This is a Swadesh list of words in Antillean Creole , compared with that of English .
Presentation [ edit ]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages . To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms . Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Antillean Creolekreyòl edit (207) IPA 1 I (1sg )mwen 2 you (2sg )ou 3 he , she , it (3sg )i , li 4 we (1pl )nou 5 you (2pl )zot 6 they (3pl )yo 7 this si 8 that sa 9 here isi 10 there la 11 who ki , ki moun 12 what kisa 13 where ki koté , oti 14 when lè , ki lè 15 how kouman , ki mannyè 16 not pa 17 all tout 18 many anpil , anlo , anchay 19 some yonndé 20 few tibwen 21 other lot 22 one yonn , an 23 two dé 24 three twa 25 four kat 26 five senk , sen 27 big gran 28 long long 29 wide laj 30 thick épé 31 heavy lou 32 small piti , ti 33 short toupiti , pa long 34 narrow étwet 35 thin fen , piti 36 woman fanm 37 man (adult male)nonm 38 man (human being)moun 39 child ti mamay 40 wife fanm , madanm 41 husband mawi 42 mother manman 43 father papa 44 animal bet 45 fish pwason 46 bird zwézo 47 dog chyen 48 louse pou 49 snake sèpan , bet-long 50 worm vè 51 tree piébwa 52 forest fonbwa , granbwa 53 stick baton 54 fruit fwi 55 seed grenn 56 leaf fey 57 root rasin 58 bark (of a tree)lapo piébwa 59 flower flè 60 grass zeb 61 rope kod 62 skin lapo 63 meat viann 64 blood san 65 bone zo 66 fat (noun)gra 67 egg zé 68 horn konn 69 tail latjé 70 feather plim 71 hair chivé 72 head tet 73 ear zorèy 74 eye zié 75 nose nen 76 mouth djol 77 tooth dan 78 tongue (organ)lang 79 fingernail zong 80 foot pié 81 leg janm 82 knee jounou 83 hand lanmen 84 wing zel 85 belly bouden 86 guts zantray 87 neck kou 88 back do 89 breast fal , tété 90 heart tjè 91 liver fwa 92 to drink bwè 93 to eat manjé 94 to bite mod 95 to suck sisé 96 to spit kraché 97 to vomit vonmi 98 to blow souflé 99 to breathe respiré 100 to laugh ri 101 to see wè 102 to hear tann 103 to know sav 104 to think sonjé 105 to smell pran lodè 106 to fear pè 107 to sleep dòmi 108 to live viv 109 to die mò 110 to kill tjwé 111 to fight goumen 112 to hunt chasé 113 to hit ba kou , ba tjok 114 to cut koupé 115 to split fann 116 to stab pèsé 117 to scratch grafiyen , tjiré 118 to dig fouyé 119 to swim najé 120 to fly volé 121 to walk maché 122 to come vini , rivé 123 to lie (as in a bed) lonjé 124 to sit sizé 125 to stand lévé , doubout 126 to turn (intransitive) tounen 127 to fall tonbé 128 to give ba 129 to hold tjenbé 130 to squeeze séré 131 to rub fwoté 132 to wash lavé 133 to wipe suiyé 134 to pull ralé 135 to push bouré 136 to throw ladjé atè 137 to tie lianné 138 to sew koud 139 to count konté 140 to say di 141 to sing bay lavwa 142 to play jwé 143 to float floté 144 to flow koulé 145 to freeze glasé 146 to swell anflé 147 sun soley 148 moon lalin 149 star zétwel 150 water dlo 151 rain lapli 152 river lariviè 153 lake lak 154 sea lanmè 155 salt sel 156 stone roch 157 sand sab 158 dust pousiè , rakli 159 earth latè 160 cloud niyaj 161 fog bwouya 162 sky siel 163 wind van 164 snow laglas 165 ice glas 166 smoke lafimen 167 fire difé 168 ash sann 169 to burn brilé 170 road chimen 171 mountain montay , monn 172 red wouj 173 green vè 174 yellow jonn 175 white blan 176 black nwè 177 night lannuit 178 day lajounen , jou 179 year lanné 180 warm cho 181 cold fwèt 182 full plen 183 new dènié 184 old vié , bon laj 185 good bon 186 bad mové 187 rotten pouri 188 dirty sal 189 straight dwet 190 round won 191 sharp (as a knife)filé 192 dull (as a knife)[[#Antillean Creole|]] 193 smooth lis 194 wet plen dlo , mouyé 195 dry sek 196 correct vré , korek 197 near bò , pabò , toupré 198 far lwen 199 right dwet 200 left goch 201 at a 202 in an , adan 203 with épi 204 and èk , é , épi 205 if si 206 because padavré , davré 207 name non
Antillean Creole orthography may change from one source to another. However, the orthography of the Creole lessons given by the GEREC-F (Groupe d'Études et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone et Francophone [1] ) is widely used.
