Appendix:Xiang Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This is a Swadesh list of words in Xiang, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]

Pronunciation and vocabulary taken from Old Generation Changshanese.

EnglishXiang
長沙話长沙话
edit (207)
IPA
1I (1sg) (ngo3)ŋo⁴¹
2you (2sg) (nyi3)ȵi⁴¹
3he, she, it (3sg) (ta1)tʰa³³
4we (1pl)我們我们 (ngo3 men)ŋo⁴¹ mən⁰
5you (2pl)你們你们 (nyi3 men)ȵi⁴¹ mən⁰
6they (3pl)他們他们 (ta1 men)tʰa³³ mən⁰
7this咯個咯个kai²⁴ ko⁰
8that那個那个la⁵⁵/lai⁵⁵ ko⁰
9here咯裏咯里 (go6 li), 咯塊子咯块子ko²⁴ li⁰, ko²⁴/kai²⁴ kʰuai⁴¹ tsɿ⁰
10there那裡那里 (la4 li), 那塊子那块子la⁵⁵ li⁰, la⁵⁵ kʰuai⁴¹ tsɿ⁰
11who哪個哪个, 何至個何至个 (o2 zhr4 go4) (used in suburbs)la⁴¹/lai⁴¹ ko⁰, o¹³ ʈʂʅ⁵⁵ ko⁵⁵
12what麼子么子 (mo3 zr), 麼傢伙么家伙mo⁴¹ tsɿ⁰, mo⁴¹ tɕia³³ xo⁰
13where哪裏哪里 (la3 li), 哪塊子哪块子 (la3 kuai3 zr), 何至 (o2 zhr4) (used in suburbs)la⁴¹ li⁰, la⁴¹ kʰuai⁴¹ tsɿ⁰, o²⁴ ʈʂʅ⁵⁵
14when麼子時候么子时候 (mo3 zr shr2 hou)mo⁴¹ tsɿ⁰ ʂʅ¹³ xəu⁰
15how何是o²⁴ ʂʅ⁰
16not (bu6)pu²⁴
17all (dou1), (han2)təu³³, xa¹¹
18many (do1)to³³
19some一些i²⁴ sia³³
20fewʂau⁴¹
21other別的别的pʰie²⁴ ti⁰
22one (i6)i²⁴
23two (e5), (lian3)ə¹¹, lian⁴¹
24three (san1)san³³
25four (sr4)sɿ⁵⁵
26five (u3)u⁴¹
27bigtai¹¹
28long (zhan2)tʂan¹³
29widekʰõ³³
30thickxəu¹¹
31heavytʂən⁵⁵
32small, (siau3)si⁵⁵, siau⁴¹
33short (donn3)tõ⁴¹
34narrowtsə²⁴
35thinpo²⁴
36woman女人, 女的 (nyy3 di)ȵy⁴¹ ʐən¹³, ȵy⁴¹ ti⁰
37man (adult male)男人, 男的lan¹³ ʐən¹³, lan¹³ ti⁰
38man (human being) (ren2)ʐən¹³
39child細伢人细伢人, 細人子细人子 (si4 ren2 zr)si⁵⁵ ŋa¹³ tsɿ⁰, si⁵⁵ ʐən¹³ tsɿ⁰
40wife堂客 (dan2 ke6)tan¹³ kʰə²⁴
41husband男人, 老倌lan¹³ ʐən¹³, lau⁴¹ kõ³³
42mother媽媽妈妈 (ma1 ma), 姆媽姆妈 (m1 ma1), (nyian2) (indirect)ma³³ ma⁰, m⁴¹ ma⁰, ȵian¹³
43father爹爹, 爺爺爷爷, 爺老倌爷老倌 (ia2 lau3 gonn1) (indirect), 爺老子爷老子 (ia2 lau3 zr) (indirect)tie³³ tie⁰, ia¹³ ia⁰, ia¹³ lau⁴¹ kõ³³, ia¹³ lau⁴¹ tsɿ⁰
44animal動物动物tən¹¹ u²⁴
45fish (y2)y¹³
46birdtiau⁴¹/ȵiau⁴¹
47dog (gou3)kəu⁴¹
48louse虱婆sə²⁴ po¹³
49snakeʂa¹³/ʂə¹³
50worm (zhong2)tʂoŋ¹³
51treeɕy¹¹
52forest樹林树林ɕy¹¹ lin¹³
53stick樹椏子树桠子ɕy¹¹ ŋa³³ tsɿ⁰
54fruit水果 (xyei3 go3)ɕyei⁴¹ ko⁴¹
55seed[[#Xiang|]]
