Appendix:Sichuan Mandarin Swadesh list
(Redirected from Appendix:Sichuanese Swadesh list)
This is a Swadesh list of words in Sichuanese, compared with that of English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
This list uses Sichuanese Pinyin and IPA
| № | English | Mandarin 四川話／四川话 (Sìchuānhuà) edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 我 (ngo3) | ŋo⁵³ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 你 (nyi3) | ȵi⁵³ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 他 (ta1) | tʰa⁵⁵ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 我們／我们 (ngo3 men2-1) | ŋo⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 你們／你们 (nyi3 men2-1) | ȵi⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 他們／他们 (ta1 men2-1) | tʰa⁵⁵ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 7 | this | 這個／这个 (ze4 go4) | tsɛ²¹³ ko²¹³ |
| 8 | that | 那個／那个 (na4 go4) | na²¹³ ko²¹³ |
| 9 | here | 這點兒／这点儿 (ze4 dianr3) | tsᴇ²¹³ tiɚ⁵³ |
| 10 | there | 那點兒／那点儿 (na4 dianr3) | na²¹³ tiɚ⁵³ |
| 11 | who | 誰個／谁个 (sui2 go4) | suei²¹ ko²¹³ |
| 12 | what | 啥子 (sa4 zi3) | sa²¹³ tsz⁵³ |
| 13 | where | 那跟前 (na3 gen1 qian2), 哪下兒／哪下儿 (na3 har2) | na⁵³ kən⁵⁵ tɕʰiɛn²¹, na⁵³ xɚ²¹ |
| 14 | when | 哪陣／哪阵 (na3 zen4) | na⁵³ tsən²¹³ |
| 15 | how | 啷個／啷个 (nang3 go4) | naŋ⁵³ ko²¹³ |
| 16 | not | 不 (bu2) | pu²¹ |
| 17 | all | 全部 (quan2 bu4) | tɕʰyan²¹ pu²¹³ |
| 18 | many | 多 (do1) | to⁵⁵ |
| 19 | some | 些 (xi1) | ɕi⁵⁵ |
| 20 | few | 少 (sao4) | sau²¹³ |
| 21 | other | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 22 | one | 一 (yi2) | i²¹ |
| 23 | two | 二 (er4), 兩／两 (niang3) | ɚ²¹³, niaŋ⁵³ |
| 24 | three | 三 (san1) | san⁵⁵ |
| 25 | four | 四 (si4) | sɿ²¹³ |
| 26 | five | 五 (wu3) | vu⁵³ |
| 27 | big | 大 (da4) | ta²¹³ |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (cang2) | tsʰaŋ²¹ |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (kuan1) | kʰuan⁵⁵ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (hou4) | xəu²¹³ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (zong4) | tsoŋ²¹³ |
| 32 | small | 小 (xiao3) | ɕiau⁵³ |
| 33 | short | 短 (duan3) | tuan⁵³ |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 (ze2) | tsɛ²¹ |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (bo2) | po²¹ |
| 36 | woman | 女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 女人家 (nyü3 ren2 jia1) | ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2), 男人家 (nan2 ren2 jia1) | nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹, nan²¹ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (ren2) | zən²¹ |
| 39 | child | 小娃兒／小娃儿 (xiao3 wa2 er2-1) | ɕiau⁵³ ua²¹ ɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 40 | wife | 女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 婆娘 (po2 nyiang1) | ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, pʰo²¹ ȵiaŋ⁵⁵ |
| 41 | husband | 男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2) | nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹ |
| 42 | mother | 媽媽／妈妈 (ma1 ma1), 媽／妈 (ma1) | ma⁵⁵ ma⁵⁵, ma⁵⁵ |
| 43 | father | 爸爸 (ba2 ba2-1), 老漢兒／老汉儿 (nao3 hanr2) | pa²¹ pa²¹⁻⁵⁵, nau⁵³ xɚ²¹ |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (dong4 wu2) | toŋ²¹³ vu²¹ |
