Appendix:Ukrainian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Ukrainian, compared with that of English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| No. | English | Ukrainian українська мова |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | я (ja), яз (jaz, “archaic”) | IPA(key): [jɐ, jɐz] |
| 2 | you (singular) | ти (ty) | IPA(key): [ˈtɪ] |
| 3 | he | він (vin) | IPA(key): [ˈʋʲin] |
| 4 | we | ми (my) | IPA(key): [ˈmɪ] |
| 5 | you (plural) | ви (vy) | IPA(key): [ˈʋɪ] |
| 6 | they | вони́ (voný) | IPA(key): [wɔˈnɪ] |
| 7 | this | це (ce), се (se), цей (cej), сей (sej) | IPA(key): [t͡se, se, t͡sej, sei̯] |
| 8 | that | те (te), той (toj) | IPA(key): [te, tɔi̯] |
| 9 | here | тут (tut) | IPA(key): [ˈtut] |
| 10 | there | там (tam) | IPA(key): [ˈtɑm] |
| 11 | who | хто (xto) | IPA(key): [ˈxtɔ] |
| 12 | what | що (ščo) | IPA(key): [ˈʃt͡ʃɔ] |
| 13 | where | де (de) | IPA(key): [ˈdɛ] |
| 14 | when | коли́ (kolý) | IPA(key): [kɔˈlɪ] |
| 15 | how | як (jak) | IPA(key): [ˈjɑk] |
| 16 | not | не (ne) | IPA(key): [ˈnɛ] |
| 17 | all | усе́ (usé) / все (vse) (everything), усі́ (usí) / всі (vsi) (everybody) | IPA(key): [ʊˈsɛ, ʍse, ʊˈsʲi, ʍsʲi] |
| 18 | many | бага́то (baháto), мно́го (mnóho) | IPA(key): [bɐˈɦɑtɔ, ˈmnɔɦɔ] |
| 19 | some | кі́лька (kílʹka) | IPA(key): [ˈkʲilʲkɐ] |
| 20 | few | ма́ло (málo) | IPA(key): [ˈmɑlɔ] |
| 21 | other | і́нший (ínšyj), о́ний (ónyj, “archaic”) | IPA(key): [ˈinʃej, ˈɔnei̯] |
| 22 | one | оди́н (odýn) | IPA(key): [ɔˈdɪn] |
| 23 | two | два (dva) | IPA(key): [ˈdʋɑ] |
| 24 | three | три (try) | IPA(key): [ˈtrɪ] |
| 25 | four | чоти́ри (čotýry) | IPA(key): [t͡ʃɔˈtɪre] |
| 26 | five | п'ять (pʺjatʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈpjɑtʲ] |
| 27 | big | вели́кий (velýkyj) | IPA(key): [ʋeˈlɪkei̯] |
| 28 | long | до́вгий (dóvhyj) | IPA(key): [ˈdɔu̯ɦei̯] |
| 29 | wide | широ́кий (šyrókyj) | IPA(key): [ʃeˈrɔkei̯] |
| 30 | thick | то́встий (tóvstyj) | IPA(key): [ˈtɔu̯stei̯] |
| 31 | heavy | важки́й (važkýj) | IPA(key): [ʋɐˈʒkɪi̯] |
| 32 | small | мали́й (malýj), мале́нький (malénʹkyj) | IPA(key): [mɐˈlɪj, mɐˈlɛnʲkei̯] |
| 33 | short | коро́ткий (korótkyj) | IPA(key): [kɔˈrɔtkei̯] |
| 34 | narrow | ву́зький (vúzʹkyj) | IPA(key): [ˈwuzʲkei̯] |
| 35 | thin | тонки́й (tonkýj) | IPA(key): [tɔnˈkɪi̯] |
| 36 | woman | жі́нка (žínka), жона́ (žoná) | IPA(key): [ˈʒʲinkɐ, ʒɔˈnɑ] |
| 37 | man (male) | чолові́к (čolovík), мужчи́на (mužčýna) | IPA(key): [t͡ʃɔlɔˈu̯ʲik, mʊˈʒt͡ʃɪnɐ] |
| 38 | man (human) | люди́на (ljudýna), чолові́к (čolovík) | IPA(key): [lʲʊˈdɪnɐ, t͡ʃɔlɔˈu̯ʲik] |
| 39 | child | дити́на (dytýna) | IPA(key): [deˈtɪnɐ] |
| 40 | wife | дружи́на (družýna), жі́нка (žínka), жона́ (žoná) | IPA(key): [drʊˈʒɪnɐ, ˈʒʲinkɐ, ʒɔˈnɑ] |