56leaf樹葉子树叶子 (xy5 ye6 zr)ɕy¹¹ ie²⁴ tsɿ⁰
57root樹根树根ɕy¹¹ kən³³
58bark (of a tree)樹皮树皮ɕy¹¹ pi¹³
59flower (fa1)fa³³
60grass (cau3)tsʰau⁴¹
61rope繩子绳子, 索子 (so6 zr)ʂən¹³ tsɿ⁰, so²⁴ tsɿ⁰
62skin皮膚皮肤pi¹³ fu³³
63meat (rou6)ʐəu²⁴
64blood (xie6)ɕie²⁴
65bone骨頭骨头 (gu6 tou)ku²⁴ təu⁰
66fat (noun)[[#Xiang|]]
67egg (dan5)tan¹¹
68hornko²⁴
69tail尾巴 (uei3 ba1)uei⁴¹ pa³³
70feather羽毛 (y3 mau2)y⁴¹ mau¹³
71hair頭髮头发 (tou2 fa6)tʰəu¹³ fa²⁴
72head腦殼脑壳 (lau3 ko6)lau⁴¹ kʰo²⁴
73ear耳朵 (e3 do)ə⁴¹ to⁰
74eye眼睛ŋan⁴¹ tsin³³
75nose鼻子 (bi6 zr)pi²⁴ tsɿ⁰
76mouth嘴巴 (zei3 ba)tsei⁴¹ pa⁰
77tooth牙齒牙齿 (nga2 chr3)ŋa¹³ tʂʰʅ⁴¹
78tongue (organ)舌子 (she6 zr)ʂə²⁴ tsɿ⁰
79fingernail指甲子 (zhr6 ga6 zr)tʂʅ²⁴ ka²⁴ tsɿ⁰
80foot (jio6)tɕio²⁴
81leg腳欛子脚欛子 (jio6 ba4 zr)tɕio²⁴ pa⁵⁵ tsɿ⁰
82knee磕膝骨, 膝頭骨膝头骨 (si6 tou gu)kʰə²⁴ si²⁴ ku²⁴, si²⁴ təu⁰ ku²⁴
83hand (shou3)ʂəu⁴¹
84wing翼胛 (ie4 ga)ie⁵⁵ ka⁰
85belly肚子, 肚皮təu⁴¹ tsɿ⁰, təu¹¹ pi¹³
86guts腸子肠子 (zhan2 zr)tʂan¹³ tsɿ⁰
87neck頸根颈根 (jin3 gen1)tɕin⁴¹ kən³³
88back背脊 (bei4 zi6)pei⁵⁵ tsi²⁴
89breast胸門口胸门口 (chest), 奶子 (lai3 zr) (female organ)ɕioŋ³³ mən¹¹ kʰəu⁴¹, lai⁴¹ tsɿ⁰
90heart圞心𪢮心 (lonn2 sin1)lõ¹³ sin³³
91liver[[#Xiang|]]
92to drinktɕʰia²⁴
93to eattɕʰia²⁴
94to biteŋa⁵⁵
95to suck, so³³, tsin³³
96to spittʰəu⁴¹
97to vomit
98to blowso³³
99to breathe[[#Xiang|]]
100to laugh (siau4)siau⁵⁵
101to seekʰan⁵⁵
102to hear (tin1)tʰin³³
103to know曉得晓得 (xiau3 de)ɕiau⁴¹ tə⁰
104to think (sian3)siæn⁴¹
105to smelluən¹³
106to fear畏怯 (uei4 qie6), (pa4)uei⁵⁵ tɕʰie²⁴, pʰa⁵⁵
107to sleep睏覺困觉 (kun4 gau4), (kun4)kʰuən⁵⁵ kau⁵⁵, kʰuən⁵⁵
108to live (ho6)xo²⁴
109to die (sr3)sɿ⁴¹
110to kill (sa6)sa²⁴
111to fight扯皮 (che3 bi2)ʈʂʰə⁴¹ pi¹³
112to hunt趕山赶山 (gan3 san1)kan⁴¹ san³³
113to hit (da3)ta⁴¹
114to cutke⁵⁵
115to splitpʰi²⁴
116to stab[[#Xiang|]]
117to scratch[[#Xiang|]]
118to digua²⁴
119to swim玩水 (uan2 xyei3)uan¹³ ɕyei⁴¹
120to fly[[#Xiang|]]
121to walk (zou3), (pau3)tsəu⁴¹, pʰau⁴¹
122to come (lai2)lai¹³
123to lie (as in a bed) (kun4)kʰuən⁵⁵
124to sittso¹¹
125to stand (ji5)tɕi¹¹
126to turn (intransitive)[[#Xiang|]]
127to falltie²⁴