| 45 | fish | 魚／鱼 (yu2), 擺尾子／摆尾子 (bai3 wei3 zi3-2) | y²¹, pai⁵³ uei⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹ |
| 46 | bird | 雀雀 (qüo2 qüo2-1) | tɕʰyo²¹ tɕʰyo²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 (gou3) | kəu⁵³ |
| 48 | louse | 蝨子／虱子 (se2 zi3) | sei²⁴ tsɿ²⁴ |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 (se2) | sɛ²¹ |
| 50 | worm | 蟲／虫 (cong2) | tsʰoŋ²¹ |
| 51 | tree | 樹子／树子 (su4 zi3) | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³ |
| 52 | forest | 樹林子／树林子 (su4 nin2 zi3) | su²¹³ nin²¹ tsɿ⁵³ |
| 53 | stick | 樹枝枝／树枝枝 (su4 zi1 zi1) | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵⁵ tsɿ⁵⁵ |
| 54 | fruit | 水果 (sui3 go3) | suei⁵³ ko⁵³ |
| 55 | seed | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 56 | leaf | 樹子葉葉／树子叶叶 (su4 zi3 ye2 ye2-1) | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³ iɛ²¹ iɛ²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 57 | root | 根根 (gen1 gen1) | kən⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (su4 pi2) | su²¹³ pʰi²¹ |
| 59 | flower | 花花兒／花花儿 (hua1 huar1) | xua⁵⁵ xuɚ⁵⁵ |
| 60 | grass | 草 (cao3) | tsʰau⁵³ |
| 61 | rope | 索索 (so2 so2) | so²¹ so²¹ |
| 62 | skin | 皮皮 (pi2 pi2-1) | pi²¹ pi²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (rou4) | zəu²¹³ |
| 64 | blood | 血 (xue2) | ɕye²¹ |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭／骨头 (gu2 tou2-1) | ku²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (dan4) | tan²¹³ |
| 68 | horn | 角 (juo2) | tɕyo²¹ |
| 69 | tail | 尾巴兒／尾巴儿 (wei3 bar1) | uei⁵³ pɚ⁵⁵ |
| 70 | feather | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮／头发 (tou2 fa2-1) | tʰəu²¹ fa²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 72 | head | 腦殼／脑壳 (nao3 ko2) | nau⁵³ kʰo²¹ |
| 73 | ear | 耳朵 (er3 do1) | ɚ⁵³ to⁵⁵ |
| 74 | eye | 眼睛 (yan3 jin1) | iɛn⁵³ tɕin⁵⁵ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻子 (bi2 zi3) | pi²¹ tsɿ⁵³ |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴巴 (zui3 ba1) | tsuei⁵³ pa⁵⁵ |
| 77 | tooth | 牙齒／牙齿 (ya2 ci3-1) | ia²¹ tsʰɿ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌頭兒／舌头儿 (se2 tour2-1) | sɛ²¹ tʰɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲兒／指甲儿 (zi3 jiar2) | tsɿ⁵³ tɕiɚ²¹ |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (juo2) | tɕyo²¹ |
| 81 | leg | 腿 (tui3) | tʰuei⁵³ |
| 82 | knee | 磕膝頭兒／磕膝头儿 (ke2 xi2-1 tour2), 膝蓋／膝盖 (xi2 gai4) | kʰɛ²¹ ɕi²¹⁻⁵⁵ tʰɚ²¹, ɕi²¹ kai²¹³ |
| 83 | hand | 手 (sou3) | səu⁵³ |
| 84 | wing | 翅膀兒／翅膀儿 (zi4 bangr3) | tsɿ²¹³ pɚ⁵³ |
| 85 | belly | 肚皮 (du4 pi2), 肚子 (du4 zi3-2) | tu²¹³ pʰi²¹, tu²¹³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹ |
| 86 | guts | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 87 | neck | 頸仔／颈仔 (jin3 zi3-2), 頸項／颈项 (jin3 hang4-2) | tɕin⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹, tɕin⁵³ xaŋ²¹³⁻²¹ |
| 88 | back | 背 (bei4) | pei²¹³ |
| 89 | breast | 胸脯 (xiong1 pu3) | ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ pʰu⁵³ |
| 90 | heart | 心 (xin1) | ɕin⁵⁵ |
| 91 | liver | 肝 (gan1) | kan⁵⁵ |
| 92 | to drink | 喝 (ho1) | xo⁵⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 (ci2) | tsʰɿ²¹ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (ngao3) | ŋau⁵³ |