| 41 | husband | чолові́к (čolovík), муж (muž), супру́г (suprúh, “rarely used”) | IPA(key): [t͡ʃɔlɔˈu̯ʲik, mʊʒ, sʊˈpruɦ] |
| 42 | mother | ма́ти (máty), неня (nenja) | IPA(key): [ˈmɑte, nenʲɐ] |
| 43 | father | ба́тько (bátʹko) | IPA(key): [ˈbɑtʲkɔ] |
| 44 | animal | твари́на (tvarýna), звір (zvir) | IPA(key): [tʋɐˈrɪnɐ, zʲʋʲir] |
| 45 | fish | ри́ба (rýba) | IPA(key): [ˈrɪbɐ] |
| 46 | bird | птах (ptax), пти́ця (ptýcja) | IPA(key): [ptɐx, ˈptɪt͡sʲɐ] |
| 47 | dog | пес (pes), соба́ка (sobáka) | IPA(key): [pes, sɔˈbɑkɐ] |
| 48 | louse | во́ша (vóša) | IPA(key): [ˈwɔʃɐ] |
| 49 | snake | змія́ (zmijá) | IPA(key): [zʲmʲiˈjɑ] |
| 50 | worm | черв'я́к (červʺják) | IPA(key): [t͡ʃerˈʋjɑk] |
| 51 | tree | де́рево (dérevo) | IPA(key): [ˈdɛreu̯ɔ] |
| 52 | forest | ліс (lis) | IPA(key): [ˈlʲis] |
| 53 | stick | па́лиця (pálycja), кий (kyj) | IPA(key): [ˈpɑlet͡sʲɐ, kei̯] |
| 54 | fruit | плід (plid) | IPA(key): [ˈplʲid] |
| 55 | seed | сім'я́ (simʺjá), насі́ння (nasínnja) | IPA(key): [sʲiˈmjɑ, nɐˈsʲinʲːɐ] |
| 56 | leaf | листо́к (lystók) | IPA(key): [leˈstɔk] |
| 57 | root | ко́рінь (kórinʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈkɔrʲinʲ] |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кора́ (korá) | IPA(key): [kɔˈrɑ] |
| 59 | flower | кві́тка (kvítka) | IPA(key): [ˈkʋʲitkɐ] |
| 60 | grass | трава́ (travá) | IPA(key): [trɐˈu̯ɑ] |
| 61 | rope | мотузо́к (motuzók) | IPA(key): [mɔtʊˈzɔk] |
| 62 | skin | шкі́ра (škíra) | IPA(key): [ˈʃkʲirɐ] |
| 63 | meat | м'я́со (mʺjáso) | IPA(key): [ˈmjɑsɔ] |
| 64 | blood | кров (krov) | IPA(key): [ˈkrɔu̯] |
| 65 | bone | кі́стка (kístka) | IPA(key): [ˈkʲistkɐ] |
| 66 | fat (noun) | жир (žyr) | IPA(key): [ˈʒɪr] |
| 67 | egg | яйце́ (jajcé) | IPA(key): [jɐi̯ˈt͡sɛ] |
| 68 | horn | ріг (rih) | IPA(key): [ˈrʲiɦ] |
| 69 | tail | хвіст (xvist) | IPA(key): [ˈxʋʲist] |
| 70 | feather | перо́ (peró) | IPA(key): [peˈrɔ] |
| 71 | hair | воло́сся (volóssja) | IPA(key): [wɔˈlɔsʲːɐ] |
| 72 | head | голова́ (holová) | IPA(key): [ɦɔlɔˈu̯ɑ] |
| 73 | ear | ву́хо (vúxo) | IPA(key): [ˈwuxɔ] |
| 74 | eye | о́ко (óko) | IPA(key): [ˈɔkɔ] |
| 75 | nose | ніс (nis) | IPA(key): [ˈnʲis] |
| 76 | mouth | рот (rot) | IPA(key): [ˈrɔt] |
| 77 | tooth | зуб (zub) | IPA(key): [ˈzub] |
| 78 | tongue | язи́к (jazýk) | IPA(key): [jɐˈzɪk] |
| 79 | fingernail | ні́готь (níhotʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈnʲiɦɔtʲ] |
| 80 | foot | стопа́ (stopá), нога́ (nohá) | IPA(key): [stɔˈpɑ, nɔˈɦɑ] |
| 81 | leg | нога́ (nohá) | IPA(key): [nɔˈɦɑ] |
| 82 | knee | колі́но (kolíno) | IPA(key): [koˈlʲinɔ] |
| 83 | hand | рука́ (ruká) | IPA(key): [rʊˈkɑ] |
| 84 | wing | крило́ (kryló) | IPA(key): [kreˈlɔ] |
