Appendix:Kashubian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Kashubian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

EnglishKashubian
kaszëbsczi
edit (207)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg),
3he, she, it (3sg)òn, òna, òno
4we (1pl)ma,
5you (2pl)wa,
6they (3pl)òni, òne
7thisten, ta, to
8thattamten, tamta, tamto
9heretu, tuwò
10theretam, tamo,
11whochto
12whatacz, , co
13wheredze, gdze
14whenczedë, ga
15howjak
16notni, nie, nié
17allwszedno, wszëtkò
18manywiele
19someczile
20fewmało
21otherdrëdżi, jinszy, jiny
22onejeden
23twodwa
24threetrzë
25foursztërë, sztërzë
26fivepiãc, pińc
27bigwialdżi, wieldżi, wiôldżi
28longdłudżi
29wideszeroczi
30thickgrëbi
31heavycãżczi
32smallmôłi
33shortkrótczi
34narrowwąsczi
35thincenczi
36womanbiałka
37man (adult male)chłop
38man (human being)człowiek
39childdzeckò
40wifebiałka, slëbnô
41husbandchłop, slëbny
42mothermac, mata, matka, mëma, môta
43fatherfader, fater, foder, fôder, òjc
44animalzwierzã
45fishrëba
46birdptôch
47dogpies
48lousekuka, wesz, wsza
49snakewąż
50wormrobôk
51treedrzewò
52forestlas
53stickczij
54fruitbrzôd
55seedsemiã
56leaflëst
57rootkòrzéń
58bark (of a tree)kóra
59flowerkwiat
60grasstrôwa
61ropelina, sznur
62skinskóra
63meatmiãso
64bloodkrew
65bonegnôt, kòsc
66fat (noun)sadło, sëté, tłuszcz
67eggjaje, jajkò, jajo
68hornróg
69tailògón, péda
70featherpióro
71hairwłosë
72headgłowa
73earùchò
74eyeòkò
75nosenos
76mouthgãba
77toothząb
78tongue (organ)jãzëk
79fingernailnokc, paznokc
80footstopa
81legnoga
82kneekòlano
83handrãka
84wingskrzidło
85bellybrzëch, żót
86gutsflaczi
87neckszëja
88backplecë
89breastpiers
90heartserce
91liverwątroba
92to drinkpic
93to eatjesc
94to bitegrëzc
95to suckcëcac, susac
96to spitplwac
97to vomitblékac, òdwracac, wònôtowac, wracac
98to blowdic, wiôc
99to breathedëchac, òddëchac
100to laughsmiôc
101to seewidzec
102to hearczëc
103to knowwiedzec
104to thinkdëdac, mëslëc
105to smellcknąc
106to fearbòjec
107to sleepspac
108to liveżëc
109to dieùmierac
110to killzabijac
111to fightbiôtkòwac
112to huntjachtowac
113to hitùderzëc
114to cutcąc, cyc, rznąc, sekac
115to splitrozdzelac, rozparłãczac
116to stabkolnąc, pchnąc, seknąc
117to scratchdrapac, skrobac
118to digkòpac, rëc
119to swimpłëwac
120to flylatac
121to walkchòdzëc, jic
122to comeprzëchadac, przëchòdzëc
123to lie (as in a bed)leżec
124to sitsedzec
125to standstojec
126to turn (intransitive)òbracac
127to fallpadac
128to givedôwac
129to holdtrzëmac
130to squeezescëskac
131to rubtrzéc
132to washmëc
133to wipewëcerac
134to pullcëgnąc, cygnąc
135to pushpchac
136to throwcëskac
137to tierzeszëc
138to sewszëc
139to countlëczëc, rechòwac
140to saygadac, gôdac
141to singspiéwac
142to playgrac
143to floatpłëwac
144to flowcec, płënąc
145to freezemiarznąc
146to swellpùchnąc
147sunsłóńce, słuńce
148moonmiesąc, miesądz, miesidz, ksãżëc
149stargwiôzda
150waterwòda
151raindeszcz
152riverrzéka
153lakejezero, jezoro
154seamòrze
155saltsól
156stonekam
157sandpiôsk
158dustpich
159earthzemia
160cloudblón, blóna, chmùra, òbłok
161fogdôka
162skyniebò
163windwiater
164snowsniég
165icelód
166smokedim
167fireòdżin
168ashpòpiół
169to burnpalëc
170roaddarga, droga
171mountaingóra
172redczerwiony, czerwòny, czerzwiony
173greenzelony
174yellowżôłti
175whitebiôłi
176blackczôrny
177nightnoc
178daydzéń
179yearrok
180warmcepłi
181coldzëmny
182fullfùl, liki, pełny, pôłny
183newnowi
184oldstari, stôri
185gooddobri
186badlëchi, złi
187rottenzgniti
188dirtybrëdny, nielùsy
189straightprosti
190roundòkrãgłi
191sharp (as a knife)òstri
192dull (as a knife)tãpi
193smoothgłôdczi, równy
194wetmòkri
195drysëchi
196correctdobri, pòprôwny
197nearblëżny, blisczi, krótczi
198fardaleczi
199rightprawi
200leftlewi
201atkòl, kòle, pòl, pòle, przë
202inw, we
203withs, se, z, ze
204andë, ji
205ifażle, ażlë, ëżle, jeżle, żle, żelë
206because,
207namemiono
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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