बर्फ़ (barf) |
| 166 | smoke | धुआँ (dhuā̃) |
| 167 | fire | आग (āg) |
| 168 | ash | राख (rākh) |
| 169 | to burn | जलना (jalnā) (intransitive), जलाना (jalānā) (transitive) |
| 170 | road | सड़क (saṛak) |
| 171 | mountain | पहाड़ (pahāṛ) |
| 172 | red | लाल (lāl) |
| 173 | green | हरा (harā) |
| 174 | yellow | पीला (pīlā) |
| 175 | white | सफ़ेद (safed) |
| 176 | black | काला (kālā) |
| 177 | night | रात (rāt) |
| 178 | day | दिन (din) |
| 179 | year | साल (sāl) |
| 180 | warm | गर्म (garm) |
| 181 | cold | ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā) |
| 182 | full | पूरा (pūrā) |
| 183 | new | नया (nayā) |
| 184 | old | पुराना (purānā) |
| 185 | good | अच्छा (acchā) |
| 186 | bad | बुरा (burā) |
| 187 | rotten | सड़ा (saṛā) |
| 188 | dirty | गंदा (gandā) |
| 189 | straight | सीधा (sīdhā) |
| 190 | round | गोल (gol) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तीखा (tīkhā) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | कुंद (kund) |
| 193 | smooth | चिकना (ciknā) |
| 194 | wet | गीला (gīlā) |
| 195 | dry | सूखा (sūkhā) |
| 196 | correct | सही (sahī) |
| 197 | near | पास (pās) |
| 198 | far | दूर (dūr) |
| 199 | right | दायाँ (dāyā̃), दाहिना (dāhinā) |
| 200 | left | बायाँ (bāyā̃) |
| 201 | at | पे (pe), पर (par), में (mẽ) (primarily 'in') |
| 202 | in | में (mẽ), के अंदर (ke andar) (inside of) |
| 203 | with | के साथ (ke sāth) |
| 204 | and | और (aur) |
| 205 | if | अगर (agar) |
| 206 | because | क्योंकि (kyoṅki) |
| 207 | name | नाम (nām) |