| 85 | belly | живі́т (žyvít) | IPA(key): [ʒeˈu̯ʲit] |
| 86 | guts | ки́шки (kýšky), ну́трощі (nútrošči) | IPA(key): [ˈkɪʃke, ˈnutrɔʃt͡ʃʲi] |
| 87 | neck | ши́я (šýja) | IPA(key): [ˈʃɪjɐ] |
| 88 | back | спина́ (spyná) | IPA(key): [speˈnɑ] |
| 89 | breast | гру́ди (hrúdy) | IPA(key): [ˈɦrude] |
| 90 | heart | се́рце (sérce) | IPA(key): [ˈsɛrt͡se] |
| 91 | liver | печі́нка (pečínka) | IPA(key): [peˈt͡ʃʲinkɐ] |
| 92 | to drink | пи́ти (pýty) | IPA(key): [ˈpɪte] |
| 93 | to eat | ї́сти (jísty) | IPA(key): [ˈjiste] |
| 94 | to bite | куса́ти (kusáty) | IPA(key): [kʊˈsɑte] |
| 95 | to suck | смокта́ти (smoktáty) | IPA(key): [smɔˈktɑte] |
| 96 | to spit | плюва́ти (pljuváty) | IPA(key): [plʲʊˈu̯ɑte] |
| 97 | to vomit | блюва́ти (bljuváty) | IPA(key): [blʲʊˈu̯ɑte] |
| 98 | to blow | ду́ти (dúty) | IPA(key): [ˈdute] |
| 99 | to breathe | ди́хати (dýxaty) | IPA(key): [ˈdɪxɐte] |
| 100 | to laugh | смія́тися (smijátysja) | IPA(key): [sʲmʲiˈjɑtesʲɐ] |
| 101 | to see | диви́тися (dyvýtysja), ба́чити (báčyty) | IPA(key): [deˈu̯ɪtesʲɐ, ˈbɑt͡ʃete] |
| 102 | to hear | чу́ти (čúty), слу́хати (slúxaty) | IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃute, ˈsluxɐte] |
| 103 | to know | зна́ти (znáty) | IPA(key): [ˈznɑte] |
| 104 | to think | ду́мати (dúmaty) | IPA(key): [ˈdumɐte] |
| 105 | to smell | чу́ти (čúty), ню́хати (njúxaty) | IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃute, ˈnʲuxɐte] |
| 106 | to fear | боя́тися (bojátysja), ляка́тися (ljakátysja) | IPA(key): [bɔˈjɑtesʲɐ, lʲɐˈkɑtesʲɐ] |
| 107 | to sleep | спа́ти (spáty) | IPA(key): [ˈspɑte] |
| 108 | to live | жи́ти (žýty) | IPA(key): [ˈʒɪte] |
| 109 | to die | вмира́ти (vmyráty) | IPA(key): [wmeˈrɑte] |
| 110 | to kill | вбива́ти (vbyváty) | IPA(key): [wbeˈu̯ɑte] |
| 111 | to fight | би́тися (býtysja) | IPA(key): [ˈbɪtesʲɐ] |
| 112 | to hunt | полюва́ти (poljuváty) | IPA(key): [pɔlʲʊˈu̯ɑte] |
| 113 | to hit | би́ти (býty) | IPA(key): [ˈbɪte] |
| 114 | to cut | рі́зати (rízaty) | IPA(key): [ˈrʲizɐte] |
| 115 | to split | діли́ти (dilýty) | IPA(key): [dʲiˈlɪte] |
| 116 | to stab | коло́ти (kolóty) | IPA(key): [kɔˈlɔte] |
| 117 | to scratch | дря́пати (drjápaty), шкря́бати (škrjábaty) | IPA(key): [ˈdʲrʲɑpɐte, ˈʃkrʲɑbɐte] |
| 118 | to dig | ри́ти (rýty) | IPA(key): [ˈrɪte] |
| 119 | to swim | пла́вати (plávaty) | IPA(key): [ˈplɑu̯ɐte] |
| 120 | to fly | літа́ти (litáty) | IPA(key): [lʲiˈtɑte] |
| 121 | to walk | йти (jty), ходи́ти (xodýty) | IPA(key): [i̯te, xɔˈdɪte] |
| 122 | to come | прихо́дити (pryxódyty) | IPA(key): [preˈxɔdete] |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | лежа́ти (ležáty) | IPA(key): [leˈʒɑte] |
| 124 | to sit | сиді́ти (sydíty) | IPA(key): [seˈdʲite] |
