Appendix:Proto-Turkic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Turkic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

EnglishProto-Turkic
edit (182)
1I (1sg)*ben
2you (2sg)*sen
3he, she, it (3sg)*ol
4we (1pl)*biŕ
5you (2pl)*siŕ
6they (3pl)
7this*bu(-n)
8that*ol
9here
10there
11who*kem
12what*nē-
13where*kanta, *kanï
14when*kačan
15how*nēče
16not*ermeŕ
17all*bütün, *kamug
18many*ȫküĺ
19some
20few*āŕ
21other
22one*bīr
23two*ẹk(k)i
24three*üč
25four*tȫrt
26five*bẹ̄ĺ(k)
27big*bedük
28long*uŕak
29wide*gēŋ
30thick*kalïŋ
31heavy*iagïr
32small*kičüg
33short*kïsga
34narrow*tïgïŕ
35thin*yiŋčge
36woman*xātun, *kï̄ŕ
37man (adult male)*ēr
38man (human being)*kiši
39child*bāla, *urug
40wife
41husband
42mother*apa
43father*ata
44animal
45fish*bālïk
46bird*kuĺ
47dog*köpek
48louse*bït
49snake*yï̄lan
50worm*kūrt
51tree*ïgač
52forest*orman
53stick*čï̄pč
54fruit*yẹ̄miĺč
55seed*urluk, *urug
56leaf*yapurgak, *bür
57root*kök
58bark (of a tree)*kāpuk
59flower*čeček
60grass*ot
61rope*yip, *yïp
62skin*tẹri
63meat*et
64blood*kiān
65bone*kemük, *siŋök
66fat (noun)*semiŕ, *yāg
67egg*yumurtka
68horn*burgu
69tail*kudruk
70feather*tǖk
71hair*s(i)ač, *kïl
72head*baĺč
73ear*kulkak
74eye*köŕ
75nose*burun
76mouth*āgïŕ
77tooth*tīĺ
78tongue (organ)*til
79fingernail*dïrŋak
80foot*adak
81leg*būt
82knee*topïk
83hand*elig
84wing*kāynat
85belly*kạrïn
86guts*bagïrsuk
87neck*bōyn
88back*kerü, *arka
89breast*köküŕ
90heart*yürek
91liver*biagïr
92to drink*ič-
93to eat*yē-
94to bite*ïsïr-
95to suck*em-, *simü-
96to spit*tüpkür-
97to vomit*kus-
98to blow*ür-
99to breathe
100to laugh*kül-
101to see*kör-
102to hear*ẹĺit-
103to know*bil-
104to think*tüĺ-ün-
105to smell
106to fear*kork-
107to sleep*ūdï-
108to live*dīri-
109to die*öl-
110to kill*öltür-
111to fight*saba-
112to hunt*ābla-
113to hit*ur-
114to cut*kes-
115to split*yār-
116to stab
117to scratch*kạĺčï-
118to dig*kaŕ-
119to swim*yüŕ-
120to fly*uč-
121to walk*yüri-
122to come*kẹl-
123to lie (as in a bed)*yat-
124to sit*oltur-
125to stand*dur-
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall*düĺ-
128to give*bēr-
129to hold*tut-
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash*yu(b)-
133to wipe*sīl-
134to pull*tart-
135to push*it-
136to throw*ạt-
137to tie
138to sew
139to count*sā(y)-
140to say*āy-
141to sing
142to play*oy-
143to float*yüŕ-
144to flow*ak-
145to freeze*toŋ-
146to swell*sīĺč-
147sun*küneĺ
148moon*āń(k)
149star*yulduŕ
150water*sub
151rain*yagmur
152river*yïrmak, *ögüŕ
153lake*kȫl
154sea*teŋiŕ
155salt*dūŕ
156stone*tiāĺ
157sand*kum
158dust*tōz, *tōzan
159earth*yẹr
160cloud*bulït
161fog*bus, *būg
162sky*teŋri
163wind*yẹl
164snow*kār
165ice*būŕ
166smoke*tuman
167fire*ōt
168ash*kül
169to burn*tam-
170road*yōl
171mountain*tāg, *k(i)aya
172red*kïŕïl
173green*yāĺïl
174yellow*siarïg
175white*ürüŋ, *āk
176black*kara, *qara
177night*kēče
178day*kün
179year*yāĺ, *yïl
180warm*yïlïg
181cold*sogïk
182full*tōl-
183new*yaŋï
184old*es-(kü)
185good*edgü
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight*tüŕ
190round
191sharp (as a knife)*yiti
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet*ȫl
195dry*kūrïk
196correct*kẹr-tü
197near*yạguk
198far*uŕak
199right*oŋ
200left*sōl
201at
202in*-de
203with*bile
204and
205if*-sa
206because*üčün, *učun
207name*āt
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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