Appendix:Breton Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Breton, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

EnglishBreton
edit (207)
1I (1sg)me
2you (2sg)te
3he, she, it (3sg)
4we (1pl)ni
5you (2pl)c'hwi
6they (3pl)i, int
7thisan, mañ
8thatan, se
9hereamañ
10thereaze, eno
11whopiv
12whatpetra
13wherepelec'h
14whenpedavare, pegoulz, peur, pevare
15howpegiz, penaos, pevod
16notne, ket
17allholl, tout
18manykalz, lies a
19somebennak, meur a
20fewnebeut
21otherall, arall
22oneunan
23twodaou
24threetri
25fourpevar
26fivepemp
27bigbras, meur
28longhir
29wideledan
30thicktev, fetis
31heavypounner
32smallbihan
33shortberr
34narrowenk, strizh
35thinmoan, tanav
36womangwreg, maouez
37man (adult male)gour, gwaz, den
38man (human being)den
39childbugel
40wifegwreg
41husbandgwaz
42mothermamm
43fathertad
44animalaneval, loen, mil
45fishpesk
46birdevn, labous
47dogki
48louselaou
49snakenaer, sarpant
50wormbuzhug, preñv
51treegwez
52forestkoad, koed
53stickbazh
54fruitfrouezh
55seedhad
56leafdel
57rootgwrizienn
58bark (of a tree)rusk
59flowerbleuñv
60grassgeot, gwelt
61ropekordenn
62skinkroc'hen
63meatkig
64bloodgwad
65boneaskorn
66fat (noun)druz, lart
67eggvi
68hornkorn
69taillost
70featherpluñv
71hairblev
72headpenn
73earskouarn
74eyelagad
75nosefri
76mouthbeg, genoù
77toothdant
78tongue (organ)teod
79fingernailivin
80foottroad, troed
81leggar
82kneeglin
83handdorn
84wingaskell
85bellykof, tor
86gutsbouzellenn
87neckgouzoug
88backkein
89breastbronn
90heartkalon
91liveravu
92to drinkevañ, evet
93to eatdebriñ, boueta
94to bitedantañ, krogiñ
95to sucksunañ, denañ
96to spitskopat
97to vomitc'hwedañ, dislonkañ, reucheutiñ
98to blowc'hwezhañ
99to breathealanat, analañ
100to laughc'hoarzhin
101to seegwelet
102to hearklevet
103to knowgouzout
104to thinkprederiañ, soñjal
105to smellklevet
106to fearaoniñ, kaout aon
107to sleepkousket
108to livebevañ
109to diemervel
110to killlazhañ
111to fightgouren, stourm
112to hunthemolc'hiñ, chaseal
113to hitskoiñ
114to cuttroc'hañ
115to splitfaoutañ
116to stabgwanañ
117to scratchkravat, skrabat
118to digkleuzañ
119to swimneuñviñ
120to flynijal
121to walkkerzhet, bale
122to comedont
123to lie (as in a bed)gourvez
124to sitazezañ
125to standsevel
126to turn (intransitive)treiñ
127to fallkouezhañ
128to givereiñ
129to holddalc'hen, derc'hel
130to squeezegwaskañ, stardañ
131to rubtaravat, frotañ
132to washgolc'hiñ, gwalc'hiñ
133to wipesec'hañ, torchañ
134to pullsachañ, tennañ
135to pushbountañ
136to throwteurel, chetañ
137to tiekoulmañ, eren
138to sewgwriat
139to countniveriñ, kontañ
140to saylavaret
141to singkanañ, kana
142to playc'hoari
143to floatflotañ, neuviñ
144to flowdeverañ
145to freezereviñ, skornañ
146to swellc'hwezañ
147sunheol
148moonloar
149starster
150waterdour
151rainglav
152riveraven, rinier, stêr
153lakelenn
154seamor
155saltholen
156stonemaen
157sandtraezh
158dustpoultrenn
159earthdouar
160cloudkoumoul
161fognivlenn, morenn
162skyneñv, oabl
163windavel, gwent
164snowerc'h
165iceskorn
166smokemoged
167firetan
168ashludu
169to burnleskiñ, deviñ
170roadhent
171mountainmenez
172redruz
173greenglas, gwer
174yellowmelen
175whitegwenn
176blackdu
177nightnoz
178daydez, deiz
179yearbloaz, bloavezh, blizen
180warmtomm, toemm
181coldyen, yein
182fullleun
183newnevez
184oldhen, kozh
185goodda, mad
186badfall, drouk
187rottenbrein
188dirtylous, loudour
189straighteeun
190roundkrenn, ront
191sharp (as a knife)lemm
192dull (as a knife)dall, soc'h
193smoothlevn, lintr
194wetgwleb
195drysec'h
196correctreizh
197neartost, ogos
198farpell
199rightdehou
200leftkleiz, klez
201atda
202ine, en, ba, e-barzh
203withgant, get
204andha
205ifma, mar, pe
206becausedre ma, abalamour ma, peogwir
207nameanv
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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