| 125 | to stand | стоя́ти (stojáty) | IPA(key): [stɔˈjɑte] |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | верті́ти (vertíty), крути́ти (krutýty) | IPA(key): [ʋerˈtʲite, krʊˈtɪte] |
| 127 | to fall | па́дати (pádaty) | IPA(key): [ˈpɑdɐte] |
| 128 | to give | дава́ти (daváty) | IPA(key): [dɐˈu̯ɑte] |
| 129 | to hold | трима́ти (trymáty) | IPA(key): [treˈmɑte] |
| 130 | to squeeze | ча́вити (čávyty), ви́тискати (výtyskaty) | IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃɑu̯ete, ˈʋɪteskɐte] |
| 131 | to rub | те́рти (térty) | IPA(key): [ˈtɛrte] |
| 132 | to wash | ми́ти (mýty) | IPA(key): [ˈmɪte] |
| 133 | to wipe | витира́ти (vytyráty) | IPA(key): [ʋeteˈrɑte] |
| 134 | to pull | тягну́ти (tjahnúty) | IPA(key): [tʲɐˈɦnute] |
| 135 | to push | штовха́ти (štovxáty), ти́снути (týsnuty) | IPA(key): [ʃtɔu̯ˈxɑte, ˈtɪsnʊte] |
| 136 | to throw | кида́ти (kydáty) | IPA(key): [keˈdɑte] |
| 137 | to tie | зв’я́зувати (zvʺjázuvaty) | IPA(key): [ˈzʲʋʲjɑzʊu̯ɐte] |
| 138 | to sew | ши́ти (šýty) | IPA(key): [ˈʃɪte] |
| 139 | to count | рахува́ти (raxuváty), лічи́ти (ličýty) | IPA(key): [rɐxʊˈu̯ɑte, lʲiˈt͡ʃɪte] |
| 140 | to say | каза́ти (kazáty),мо́вити (móvyty), ректи́ (rektý), говори́ти (hovorýty) | IPA(key): [kɐˈzɑte, ˈmɔu̯ete, reˈktɪ, ɦɔu̯ɔˈrɪte] |
| 141 | to sing | співа́ти (spiváty) | IPA(key): [sʲpʲiˈu̯ɑte] |
| 142 | to play | гра́ти (hráty) | IPA(key): [ˈɦrɑte] |
| 143 | to float | пла́вати (plávaty) | IPA(key): [ˈplɑu̯ɐte] |
| 144 | to flow | текти́ (tektý) | IPA(key): [teˈktɪ] |
| 145 | to freeze | ме́рзнути (mérznuty) | IPA(key): [ˈmɛrznʊte] |
| 146 | to swell | опуха́ти (opuxáty) | IPA(key): [ɔpʊˈxɑte] |
| 147 | sun | со́нце (sónce) | IPA(key): [ˈsɔnt͡se] |
| 148 | moon | мі́сяць (mísjacʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈmʲisʲɐt͡sʲ] |
| 149 | star | зоря́ (zorjá) | IPA(key): [zɔˈrʲɑ] |
| 150 | water | вода́ (vodá) | IPA(key): [wɔˈdɑ] |
| 151 | rain | дощ (došč) | IPA(key): [ˈdɔʃt͡ʃ] |
| 152 | river | ріка́ (riká) | IPA(key): [rʲiˈkɑ] |
| 153 | lake | о́зеро (ózero) | IPA(key): [ˈɔzerɔ] |
| 154 | sea | мо́ре (móre) | IPA(key): [ˈmɔre] |
| 155 | salt | сіль (silʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈsʲilʲ] |
| 156 | stone | ка́мінь (káminʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈkɑmʲinʲ] |
| 157 | sand | пісо́к (pisók) | IPA(key): [pʲiˈsɔk] |
| 158 | dust | пил (pyl), по́рох (pórox) | IPA(key): [pel, ˈpɔrɔx] |
| 159 | earth | земля́ (zemljá) | IPA(key): [zeˈmlʲɑ] |
| 160 | cloud | хма́ра (xmára), о́болок (óbolok) | IPA(key): [ˈxmɑrɐ, ˈɔbɔlɔk] |
| 161 | fog | тума́н (tumán) | IPA(key): [tʊˈmɑn] |
| 162 | sky | не́бо (nébo) | IPA(key): [ˈnɛbɔ] |
| 163 | wind | ві́тер (víter) | IPA(key): [ˈʋʲiter] |
