Appendix:Tocharian B Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tocharian B, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishTocharian B
edit (194)
1I (1sg)ñäś
2you (2sg)tuwe
3he, she, it (3sg)su
4we (1pl)wes
5you (2pl)yes
6they (3pl)cey
7thisse
8thatsu, samp
9heretane
10theretane, omp
11whokᵤse
12whatkᵤse
13whereente
14whenente
15howmäkte
16not
17allpoñc
18manymāka
19someṣemi
20fewtotka
21otherallek
22oneṣe
23twowi
24threetrey
25fourśtwer
26fivepiś
27bigorotstse
28longpärkare
29wideaurtstse
30thickātstse
31heavykramartse
32smalllykaśke, totka
33short
34narrow
35thin
36womanklyiye, śana
37man (adult male)eṅkwe
38man (human being)śaumo
39childśamaśke
40wifeśana
41husbandpetso
42mothermācer
43fatherpācer
44animalluwo
45fishlaks
46birdsalamo luwo
47dogku
48lousepärśeri
49snakearṣāklo, auk
50wormyel
51treestām
52forestwartto, karāś
53stickśakāto
54fruitoko
55seedsārm, śäktālye
56leafpilta
57rootwitsako
58bark (of a tree)enmetre
59flowerpyāpyo
60grassatiyo
61ropeśerkw
62skinewe, yetse
63meatmisa
64bloodyasar
65boneāy
66fat (noun)ṣalype
67egg
68hornkrorīya
69tailpako
70featherparuwa (plural)
71hairmatsi
72headāśce
73earklautso
74eyeek
75nosemeli
76mouthkoyṃ
77toothkeme
78tongue (organ)kantwo
79fingernailmekwa
80footpaiyye
81legckācko
82kneekeni (dual)
83handṣar
84wing
85bellykātso
86gutskātso
87neckkor
88backsark
89breastcanke
90heartarañce
91liverwästarye
92to drinkyok-
93to eatśu-
94to bitetsāk-
95to sucktsuk-
96to spitpitk-
97to vomitankaiṃ yām-
98to blowpin-
99to breatheanāsk-, satāsk-
100to laughker-
101to seeläk-
102to hearklyaus-
103to knowaik-, kärs-
104to thinkpälsk-
105to smellwärsk-
106to fearpärsk-
107to sleepklänts-
108to liveśāy-
109to diesruk-
110to killkau-
111to fightwät-
112to huntśer-
113to hitkärn-
114to cutkärst-, lātk-
115to splitkaut-
116to stabtsop-
117to scratch
118to digrāp-
119to swimnāsk-
120to flyplus-
121to walki-
122to comekäm-
123to lie (as in a bed)lyäk-
124to sitṣäm-, āsk-
125to standkäly-
126to turn (intransitive)klutk-, spārtt-
127to fallklāy-
128to giveai-
129to holdtäl-
130to squeezeklup-, nusk-
131to rublyu-, kānt-
132to washlik-
133to wipeli-
134to pullsälk-
135to pushnätk-
136to throwkärsk-, säl-
137to tieśänm-, kärk-
138to sewwāp-
139to countṣäṃṣ-
140to saywe-
141to singpi-
142to playkāñm-
143to floatplus-
144to flowresk-
145to freeze
146to swellstaukk-
147sunkauṃ
148moonmeñe
149starścirye
150waterwar
151rainswese
152rivercake
153lakelyam
154seasamudtär
155saltsalyiye
156stonekärweñe
157sandwarañce
158dusttweye, taur
159earthkeṃ
160cloudtarkär
161fog
162skyiprer
163windyente
164snowśiñce
165ice
166smoke
167firepuwar
168ashtaur, tweye (?)
169to burntsāk-, pälk-
170roadytārye
171mountainṣale
172redratre
173greenmotartstse
174yellowtute
175whiteārkwi
176blackerkent
177nightyṣiye
178daykauṃ
179yearpikul
180warmemalle
181coldkrośce
182fullite
183newñuwe
184oldktsaitstse (?)
185goodkartse
186badyolo, pakwāre
187rottenāmpau
188dirtysal, kraketstse
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)mātre, akwatse
192dull (as a knife)mālle (?)
193smoothṣmare
194wetkarītstse
195dryasāre
196correct
197nearakartte, ysape, etsuwai
198farlau, lauke
199rightsaiwai (adverb)
200leftśwālyai (adverb)
201at-ne
202in-ne
203withśle
204andṣp
205ifkrui, ente
206becausekuce, mäkte
207nameñem
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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