| 95 | to suck | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (tu3) | tʰu⁵³ |
| 97 | to vomit | 吐 (tu3) | tʰu⁵³ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (cui1) | tsʰuei⁵⁵ |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 (fu1 xi1) | fu⁵⁵ |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (xiao4) | ɕiau²¹³ |
| 101 | to see | 看 (kan4) | kʰan²¹³ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (tin1) | tʰin⁵⁵ |
| 103 | to know | 知道 (zi1 dao4), 曉得／晓得 (xiao3 de2) | tsɿ⁵⁵ tau²¹³, ɕiau⁵³ tɛ²¹ |
| 104 | to think | 想 (xiang3) | ɕiaŋ⁵³ |
| 105 | to smell | 聞／闻 (wen2) | uən²¹ |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 (pa4) | pʰa²¹³ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睡瞌睡 (sui4 ko2 sui4) | suei²¹³ kʰo²¹ suei²¹³ |
| 108 | to live | 活 (ho2) | xo²¹ |
| 109 | to die | 死 (si3) | sɿ⁵³ |
| 110 | to kill | 殺／杀 (sa2) | sa²¹ |
| 111 | to fight | 吵架 (cao3 jia4), 角逆 (go2 nyie2) | tsʰau⁵³ tɕia²¹³, ko²¹ ȵiɛ²¹ |
| 112 | to hunt | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 113 | to hit | 打 (da3) | ta⁵³ |
| 114 | to cut | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 115 | to split | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 116 | to stab | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 117 | to scratch | 摳／抠 (kou1) | kʰəu⁵⁵ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (wa1) | ua⁵⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | 游泳 (you2 yun4) | iəu²¹ yn²¹³ |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (fei1) | fei⁵⁵ |
| 121 | to walk | 走 (zou3) | tsəu⁵³ |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (nai2) | nai²¹ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 躺 (tang3) | tʰaŋ⁵³ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (zo4) | tso²¹³ |
| 125 | to stand | 站 (zan4) | tsan²¹³ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 拐 (guai3) | kuai⁵³ |
| 127 | to fall | 掉 (diao4) | tiau²¹³ |
| 128 | to give | 給／给 (ge1) | kɛ⁵⁵ |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 (na2) | na²¹ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 擠／挤 (ji1) | tɕi⁵⁵ |
| 131 | to rub | 挼 (rua2) | zua²¹ |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 (xi3) | ɕi⁵³ |
| 133 | to wipe | 擦 (ca2), 揩 (kai1) | tsʰa²¹, kʰai⁵⁵ |
| 134 | to pull | 扯 (ce3) | tsʰɛ⁵³ |
| 135 | to push | 㩳／㧐 (song3) | soŋ⁵³ |
| 136 | to throw | 甩 (suai3) | suai⁵³ |
| 137 | to tie | 綁／绑 (bang1), 捆 (kun3), 拴 (suan1) | paŋ⁵⁵, kʰuən⁵³, suan⁵⁵ |
| 138 | to sew | 縫／缝 (fong4) | foŋ²¹³ |
| 139 | to count | 數／数 (su3) | su⁵³ |
| 140 | to say | 說／说 (so2) | so²¹ |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (cang4) | tsʰaŋ²¹³ |
| 142 | to play | 耍 (sua3) | sua⁵³ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (fu2) | fu²¹ |
| 144 | to flow | 流 (niu2) | niəu²¹ |
| 145 | to freeze | 結冰／结冰 (jie2 bin1) | tɕiɛ²¹ pin⁵⁵ |
| 146 | to swell | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 147 | sun | 太陽／太阳 (tai4 yang2) | tʰai²¹³ iaŋ²¹ |
| 148 | moon | 月亮 (yue2 niang4) | ye²¹ niaŋ²¹³ |
