Appendix:Tocharian Swadesh lists

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Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.


Nº English Tocharian A Tocharian B
1 I näṣ ñäś
2 you tu tuwe
3 he säm su
4 we was wes
5 you
(plural) 		yas yes
6 they cem cey
7 this - seṃ
8 that säs se, samp
9 here - tane, tne, tene
10 there - omp, ompe, omte
11 who kus kᵤse
12 what kus kᵤse
13 where äntanene ente, kᵤtameṃ
14 when äntāne ente
15 how - mäkte
16 not mā, mar mā
17 all puk poñc
18 many māk māka
19 some ṣome ṣemi
20 few tsru totka
21 other ālak allek
22 one sas ṣe
23 two wu wi
24 three tre trai
25 four śtwar śtwer
26 five päñ piś
27 big aryu orotstse
28 long pärkär pärkare
29 wide - aurtstse
30 thick ātstse ātsäts
31 heavy krāmär kramartse
32 small tsru lykaśke, totka
33 short - totka
34 narrow - -
35 thin - -
36 woman kᵤli, śäṃ klyiye, śana
37 man
(adult male) 		oṅk eṅkwe
38 man
(human being) 		- śaumo
39 child śoṃ ? śamaśke
40 wife śäṃ śana
41 husband pats pets, petso
42 mother mācar mācer
43 father pācar pācer
44 animal lu luwo
45 fish laks laks
46 bird - seri
47 dog ku ku
48 louse - pärśeri
49 snake ārṣal arṣāklo, auk
50 worm - yel, peṣele, peṣte
51 tree ṣtām stām
52 forest wärt wartto, karāś
53 stick - śakāto
54 fruit oko oko
55 seed śäktālyi śäktālye, sārm
56 leaf pält pilta
57 root tsmār witsako
58 bark - enmetre ?
59 flower pyāpi pyāpyo, tuñe
60 grass āti atiyo
61 rope - -
62 skin yats yetse, ewe
63 meat - misa, mīsa
64 blood ysār yasar
65 bone āy, āyäntu (pl) āy, āsta (pl)
66 fat (n.) - ṣalype, ṣmare
67 egg - -
68 horn kror krorīya
69 tail - pako
70 feather - paruwa (pl)
71 hair mätsi ? matsi
72 head - āśce
73 ear klots klautso
74 eye ak ek
75 nose malañ meli
76 mouth koy koyṃ
77 tooth kam keme
78 tongue käntu kantwo
79 fingernail maku (pl) mekwa (pl)
80 foot pe paiyye
81 leg - ckācko
82 knee kanweṃ (dual) keni (dual)
83 hand tsar ṣar
84 wing - -
85 belly kāts kātso
86 guts kāts kātso
87 neck - kor
88 back särśi sark
89 breast cwanke, päśśäṃ canke, päścane (dual)
90 heart āriñc arañce
91 liver - wästarye
92 drink yok- yok-
93 eat śuwā- śuwā-
94 bite - -
95 suck tspuk- tsuk-
96 spit pitk- pitk-
97 vomit - -
98 blow piw- pin-
99 breathe - anāsk-
100 laugh kar- ker-
101 see läk- läk-
102 hear klyos- klyaus-
103 know aik-, kärs- aik-, kärs-
104 think pälsk- pälsk-
105 smell wär- warsk-
106 fear pärsk- pärsk-
107 sleep klis- klänts-
108 live śo- śau-
109 die - sruk-
110 kill ko-, sruk- kau-
111 fight wac- wät-
112 hunt - śeri-
113 hit on- aun-, kärn-
114 cut lātk- lātk-
115 split kot- kaut-
116 stab tsop- tsop-
117 scratch - -
118 dig räp- rāp-
119 swim - nāsk-
120 fly (v.) plu- plu-
121 walk i- i-
122 come kum- käm-
123 lie (down) - lyäk-
124 sit ṣäm-, läm- ṣäm-, läm-
125 stand käly-, ṣtäm- käly-, stäm-
126 turn lutk- klutk-, spārtt-
127 fall klāw- klāy-
128 give e- ai-
129 hold - -
130 squeeze - klup-, nusk-
131 rub lup- lup-, lyu-, sanāp-, kānt-
132 wash lik- lik-
133 wipe lī-ā- lī-ā-
134 pull yärt- yärtt-, sälk-
135 push nätk- nätk-
136 throw säl- säl-
137 tie - śanmästär, kärkaṣṣäṃ
138 sew - -
139 count - ṣäṃṣ-
140 say weñ- weñ-
141 sing pis- pi-
142 play - kāñm-
143 float - plus-
144 flow - resk-
145 freeze - -
146 swell - staukk-
147 sun koṃ kauṃ
148 moon mañ meñe
149 star śre, śreñ (pl) ścirye (pl)
150 water wär war, āp
151 rain swase swese
152 river tsän- tseñe, cake, āp
153 lake - lyam
154 sea sāmudtär samudtär, lyam
155 salt sāle salyiye
156 stone - kärweñe
157 sand wāryāñc warañce
158 dust twe, tor tweye, taur
159 earth tkaṃ keṃ
160 cloud tärkär tarkär
161 fog - -
162 sky eprer iprer
163 wind want yente
164 snow - śiñce
165 ice - -
166 smoke - -
167 fire puwar puwar
168 ash - -
169 burn pälk- pälk-
170 road ytār ytārye
171 mountain ṣul ṣale
172 red rtär ratre
173 green motarci ? motartstse
174 yellow - tute
175 white ārki ārkwi
176 black arkant- erkent-, kwele
177 night wṣe yṣīye
178 day koṃ kauṃ
179 year pᵤkäl pikul
180 warm omäl emalle
181 cold krośśäṃ krośce
182 full - ite, ṣlyaṣṣe
183 new ñu ñuwe
184 old - ktsaitstse ?
185 good krant-, kränt- kartse
186 bad - yolo, pakwāre
187 rotten - āmp-
188 dirty krāke kraketstse
189 straight - -
190 round - -
191 sharp - mātre, akwatse
192 dull - mālle ?
193 smooth - ṣmare
194 wet - karītstse
195 dry āsar asāre
196 correct - empreṃ
197 near spa ? spe, ysape, akartte, etsuwai
198 far lok lauke
199 right - śwālyai
200 left - saiwai
201 at - -ne
202 in - -ne
203 with - śle
204 and - ṣpä, ṣpak, wai, rano
205 if kuprene krui, ente
206 because - kuce, mäkte
207 name ñom ñem
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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