This is a Swadesh list of words in Makasar English .
Introduction [ edit ] For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
Orthography [ edit ] This list applies the common orthography that is an adjusted version of the 1975 orthography established in Ujung Pandang by the Language Body. The 1975 orthography is based on the Indonesian orthography that was established earlier. In the orthography, glottal stop is represented as k . However, since the representation can cause confusion for k is also used to represent the consonant [k], people usually use an apostrophe (') to represent the glottal stop instead.
The common orthography can be found in handwritten notes, on the occasional sign, and in the lyrics sheets of popular songs by artists like Iwan Tompo and Ismail Wahid.
No.
English
Makasar Lontara
1
I
nakke ᨊᨀᨙ
2
you (singular)
kau katte ᨀᨕᨘ ᨀᨈᨙ
3
he
ia ᨕᨗᨕ
4
we
kambe katte ᨀᨅᨙ ᨀᨈᨙ
5
you (plural)
ke'nang ᨀᨙᨊ
6
they
-
-
7
this
anne ᨕᨊᨙ
8
that
antu anjo ᨕᨈᨘ ᨕᨍᨚ
9
here
anrinni ᨕᨑᨗᨊᨗ
10
there
antureng anjoreng ᨕᨈᨘᨑᨙ ᨕᨍᨚᨑᨙ
11
who
nai ᨊᨕᨗ
12
what
apa ᨕᨄ
13
where
kemae ᨀᨙᨆᨕᨙ
14
when
angngapapi ringapanna ᨕᨂᨄᨄᨗ ᨑᨗᨂᨄᨊ
15
how
antekamma ᨕᨈᨙᨀᨆ
16
not
teai tena ᨈᨙᨕᨕᨗ ᨈᨙᨊ
17
all
ngaseng ᨂᨔᨙ
18
many
jai ᨍᨕᨗ
19
some
pirang ᨄᨗᨑ
20
few
dengke'-dengke' pillo' ᨉᨀᨙᨉᨙᨀᨙ ᨄᨗᨒᨚ
21
other
maraeng ᨆᨑᨕᨙ
22
one
se're ᨔᨙᨑᨙ
23
two
rua ᨑᨘᨕ
24
three
tallu ᨈᨒᨘ
25
four
appa' ᨕᨄ
26
five
lima ᨒᨗᨆ
27
big
lompo ᨒᨚᨄᨚ
28
long
la'bu lambere' ᨒᨅᨘ ᨒᨅᨙᨑᨙ
29
wide
la'ba' sangkara' ᨒᨅ ᨔᨀᨑ
30
thick
kapala' ᨀᨄᨒ
31
heavy
battala' ᨅᨈᨒ
32
small
ca'di ᨌᨉᨗ
33
short
bokki bodo ᨅᨚᨀᨗ ᨅᨚᨉᨚ
34
narrow
seke' simpiri' ᨔᨙᨀᨙ ᨔᨗᨄᨗᨑᨗ
35
thin
bayang tipisi' ᨅᨐ ᨈᨗᨄᨗᨔᨗ
36
woman
baine ᨅᨕᨗᨊᨙ
37
man (adult male)
bura'ne ᨅᨘᨑᨊᨙ
38
man (human being )
tau ᨈᨕᨘ
39
child
ana' ᨕᨊ
40
wife
baine ᨅᨕᨗᨊᨙ
41
husband
bura'ne ᨅᨘᨑᨊᨙ
42
mother
amma' anrong ummi ᨕᨆ ᨕᨑᨚ ᨕᨘᨆᨗ
43
father
mangge ua' a'ba tetta ᨆᨁᨙ ᨕᨘᨕ ᨕᨅ ᨈᨙᨈ
44
animal
olo'-olo' ᨕᨚᨒᨚᨕᨚᨒᨚ
45
fish
juku' ᨍᨘᨀᨘ
46
bird
jangang-jangang ᨍᨂᨍᨂ
47
dog
kongkong ᨀᨚᨀᨚ
48
louse
kutu ᨀᨘᨈᨘ
49
snake
ulara' ᨕᨘᨒᨑ
50
worm
gallang-gallang ᨁᨒᨁᨒ
51
tree
poko' ᨄᨚᨀᨚ
52
forest
romang ᨑᨚᨆ