| 149 | star | 星宿兒／星宿儿 (xin1 xiur4), 星星兒／星星儿 (xin1 xinr1) | ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ²¹³, ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ⁵⁵ |
| 150 | water | 水 (sui3) | suei⁵³ |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (yu3) | y⁵³ |
| 152 | river | 河 (ho2) | xo²¹ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (fu2) | fu²¹ |
| 154 | sea | 海 (hai3) | xai⁵³ |
| 155 | salt | 鹽巴／盐巴 (yan2 ba1) | iɛn²¹ pa⁵⁵ |
| 156 | stone | 石頭／石头 (si2 tou2-1) | sɿ²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 157 | sand | 河沙 (ho2 sa1) | xo²¹ sa⁵⁵ |
| 158 | dust | 灰 (hui1) | xuei⁵⁵ |
| 159 | earth | 土 (tu3) | tʰu⁵³ |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (yun2) | yn²¹ |
| 161 | fog | 霧／雾 (wu4) | vu²¹³ |
| 162 | sky | 天 (tian1) | tʰiɛn⁵⁵ |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fong1) | foŋ⁵⁵ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (xue2) | ɕye²¹ |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (bin1) | pin⁵⁵ |
| 166 | smoke | 煙煙／烟烟 (yan1 yan1) | iɛn⁵⁵ iɛn⁵⁵ |
| 167 | fire | 火 (ho3) | xo⁵³ |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (hui1) | xuei⁵⁵ |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (sao1) | sau⁵⁵ |
| 170 | road | 路 (nu4) | nu²¹³ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (san1) | san⁵⁵ |
| 172 | red | 紅／红 (hong2) | xoŋ²¹ |
| 173 | green | 綠／绿 (nu2) | nu²¹ |
| 174 | yellow | 黃／黄 (huang2) | xuaŋ²¹ |
| 175 | white | 白 (be2) | pɛ²¹ |
| 176 | black | 黑 (he2) | he2 |
| 177 | night | 擦黑 (ca2 he2), 晚上 (wan3 sang4) | tsʰa²¹ xɛ²¹, uan⁵³ saŋ²¹³ |
| 178 | day | 白天 (be2 tian1) | pɛ²¹ tʰiɛn⁵⁵ |
| 179 | year | 年 (nyian2) | ȵiɛn²¹ |
| 180 | warm | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (nen3) | nən⁵³ |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (man3) | man⁵³ |
| 183 | new | 新 (xin1) | ɕin⁵⁵ |
| 184 | old | 老 (nao3) (of high age), 舊／旧 (jiu4) (not new) | nau⁵³, tɕiəu²¹³ |
| 185 | good | 好 (hao3) | xau⁵³ |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (huai4), 孬 (pie4) | xuai²¹³, pʰiɛ²¹³ |
| 187 | rotten | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 188 | dirty | 髒／脏 (zang1), 齷齪／龌龊 (o2 co1) | tsaŋ⁵⁵, o²¹ tsʰo⁵⁵ |
| 189 | straight | 立 (ni2) | ni²¹ |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (yuan2) | yan²¹ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 尖 (jian1) | tɕiɛn⁵⁵ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (den4) | tən²¹³ |
| 193 | smooth | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 194 | wet | 濕／湿 (si2) | sɿ²¹ |
| 195 | dry | 乾／干 (gan1) | kan⁵⁵ |
| 196 | correct | 對／对 (dui4) | tuei²¹³ |
| 197 | near | 近 (jin4) | tɕin²¹³ |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (yuan3) | yan⁵³ |
| 199 | right | 右 (you4) | iəu²¹³ |
| 200 | left | 左 (zo3) | tso⁵³ |
| 201 | at | 在 (zai4) | tsai²¹³ |
| 202 | in | 在 (zai4) | tsai²¹³ |
| 203 | with | 和 (ho2) | xo²¹ |
| 204 | and | 和 (ho2) | xo²¹ |
| 205 | if | 假比 (jia3 bi3) | tɕia⁵³ pi⁵³ |
| 206 | because | 因為／因为 (yin1 wei4) | in⁵⁵ uei²¹³ |
| 207 | name | 名 (min2) | min²¹ |
Sources[edit]
- 霍時雨 重慶方言志
- 王文虎 張一舟 周家筠 四川方言詞典
See also[edit]
- Appendix:Mandarin Swadesh lists
- Appendix:Standard Mandarin Swadesh list
- Appendix:Nanjingnese Swadesh list