Appendix:Proto-Italic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Italic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishProto-Italic
edit (207)
1I (1sg)*egō
2you (2sg)*tū
3he, she, it (3sg)*is
4we (1pl)*nōs
5you (2pl)*wōs
6they (3pl)*is
7this*hek(e)
8that*esto
9here*hek(e)
10there*iðei
11who*kʷis, *kʷoi
12what*kʷis, *kʷoi
13where*kʷāmdō
14when*kʷuðei
15how*kʷām
16not*nē
17all*opnis
18many*moltos
19some*partim
20few*paukos
21other*aljos
22one*oinos
23two*duō
24three*trēs
25four*kʷettwōr
26five*kʷenkʷe
27big*magnos
28long*dlongos
29wide*stlātos
30thick*kartsus
31heavy*gʷrawos
32small*pauros
33short*breɣʷis
34narrow*angostos
35thin*tenwis
36woman*fēmanā
37man (adult male)*wiros
38man (human being)*hemō
39child*puweros
40wife*uksōr
41husband*wiros, *nēr
42mother*mātēr
43father*patēr
44animal*anamālis
45fish*piskis
46bird*awis
47dog*kō
48louse*pezdis
49snake*angʷis
50worm*wormis
51tree*arðōs
52forest*selwā
53stick*bakklom
54fruit*poomos
55seed*sēmən
56leaf*folyom
57root*wrādīks
58bark (of a tree)*korteks
59flower*flōs
60grass*grāmen
61rope*fuðnis
62skin*pelnis
63meat*karō
64blood*sangwens
65bone*os
66fat (noun)*pinɣʷe
67egg*ōwom
68horn*kornū
69tail*kaudā
70feather*plow(k)smā
71hair*kriznis
72head*kaput
73ear*auzis
74eye*okʷelos
75nose*nās
76mouth*ōs
77tooth*dents
78tongue (organ)*denɣwā
79fingernail*ungus
80foot*peds
81leg*krūs
82knee*genū
83hand*manus
84wing*akslā
85belly*wendtris
86guts*laktis
87neck*kʷolzom
88back*dorsom
89breast*pektos
90heart*kord
91liver*jekʷor
92to drink*pibō
93to eat*manðō
94to bite*mordeō
95to suck*sowgō
96to spit*spujō
97to vomit*wemō
98to blow*speizō
99to breathe*flaō
100to laugh*reideō
101to see*widēō
102to hear*awizdjō
103to know*skijō
104to think*rēōr
105to smell*odō
106to fear*werēōr
107to sleep*swepjō
108to live*gʷīwō
109to die*morjōr
110to kill*nekō
111to fight*pugnō
112to hunt*weynor
113to hit*ferjō
114to cut*kaidō, *skindō
115to split*findō
116to stab*pungō
117to scratch*skaβō
118to dig*fodjō
119to swim*snāō
120to fly*gʷelajō
121to walk*kezdō, *eō
122to come*gʷenjō
123to lie (as in a bed)*jakēō
124to sit*sedēō
125to stand*staēō
126to turn (intransitive)*wertō
127to fall*kadō
128to give*didō
129to hold*haβēō
130to squeeze*premō
131to rub*terō
132to wash*lawaō
133to wipe*tergēō
134to pull*traɣō
135to push*worgēō
136to throw*jakjō
137to tie*leigāō
138to sew*sūō
139to count*nomezō
140to say*deikō
141to sing*kanō
142to play*loidō
143to float*flowitō
144to flow*flūō
145to freeze*frīgēō, *gelō
146to swell*tumēō
147sun*swōl
148moon*louksnā
149star*stērolā
150water*akʷā
151rain*plowjā
152river*flowmən
153lake*lakus
154sea*mari
155salt*sāls
156stone*lapis
157sand*sabolom
158dust*polwis
159earth*terzā
160cloud*nouðetis
161fog*neβelā
162sky*kailom
163wind*wentos
164snow*sniks
165ice*gelus
166smoke*fūmos
167fire*əngʷnis
168ash*kenis
169to burn*ouzō
170road*wijā
171mountain*monts
172red*ruðros
173green*weyziðis
174yellow*flāwos
175white*alβos
176black*niɣros
177night*noks
178day*djous
179year*wetos
180warm*kaliðos
181cold*frīgos
182full*plēnos
183new*nowos
184old*senos
185good*dwenos
186bad*malos
187rotten*pūtos
188dirty*swerdiðos
189straight*rektos
190round*rotontnos
191sharp (as a knife)*akowtos
192dull (as a knife)*heβes
193smooth*lēnis
194wet*wegmiðos
195dry*seikkos
196correct*wēros
197near*prokʷe
198far*prokol
199right*deksteros
200left*laiwos
201at*ad
202in*en
203with*kom
204and*et
205if*sei
206because*kʷod
207name*nomən
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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