This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Japonic English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Proto-Japonicedit (207) 1 I (1sg )*a *wa 2 you (2sg )*o *u 3 he , she , it (3sg )*ka *sə 4 we (1pl )*wa *waya 5 you (2pl )*ura *uya 6 they (3pl )*kara *kata *səra 7 this *kə 8 that *a *ka *o *sə 9 here *kəkə *kəma 10 there *ama *oma *səkə 11 who *ta 12 what *n-anu- 13 where *intu 14 when *itu 15 how *ika 16 not *na 17 all *mərə 18 many *əpə 19 some *iku 20 few *iku 21 other *pəka 22 one *pitə 23 two *puta 24 three *mi 25 four *yə 26 five *etu 27 big *əpə 28 long *nanka 29 wide *pirə 30 thick *atu 31 heavy *onpo 32 small *koma *sasa 33 short *minsika 34 narrow *senpa 35 thin *usu 36 woman *mia 37 man (adult male)*we *wo 38 man (human being)*pitə 39 child *ko *warapa 40 wife *mia 41 husband *wopitə 42 mother *papa 43 father *titi 44 animal *ikimənə 45 fish *iwo *uwo 46 bird *təri 47 dog *enu 48 louse *sirami 49 snake *papimi *papumi 50 worm *mosi 51 tree *kəi 52 forest *məri *yama 53 stick *tuwe 54 fruit *mui *nari 55 seed *sanai *tanai 56 leaf *pa 57 root *ne 58 bark (of a tree)*kapa 59 flower *pana 60 grass *kusa 61 rope *tuna 62 skin *kapa 63 meat *mui *sisi 64 blood *ti 65 bone *pone 66 fat (noun)*anpura 67 egg *kapinko *konka 68 horn *tuno 69 tail *wo 70 feather *pane 71 hair *kai 72 head *kasira 73 ear *mimi 74 eye *mai 75 nose *pana 76 mouth *kutuy 77 tooth *pa 78 tongue (organ)*sita *sunpa 79 fingernail *tumai 80 foot *a *asi 81 leg *a *asi 82 knee *pinsa *pisa 83 hand *tai 84 wing *pane 85 belly *para 86 guts *wata 87 neck *kunpi 88 back *kusi *osirə 89 breast *munai 90 heart *kimo *kəkərə 91 liver *kimo 92 to drink *nəm- 93 to eat *kam- *kup- *kurap- 94 to bite *kam- 95 to suck *sup- 96 to spit *tunpak- 97 to vomit *pak- 98 to blow *puk- 99 to breathe *iki s- 100 to laugh *warap- 101 to see *mi- 102 to hear *kik- 103 to know *sir- 104 to think *əməp- 105 to smell *kank- *kans- 106 to fear *əntər- *ətər- 107 to sleep *n- *nenpur- 108 to live *iki- 109 to die *mar- *sin- 110 to kill *kərəs- 111 to fight *tatak- 112 to hunt *kar- 113 to hit *tatak- *ut- 114 to cut *kir- 115 to split *sak- *wak- *war- 116 to stab *sas- 117 to scratch *kak- 118 to dig *por- 119 to swim *əyənk- 120 to fly *tənp- 121 to walk *arik- *aruk- *ayum- 122 to come *k- 123 to lie (as in a bed) *n- *p- 124 to sit *wi- 125 to stand *tat- 126 to turn (intransitive) *map- 127 to fall *ətə- 128 to give *atap- *kura- 129 to hold *mət- 130 to squeeze *sinp- 131 to rub *sur- 132 to wash *arap- 133 to wipe *sus- 134 to pull *pik- 135 to push *os- 136 to throw *nanka- 137 to tie *kukur- *musunp- *yup- 138 to sew *nup- 139 to count *yəm- 140 to say *ip- 141 to sing *utap- 142 to play *asonp- *asunp- 143 to float *uk- 144 to flow *nanka- 145 to freeze *kəpər- 146 to swell *pukur- 147 sun *pi *pu 148 moon *tukui 149 star *pəsi 150 water *mentu 151 rain *amai 152 river *kapa 153 lake *omi 154 sea *omi 155 salt *sipo 156 stone *esoi 157 sand *su *suna 158 dust *tiri 159 earth *mita 160 cloud *kumo 161 fog *kiri *kuri 162 sky *amai 163 wind *kansai 164 snow *yoki 165 ice *kəpəri 166 smoke *kenpuri 167 fire *poi 168 ash *papi 169 to burn *moya- 170 road *miti 171 mountain *məri *yama 172 red *aka 173 green *awo 174 yellow *koi 175 white *sira *siro 176 black *kuro 177 night *yo *yoru 178 day *pi *piru 179 year *təsi 180 warm *atata *atu *nuku 181 cold *si 182 full *mitita *pita 183 new *nipi 184 old *puru 185 good *yə *yərəsi 186 bad *waru 187 rotten *kusarita 188 dirty *kitana 189 straight *masa *masə 190 round *maru 191 sharp (as a knife)*to 192 dull (as a knife)*nenpu 193 smooth *namia 194 wet *nura- 195 dry *kara- *kawak- 196 correct *masa *masə 197 near *tika 198 far *təpə 199 right *minki 200 left *pintari 201 at *ni 202 in *ni *utui 203 with *tə 204 and *tə 205 if *məsi 206 because *ta *tamai 207 name *na
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