| 164 | snow | сніг (snih) | IPA(key): [ˈsʲnʲiɦ] |
| 165 | ice | кри́га (krýha), лід (lid) | IPA(key): [ˈkrɪɦɐ, lʲid] |
| 166 | smoke | дим (dym) | IPA(key): [ˈdɪm] |
| 167 | fire | вого́нь (vohónʹ) | IPA(key): [wɔˈɦɔnʲ] |
| 168 | ash | по́піл (pópil) | IPA(key): [ˈpɔpʲil] |
| 169 | to burn | горі́ти (horíty) | IPA(key): [ɦoˈrʲite] |
| 170 | road | доро́га (doróha) | IPA(key): [dɔˈrɔɦɐ] |
| 171 | mountain | гора́ (horá) | IPA(key): [ɦɔˈrɑ] |
| 172 | red | черво́ний (červónyj) | IPA(key): [t͡ʃeˈrwɔnei̯] |
| 173 | green | зеле́ний (zelényj) | IPA(key): [zeˈlɛnei̯] |
| 174 | yellow | жо́втий (žóvtyj) | IPA(key): [ˈʒɔu̯tei̯] |
| 175 | white | бі́лий (bílyj) | IPA(key): [ˈbʲilei̯] |
| 176 | black | чо́рний (čórnyj) | IPA(key): [ˈt͡ʃɔrnei̯] |
| 177 | night | ніч (nič) | IPA(key): [ˈnʲit͡ʃ] |
| 178 | day | день (denʹ) | IPA(key): [ˈdɛnʲ] |
| 179 | year | рік (rik), лі́то (líto) | IPA(key): [rʲik, ˈlʲitɔ] |
| 180 | warm | тепло́ (tepló) | IPA(key): [teˈplɔ] |
| 181 | cold | хо́лод (xólod), сту́жа (stúža) | IPA(key): [ˈxɔlɔd, ˈstuʒɐ] |
| 182 | full | по́вний (póvnyj) | IPA(key): [ˈpɔu̯nei̯] |
| 183 | new | нови́й (novýj) | IPA(key): [nɔˈu̯ɪi̯] |
| 184 | old | стари́й (starýj) | IPA(key): [stɐˈrɪi̯] |
| 185 | good | до́брий (dóbryj) | IPA(key): [ˈdɔbrei̯] |
| 186 | bad | пога́ний (pohányj) | IPA(key): [pɔˈɦɑnei̯] |
| 187 | rotten | гнили́й (hnylýj) | IPA(key): [ɦneˈlɪi̯] |
| 188 | dirty | бру́дний (brúdnyj) | IPA(key): [ˈbrudnei̯] |
| 189 | straight | прями́й (prjamýj) | IPA(key): [prʲɐˈmɪi̯] |
| 190 | round | ко́ло (kólo), круг (kruh) | IPA(key): [ˈkɔlɔ, krʊɦ] |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | го́стрий (hóstryj) | IPA(key): [ˈɦɔstrei̯] |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | тупи́й (tupýj) | IPA(key): [tʊˈpɪi̯] |
| 193 | smooth | гла́дкий (hládkyj), рі́вний (rívnyj) | IPA(key): [ˈɦlɑdkej, ˈrʲiu̯nei̯] |
| 194 | wet | воло́гий (volóhyj), мо́крий (mókryj) | IPA(key): [wɔˈlɔɦej, ˈmɔkrei̯] |
| 195 | dry | сухи́й (suxýj) | IPA(key): [sʊˈxɪi̯] |
| 196 | correct | пра́вильний (právylʹnyj) | IPA(key): [ˈprɑu̯elʲnei̯] |
| 197 | near | бли́зький (blýzʹkyj) | IPA(key): [ˈblɪzʲkei̯] |
| 198 | far | дале́кий (dalékyj) | IPA(key): [dɐˈlɛkei̯] |
| 199 | right | пра́вий (právyj) | IPA(key): [ˈprɑu̯ei̯] |
| 200 | left | лі́вий (lívyj) | IPA(key): [ˈlʲiu̯ei̯] |
| 201 | at | на (na) | IPA(key): [ˈnɑ] |
| 202 | in | в (v), у (u) | IPA(key): [ʋ, ˈu] |
| 203 | with | з (z) | IPA(key): [z] |
| 204 | and | і (i), й (j), та (ta) | IPA(key): [i, j, tɐ] |
| 205 | if | якщо́ (jakščó), коли́ (kolý) якби́ (jakbý) | IPA(key): [jɐˈkʃt͡ʃɔ, kɔˈlɪ, jɐˈɡbɪ] |
| 206 | because | бо (bo) | IPA(key): [ˈbɔ] |
| 207 | name | і́м'я (ímʺja) | IPA(key): [ˈimjɐ] |
External links[edit]