128to give (ba3)pa⁴¹
129to holdla³³
130to squeeze
131to rubŋa¹¹
132to wash (si3)si⁴¹
133to wipe, , tsʰəu⁵⁵/tsʰei⁵⁵, ma²⁴, kʰai³³
134to pull (che3)tʂʰə⁴¹
135to push (tei1)tʰei³³
136to throw (xyai3)ɕyai⁴¹
137to tie (kun3)kʰuən⁴¹
138to sew[[#Xiang|]]
139to count算噠算哒sõ⁵⁵ ta⁰
140to saytɕian⁴¹
141to sing (chan4)tʂʰan⁵⁵
142to playuan¹³
143to float[[#Xiang|]]
144to flow[[#Xiang|]]
145to freeze構凌 (gou4 lin5), 下凌 (xia5 lin5)kəu⁵⁵ lin¹¹, ɕia¹¹ lin¹¹
146to swell[[#Xiang|]]
147sun日頭日头 (r6 dou)ʐʅ²⁴ təu⁰
148moon月亮 (ye6 lian5)ye²⁴ lian¹¹
149star星子 (sin1 zr)sin³³ tsɿ⁰
150water (xyei3)ɕyei⁴¹
151rain (y3)y⁴¹
152river (ho2)xo¹³
153lake (fu2)fu¹³
154sea (hai3)xai⁴¹
155salt (ienn2)iẽ¹³
156stone石頭石头 (shr6 dou)ʂʅ²⁴ təu³
157sand沙婆 (sa1 bo2)sa³³ po¹³
158dust (fei1)fei³³
159earth泥巴 (nyi2 ba1)ȵi¹³ pa³³
160cloud (yn2)yn¹³
161fog罩子 (zau4 zr)tsau⁴⁵ tsɿ⁰
162sky (tienn1)tʰiẽ³³
163wind (hong1)xoŋ³³
164snow (sie6)sie²⁴
165icelin¹¹
166smoke (ienn1)iẽ³³
167fire (ho3)xo⁴¹
168ash[[#Xiang|]]
169to burn[[#Xiang|]]
170road (lou5)ləu¹¹
171mountain (san1)san³³
172red (hong2)zoŋ¹³
173green绿 (lou6)ləu²⁴
174yellowuan¹³/fan¹³
175white (be6)pə²⁴
176black (he6)xə²⁴
177night夜間子夜间子ia¹¹ ka⁰/xa⁰ tsɿ⁰
178day白天pə²⁴ tʰiẽ³³
179year (nyienn2)ȵiẽ¹³
180warm[[#Xiang|]]
181cold (len3)lən⁴¹
182full滿 (monn3)mõ⁴¹
183new (sin1)sin³³
184old (lau3) (of high age)lau⁴¹
185good (hau3)xau⁴¹
186bad, fai¹¹, kuai⁴¹
187rotten[[#Xiang|]]
188dirty邋遢 (la6 ta6), 邋糊 (la3 fu2)la²⁴ tʰa²⁴, la⁴¹ fu¹³
189straight (zhr6)tʂi²⁴
190round𪢮 (lonn2)lõ¹³
191sharp (as a knife) (kuai4)kʰuai⁵⁵
192dull (as a knife)tən¹¹
193smooth流光liəu³³ kuan³³
194wet湿ʂʅ²⁴
195drykan⁴¹
196correct (dei4)tei⁵⁵
197neartɕin¹¹
198far (yenn3)yẽ⁴¹
199rightiəu¹¹
200left (zo3)tso⁴¹
201attəu¹¹
202intəu¹¹
203with (gen1)kən³³
204and (gen1)kən³³
205if要是iau⁵⁵ sɿ¹¹
206because因為因为 (in1 uei2), 因得 (in1 de6) (dated)in³³ uei¹³, in³³ tə²⁴/
207name (min2)min¹³

Sources

[edit]
  • 鮑厚星 崔振華 沈若云 伍云姬 長沙方言詞典
  • 鮑厚星 崔振華 沈若云 伍云姬 長沙方言研究

See also

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)