Appendix:Old Portuguese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Galician-Portuguese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

No. English Old Portuguese
Nossa lenguage
IPA
pronunciation
1 I eu ˈɛw
2 you (singular) tu ˈtu
3 he ele ˈele
4 we nos ˈnɔs̺
5 you (plural) vos ˈβɔs̺
6 they eles ˈeles̺
7 this esto, aquesto ˈes̺to, aˈkes̺to
8 that aquelo aˈkelo
9 here aqui aˈki
10 there ali aˈli
11 who quen kẽ
12 what que ke
13 where u ˈu
14 when quando ˈkwãdo
15 how como ˈkomo
16 not non ˈnõ
17 all todo ˈtodo
18 many muito ˈmujto
19 some algũus alˈɡũus̺
20 few pouco ˈpowko
21 other outro ˈowtɾo
22 one un, ũu ˈũ, ˈũu
23 two dous dows̺
24 three tres tɾes̺
25 four quatro ˈkwatɾo
26 five cinco ˈt͡sĩŋko
27 big grande, gran ˈɡɾãde, ɡɾã
28 long longo ˈlõɡo
29 wide ancho ˈãt͡ʃo
30 thick grosso ˈɡɾo.s̺o
31 heavy pesado peˈz̺ado
32 small pequeno peˈkeno
33 short curto ˈkuɾto
34 narrow estreito es̺ˈtɾejto
35 thin magro ˈmaɡɾo
36 woman moller, dona moˈʎɛɾ, ˈdona
37 man (male) ome ˈɔme
38 man (human) ome, pessõa ˈɔme, peˈs̺õa
39 child infante, meninno, creatura ĩˈfãte, me.ˈni.ɲo, kɾeaˈtuɾa
40 wife moller moˈʎɛɾ
41 husband marido maˈɾido
42 mother madre, mãi ˈmadɾe, ˈmãj
43 father padre, pai ˈpadɾe, ˈpaj
44 animal besta, bestia, bescha ˈbes̺.ta, ˈbes̺.tja, ˈbes̺.t͡ʃa
45 fish peixe ˈpejʃe
46 bird ave ˈaβe
47 dog can
48 louse peollo peˈoʎo
49 snake coobra koˈobɾa
50 worm vermen ˈβɛɾmẽ
51 tree arvor ˈaɾβoɾ
52 forest furesta, mata, monte fuˈɾɛs̺ta, ˈmata, ˈmonte
53 stick baston, pao bas̺ˈtõ, ˈpao
54 fruit fruita, fruito ˈfɾujta, ˈfɾujto
55 seed semente seˈmente
56 leaf folla ˈfoʎa
57 root raiz raˈid͡z
58 bark (of a tree) cortiça koɾˈtit͡sa
59 flower fror, flor ˈfɾoɾ, ˈfloɾ
60 grass erva ˈɛɾβa
61 rope corda ˈkɔɾda
62 skin pele ˈpɛle
63 meat carne ˈkaɾne
64 blood sangui, sangue ˈs̺ãɡi, ˈs̺ãɡe
65 bone osso ˈos̺o
66 fat (noun) gordura ɡoɾˈduɾa
67 egg ovo ˈɔβo
68 horn corno ˈkɔɾno
69 tail rabo ˈrabo
70 feather pena ˈpena
71 hair cabelo kaˈbelo
72 head cabeça kaˈbet͡sa
73 ear orella oˈɾeʎa
74 eye ollo ˈɔʎo
75 nose nariz naˈɾid͡z
76 mouth boca ˈboka
77 tooth dente ˈdẽte
78 tongue lingua ˈlĩɡwa
79 fingernail unna, unlla ˈuɲa, ˈũʎa
80 foot pee, pe ˈpɛe, ˈpɛ
81 leg perna ˈpɛɾna
82 knee gẽollo d͡ʒẽˈoʎo
83 hand mão ˈmão
84 wing aa ˈaa
85 belly ventre ˈβẽtɾe
86 guts tripas ˈtɾipas̺
87 neck colo ˈkɔlo
88 back costas ˈkɔs̺tas̺
89 breast peito, sẽo ˈpejto, ˈs̺ẽo
90 heart coraçon koɾaˈt͡sõ
91 liver figado ˈfiɡado
92 to drink bever beˈβeɾ
93 to eat comer koˈmeɾ
94 to bite morder moɾˈdeɾ
95 to suck mamar maˈmaɾ
96 to spit cospir kos̺ˈpiɾ
97 to vomit
98 to blow soprar soˈpɾaɾ
99 to breathe
100 to laugh riir riˈiɾ
101 to see veer βeˈeɾ
102 to hear ouvir / oir, ascuitar owˈβiɾ / oˈiɾ, as̺kujˈtaɾ
103 to know saber s̺aˈbeɾ
104 to think pensar pẽˈs̺aɾ
105 to smell cheirar t͡ʃejˈɾaɾ