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Afrikaans –
Albanian –
Amharic –
Antillean Creole –
Arabic:
(Standard Arabic ,
Cypriot ,
Egyptian ,
Moroccan ,
Palestinian ,
Tunisian ) –
Armenian –
Aromanian –
Assamese –
Avar –
Bangala –
Bashkir –
Basque –
Belarusian –
Bengali –
Berber:
(Tashelhit ) –
Breton –
Buginese –
Bulgarian –
Burmese –
Burushaski –
Cape Verdean –
Catalan –
Cebuano –
Chechen –
Chinese:
(Mandarin ,
Cantonese ,
Gan ,
Min Nan ,
Min Dong ,
Old Chinese ) –
Cornish –
Czech –
Dalmatian –
Danish –
Dutch
(Limburgish ,
Zealandic ) –
Egyptian –
English:
(Old ,
Middle ) –
Elamite –
Estonian –
Faroese –
Fiji Hindi –
Fijian –
Finnish –
Fongbe –
French
(Old French ) –
Frisian –
Friulian –
Galician –
Garo –
Gelao ) –
Georgian –
German –
Gothic –
Greek
(Ancient Greek ) –
Guaraní –
Guinea-Bissau Creole –
Gujarati –
Haitian Creole –
Hausa –
Hebrew –
Hindi –
Hittite –
Hmong –
Hungarian –
Icelandic –
Ilocano –
Indonesian –
Irish –
Italian
(Neapolitan ,
Sicilian ) –
Japanese –
Javanese –
Jizhao -
Kashubian –
Khmer –
Konkani –
Korean
(Middle Korean ,
Jeju ) –
Latin
(Vulgar Latin ) -
Latvian –
Lingala –
Lithuanian –
Lojban –
Low Saxon –
Macedonian –
Makasar –
Malagasy –
Malay –
Maltese –
Manx –
Marathi
(Old Marathi ) –
Mauritian Creole –
Megleno-Romanian –
Mongolian –
Norwegian:
(Bokmål ,
Nynorsk ) –
Northern Kurdish –
Ojibwe –
Okinawan –
Ossetian –
Papiamento –
Polish –
Portuguese
(Old Portuguese ) –
Punjabi –
Purepecha –
Quechua –
Romani
(Caló ) -
Romanian –
Russian –
Sanskrit –
Scottish Gaelic –
Serbo-Croatian –
Siberian Tatar –
Slovak –
Slovene –
Somali –
Spanish –
Sranan –
Sumerian –
Sundanese –
Swahili –
Swedish –
Tagalog –
Tahitian –
Tajik –
Telugu –
Temiar –
Thai –
Tocharian B –
Tok Pisin –
Turkish –
Tuvaluan –
Ukrainian –
Vietnamese –
Walloon –
Welsh –
West Coast Bajau –
Yiddish –
Zazaki –
Zulu
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic –
Algonquian and Iroquoian –
Arabic –
Austroasiatic –
Austronesian –
Baltic –
Bantu –
Celtic –
Chumashan and Hokan –
Dené–Yeniseian –
Dravidian –
Finnic –
Formosan –
Frisian –
Germanic –
Hmong-Mien –
Indo-Aryan:
(Middle ,
Early New ) –
Indo-Iranian –
Italian –
Japonic –
Kra–Dai –
Mayan –
Muskogean –
Niger–Congo –
Oto-Manguean –
Paleosiberian –
Pama-Nyungan –
Penutian –
Romance –
Sino-Tibetan:
(Raji-Raute ,
Tibeto-Burman ,
Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) ) –
Kho-Bwa ,
Kuki-Chin –
Slavic –
Siouan and Pawnee –
South American –
Tungusic –
Tupian –
Turkic –
Uralic –
Uto-Aztecan
Constructed auxiliary languages
Esperanto –
Ido –
Interlingua –
Interlingue –
Lingua Franca Nova –
Toki Pona –
Volapük
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Austronesian –
Proto-Balto-Slavic –
Proto-Bantu –
Proto-Basque –
Proto-Germanic –
Proto-Indo-European –
Proto-Indo-Iranian –
Proto-Italic –
Proto-Japanese –
Proto-Mayan –
Proto-Slavic