53
stick
tangke ᨈᨀᨙ
54
fruit
rappo ᨑᨄᨚ
55
seed
lisere' ᨒᨗᨔᨙᨑᨙ
56
leaf
leko' ᨒᨙᨀᨚ
57
root
aka' ᨕᨀ
58
bark (of a tree)
bukkuleng kayu ᨅᨘᨀᨘᨒᨙᨀᨐᨘ
59
flower
bunga ᨅᨘᨂ
60
grass
ruku' ᨑᨘᨀᨘ
61
rope
tali ᨈᨒᨗ
62
skin
bukkuleng ᨅᨘᨀᨘᨒᨙ
63
meat
dageng ᨉᨁᨙ
64
blood
cera' ᨌᨙᨑ
65
bone
buku ᨅᨘᨀᨘ
66
fat (noun)
janna ᨍᨊ
67
egg
bayao ᨅᨐᨕᨚ
68
horn
tanru' ᨈᨑᨘ
69
tail
ingkong ᨕᨗᨀᨚ
70
feather
bulu ᨅᨘᨒᨘ
71
hair
uu' ᨕᨘᨕᨘ
72
head
ulu ᨕᨘᨒᨘ
73
ear
toli palangngere' ᨈᨚᨒᨗ ᨄᨒᨂᨙᨑᨙ
74
eye
mata ᨆᨈ
75
nose
ka'muru pangngara' ᨀᨆᨘᨑᨘ ᨄᨂᨑ
76
mouth
bawa ᨅᨏ
77
tooth
gigi ᨁᨗᨁᨗ
78
tongue (organ)
lila ᨒᨗᨒ
79
fingernail
kanuku ᨀᨊᨘᨀᨘ
80
foot
bangkeng ᨅᨀᨙ
81
leg
bangkeng ᨅᨀᨙ
82
knee
kulantu' ᨀᨘᨒᨈᨘ
83
hand
lima ᨒᨗᨆ
84
wing
ka'nyi' ᨀᨎᨗ
85
belly
battang ᨅᨈ
86
guts
parru' ᨄᨑᨘ
87
neck
kallong ᨀᨒᨚ
88
back
dongko' ᨉᨚᨀᨚ
89
breast
susu ᨔᨘᨔᨘ
90
heart
doke' ᨉᨚᨀᨙ
91
liver
ate ᨕᨈᨙ
92
to drink
inung ᨕᨗᨊᨘ
93
to eat
angnganre akka'do' ᨕᨂᨑᨙ ᨕᨀᨉᨚ
94
to bite
angngalatta' angngokko' ᨕᨂᨒᨈ ᨕᨂᨚᨀᨚ
95
to suck
a'mu'musu' angngiso' angnge'ro' ᨕᨆᨘᨆᨘᨔᨘ ᨕᨂᨗᨔᨚ ᨕᨂᨙᨑᨚ
96
to spit
appi'ru ᨕᨄᨗᨑᨘ
97
to vomit
ta'langnge ta'lua ᨈᨒᨂᨙ ᨈᨒᨘᨕ
98
to blow
attui' ᨕᨈᨘᨕᨗ
99
to breathe
a'mai' a'nappasa' ᨕᨆᨕᨗ ᨕᨊᨄᨔ
100
to laugh
ammakkala' ᨕᨆᨀᨒ
101
to see
accini' ᨕᨂᨗᨊᨗ
102
to hear
allangngere' ᨕᨒᨂᨙᨑᨙ
103
to know
angngasseng angngisseng angngito' ᨕᨂᨔᨙ ᨕᨂᨗᨔᨙ ᨕᨂᨗᨈᨚ
104
to think
ammikkiri' ᨕᨆᨗᨀᨗᨑᨗ
105
to smell
angngara' ᨕᨂᨑ
106
to fear
malla' ᨆᨒ
107
to sleep
attinro ᨕᨈᨗᨑᨚ
108
to live
attallasa' ᨕᨈᨒᨔ
109
to die
jammeng ᨍᨆᨙ
110
to kill
ammuno ᨕᨆᨘᨊᨚ
111
to fight
assiba'ji ᨕᨔᨗᨅᨍᨗ
112
to hunt
alluru ᨕᨒᨘᨑᨘ
113
to hit
amma'ji ᨕᨆᨍᨗ
114
to cut
annatta' ᨕᨊᨈ
115
to split
ammisa' ammue ᨕᨆᨗᨔ ᨕᨆᨘᨕᨙ
116
to stab
annobo' ᨕᨊᨚᨅᨚ
117
to scratch
akkangkang ᨕᨀᨀ
118
to dig
akkeke akkekkese' ᨕᨀᨙᨀᨙ ᨕᨀᨙᨀᨙᨔᨙ
119
to swim
a'lange ᨕᨒᨂᨙ
120
to fly
anri'ba' ᨕᨑᨗᨅ
121
to walk
a'jappa ᨕᨍᨄ
122
to come
ammangei ᨕᨆᨕᨂᨙᨕᨗ
123
to lie (as in a bed)
anra'ba-ra'ba ᨕᨑᨅᨑᨅ
124
to sit
ammempo ᨕᨆᨙᨄᨚ
125
to stand
ammenteng ᨕᨆᨙᨈᨙ
126
to turn (intransitive)
a'bilu' ᨕᨅᨗᨒᨘ
127
to fall
ammattung ᨕᨆᨈᨘ
128
to give
assare ᨕᨔᨑᨙ
129
to hold
anneteng ᨕᨊᨙᨈᨙ
130
to squeeze
ammacco' ᨕᨆᨌᨚ
131
to rub