106 to fear temer teˈmeɾ
107 to sleep dormir doɾˈmiɾ
108 to live viver βiˈβeɾ
109 to die morrer moˈreɾ
110 to kill matar maˈtaɾ
111 to fight pelejar peleˈd͡ʒaɾ
112 to hunt caçar kaˈt͡saɾ
113 to hit bater baˈteɾ
114 to cut cortar, partir koɾtaɾ, paɾˈtiɾ
115 to split
116 to stab acuitelar akujteˈlaɾ
117 to scratch rascar ras̺ˈkaɾ
118 to dig cavar kaˈβaɾ
119 to swim nadar naˈdaɾ
120 to fly voar βoˈaɾ
121 to walk andar ãˈdaɾ
122 to come vĩir βĩˈiɾ
123 to lie (as in a bed) jazer, deitar d͡ʒaˈd͡zeɾ, dejˈtaɾ
124 to sit sentar s̺ẽˈtaɾ
125 to stand levantar leβãˈtaɾ
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall caer kaˈeɾ
128 to give dar daɾ
129 to hold tẽer tẽˈeɾ
130 to squeeze apertar apeɾˈtaɾ
131 to rub
132 to wash lavar laˈβaɾ
133 to wipe terger, enxugar teɾˈd͡ʒeɾ, ẽʃuˈɡaɾ
134 to pull puxar puˈʃaɾ
135 to push empuxar ẽpuˈʃaɾ
136 to throw lançar lãˈt͡saɾ
137 to tie atar aˈtaɾ
138 to sew coser koˈz̺eɾ
139 to count contar kõˈtaɾ
140 to say contar, dizer, falar kõˈtaɾ, diˈd͡zeɾ, faˈlaɾ
141 to sing cantar kãˈtaɾ
142 to play jogar d͡ʒoˈɡaɾ
143 to float boiar
144 to flow correr koˈreɾ
145 to freeze gelar, *gear d͡ʒeˈlaɾ, *d͡ʒeˈaɾ
146 to swell inchar ĩˈt͡ʃaɾ
147 sun sol s̺ɔl
148 moon lũa ˈlũa
149 star estrela es̺ˈtɾela
150 water agua ˈaɡwa
151 rain chuvia ˈt͡ʃuβja
152 river rio ˈrio
153 lake lago ˈlaɡo
154 sea mar maɾ
155 salt sal s̺al
156 stone pedra ˈpɛdɾa
157 sand arẽa aˈɾẽa
158 dust poo ˈpɔo
159 earth terra ˈtɛra
160 cloud nuve ˈnuβe
161 fog nevoeiro neβoˈejɾo
162 sky ceo ˈt͡sɛo
163 wind vento ˈβẽto
164 snow neve ˈnɛβe
165 ice geo ˈd͡ʒeo
166 smoke fumo, fumaz ˈfumo, fuˈmad͡z
167 fire fogo ˈfoɡo
168 ash cĩisa ˈt͡sĩiz̺a
169 to burn queimar, arder kejˈmaɾ, aɾˈdeɾ
170 road caminno, via kaˈmiɲo, βia
171 mountain montanna, monte mõˈtaɲa, ˈmõte
172 red vermello βeɾˈmeʎo
173 green verde ˈβeɾde
174 yellow amarelo amaˈɾɛlo
175 white branco ˈbɾãko
176 black negro ˈneɡɾo
177 night noite ˈnojte
178 day dia ˈdia
179 year ano ˈano
180 warm caente kaˈẽte
181 cold frio ˈfɾio
182 full chẽo ˈt͡ʃẽo
183 new novo ˈnɔβo
184 old vello, antigo ˈβɛʎo, ãˈtiɡo
185 good bon, bõo , bõo
186 bad mal, mao mal, ˈmao
187 rotten podre ˈpodɾe
188 dirty lixoso liˈʃozo
189 straight estreito es̺ˈtɾejto
190 round redondo reˈdõdo
191 sharp (as a knife) amoado amoˈado
192 dull (as a knife) romo ˈromo
193 smooth chão ˈt͡ʃão
194 wet mollado moˈʎado
195 dry seco ˈs̺eko
196 correct reito, dereito ˈrejto, deˈɾejto
197 near preto ˈpɾɛto
198 far longe ˈlõd͡ʒe
199 right dereita deˈɾejta
200 left sẽestra sẽˈɛs̺tɾa
201 at a a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e e
205 if se s̺e
206 because porque poɾˈke
207 name nome ˈnɔme
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine, singular

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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