Appendix:Galician Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Galician, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

No. English Galician
galego
1 I eu
2 you (singular) ti, vostede (formal)
3 he, she, it el
4 we nós
5 you (plural) vós, vostedes (formal)
6 they eles
7 this este
8 that ese
9 here aquí
10 there alí
11 who quen
12 what que
13 where onde, u
14 when cando
15 how como
16 not non
17 all todo
18 many moitos
19 some algún
20 few pouco
21 other outro
22 one un, unha
23 two dous, dúas
24 three tres
25 four catro
26 five cinco
27 big grande
28 long longo
29 wide ancho, largo
30 thick groso
31 heavy pesado
32 small pequeno
33 short curto
34 narrow estreito
35 thin delgado, fraco
36 woman muller
37 man (adult male) home
38 man (human being) home
39 child neno, meniño
40 wife esposa, muller, dona
41 husband esposo, home, marido
42 mother nai, mai
43 father pai
44 animal animal
45 fish peixe
46 bird paxaro, ave
47 dog can
48 louse piollo
49 snake serpe, cobra, cóbrega
50 worm verme, miñoca
51 tree árbore
52 forest monte, bosque, fraga
53 stick pau, vara
54 fruit froito, froita
55 seed semente
56 leaf folla
57 root raíz
58 bark (of a tree) casca, cortiza, tona
59 flower flor, frol
60 grass herba
61 rope corda
62 skin pel, coiro
63 meat carne
64 blood sangue
65 bone óso
66 fat (noun) graxa, gordura
67 egg ovo
68 horn corno
69 tail rabo, cola
70 feather pluma, pena
71 hair pelo, cabelo
72 head cabeza, testa
73 ear orella
74 eye ollo
75 nose nariz, fuciño
76 mouth boca
77 tooth dente
78 tongue (organ) lingua
79 fingernail unlla
80 foot
81 leg perna
82 knee xeonllo
83 hand man, mao
84 wing á, ala
85 belly bandullo, barriga
86 guts tripas, maga
87 neck pescozo, colo
88 back lombo, costas
89 breast peito
90 heart corazón, cor
91 liver fígado
92 to drink beber, trincar
93 to eat comer
94 to bite trabar, morder
95 to suck zugar, chuchar
96 to spit cuspir
97 to vomit gomitar, trousar
98 to blow soprar, zoar
99 to breathe alentar, respirar
100 to laugh rir
101 to see ver, ollar
102 to hear oír, ouvir
103 to know saber, coñecer
104 to think pensar, coidar
105 to smell cheirar, arrecender
106 to fear temer, ter medo
107 to sleep durmir, durmiñar
108 to live vivir
109 to die morrer, finar
110 to kill matar
111 to fight loitar, pelexar
112 to hunt cazar
113 to hit bater
114 to cut cortar
115 to split partir
116 to stab acoitelar, chantar, espetar
117 to scratch rabuñar
118 to dig cavar
119 to swim nadar
120 to fly voar
121 to walk andar, camiñar
122 to come vir
123 to lie (as in a bed) estar deitado, deitar
124 to sit sentar
125 to stand erguer (action), estar de pé (state)
126 to turn (intransitive) virar, tornar
127 to fall caer, cair
128 to give dar
129 to hold soster, termar
130 to squeeze apertar
131 to rub fretar
132 to wash lavar
133 to wipe limpar
134 to pull tirar, turrar
135 to push puxar, empurrar
136 to throw tirar, botar
137 to tie atar, amarrar
138 to sew coser
139 to count contar
140 to say dicir
141 to sing cantar
142 to play xogar
143 to float frotar, aboiar
144 to flow fluír
145 to freeze conxelar, xear
146 to swell inchar, inzar
147 sun sol
148 moon lúa
149 star estrela
150 water auga
151 rain chuvia, choiva
152 river río
153 lake lago, lagoa
154 sea mar
155 salt sal
156 stone pedra, croio
157 sand area
158 dust po, poo
159 earth terra
160 cloud nube
161 fog néboa, brétema, meira
162 sky ceo
163 wind vento
164 snow neve
165 ice xeo, lazo
166 smoke fume
167 fire lume, fogo
168 ash cinza, borralla
169 to burn queimar
170 road estrada
171 mountain monte
172 red vermello, rubio
173 green verde
174 yellow amarelo
175 white branco
176 black negro, preto
177 night noite
178 day día
179 year ano
180 warm quente
181 cold frío
182 full cheo
183 new novo
184 old vello
185 good bo, boo
186 bad malo, mao
187 rotten podre
188 dirty lixoso, porco, emporcallado
189 straight recto
190 round redondo
191 sharp (as a knife) afiado, aguzado
192 dull (as a knife) romo, mocho, boto
193 smooth suave, lene
194 wet mollado
195 dry seco, enxoito
196 correct correcto
197 near preto, perto
198 far lonxe
199 right dereita
200 left esquerda, seestra
201 at en, a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e
205 if se
206 because porque
207 name nome
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)