akkeso' ᨕᨀᨙᨔᨚ
132
to wash
a'bissa ᨕᨅᨗᨔ
133
to wipe
a'hong ᨕᨖᨚ
134
to pull
a'beso' ᨕᨅᨙᨔᨚ
135
to push
annyorong ᨕᨎᨚᨑᨚ
136
to throw
a'gandong ᨕᨁᨉᨚ
137
to tie
annikko' ᨕᨊᨗᨀᨚ
138
to sew
anjai' ᨕᨍᨕᨗ
139
to count
a'rekeng ammilang ᨕᨑᨙᨀᨙ ᨕᨆᨗᨒ
140
to say
akkana ᨕᨀᨊ
141
to sing
akkelong ᨕᨀᨙᨒᨚ
142
to play
akkarena ᨕᨀᨑᨙᨊ
143
to float
ammawang ᨕᨆᨏ
144
to flow
assolong ᨕᨔᨚᨒᨚ
145
to freeze
a'donteng ᨕᨉᨚᨈᨙ
146
to swell
akkambang ᨕᨀᨅ
147
sun
dalle ᨉᨒᨙ
148
moon
bulang ᨅᨘᨒ
149
star
bintoeng ᨅᨗᨈᨚᨕᨙ
150
water
je'ne' ᨍᨙᨊᨙ
151
rain
bosi ᨅᨚᨔᨗ
152
river
binanga ᨅᨗᨊᨂ
153
lake
tamparang la'ba ᨈᨄᨑ ᨒᨅ
154
sea
tamparang ᨈᨄᨑ
155
salt
ce'la ᨌᨙᨒ
156
stone
batu ᨅᨈᨘ
157
sand
kassi' ᨀᨔᨗ
158
dust
alimbu'bu' ᨕᨒᨗᨅᨘᨅᨘ
159
earth
butta ᨅᨘᨈ
160
cloud
rammang ᨑᨆ
161
fog
saliu' ᨔᨒᨗᨕᨘ
162
sky
langi' ᨒᨂᨗ
163
wind
anging ᨕᨂᨗ
164
snow
-
-
165
ice
ese' ᨕᨙᨔᨙ
166
smoke
romba ambu ᨑᨚᨅ ᨕᨅᨘ
167
fire
pepe' ᨄᨙᨄᨙ
168
ash
au ᨕᨕᨘ
169
to burn
attunu ᨕᨈᨘᨊᨘ
170
road
agang ᨕᨁ
171
mountain
bulu' ᨅᨘᨒᨘ
172
red
eja ᨕᨙᨍ
173
green
moncongbulo ᨆᨚᨌᨚᨅᨘᨒᨚ
174
yellow
kunyi' ᨀᨘᨎᨗ
175
white
kebo' ᨀᨙᨅᨚ
176
black
le'leng ᨒᨙᨒᨙ
177
night
bangngi ᨅᨂᨗᨂᨗ
178
day
allo ᨕᨒᨚ
179
year
taung ᨈᨕᨘ
180
warm
bambang ᨅᨅ
181
cold
dinging ᨉᨗᨂᨗ
182
full
rassi ᨑᨔᨗ
183
new
beru ᨅᨙᨑᨘ
184
old
toa ᨈᨚᨕ
185
good
baji' ᨅᨍᨗ
186
bad
kodi ᨀᨚᨉᨗ
187
rotten
bo'nyo' ᨅᨚᨎᨚ
188
dirty
ra'masa' ᨑᨆᨔ
189
straight
jurusu' ᨍᨘᨑᨘᨔᨘ
190
round
bo'dong ᨅᨚᨉᨚ
191
sharp (as a knife)
tarang ᨈᨑ
192
dull (as a knife)
pokkolo' ᨄᨚᨀᨚᨒᨚ
193
smooth
ni'ni' ᨊᨗᨊᨗ
194
wet
a'masa' ᨕᨆᨔ
195
dry
kalotoro' ᨀᨒᨚᨈᨚᨑᨚ
196
correct
annaba ᨕᨊᨅ
197
near
ambani ᨕᨅᨊᨗ
198
far
bella ᨅᨙᨒ
199
right
kanang ᨀᨊ
200
left
kairi ᨀᨕᨗᨑᨗ
201
at
ri ᨑᨗ
202
in
lalang ᨒᨒ
203
with
na siagang ᨊ ᨔᨗᨕᨁ
204
and
na siagang ᨊ ᨔᨗᨕᨁ
205
if
punna ᨄᨘᨊ
206
because
ka lanri saba' ᨀ ᨒᨑᨗ ᨔᨅ
207
name
areng ᨕᨑᨙ
References [ edit ] Arief, Aburaerah. 1995. Kamus Makassar–Indonesia . Yayasan YAPIK DDI, Ujung Pandang.
Jukes, Anthony. 2006. Makassarese (basa Mangkasara’); A description of an Austronesian language of South Sulawesi . PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.
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