使
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See also: 便
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]使 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人十中大 (OJLK), four-corner 25206, composition ⿰亻吏)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 573
- Dae Jaweon: page 213, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 145, character 2
- Unihan data for U+4F7F
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
使 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 駛/驶 (sai2; Cantonese “need”) 洗 (sai2; Cantonese “need”) 駛/驶 (sái; Hokkien “to fuck”) |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 使 |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 吏 (OC *rɯs).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): si2
- Eastern Min (BUC): sāi / sṳ̄
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5sy
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
- Wade–Giles: shih3
- Yale: shř
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sai2 / si2
- Yale: sái / sí
- Cantonese Pinyin: sai2 / si2
- Guangdong Romanization: sei2 / xi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɐi̯³⁵/, /siː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- sai2 - vernacular;
- si2 - literary.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: soi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /sᵘɔi⁵⁵/
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
- Hakka Romanization System: siiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: si3
- Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: si2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sāi / sṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /sai³³/, /sy³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- sāi - vernacular;
- sṳ̄ - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sái
- Tâi-lô: sái
- Phofsit Daibuun: sae
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sai⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /sai⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /sai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú
- Tâi-lô: sú
- Phofsit Daibuun: suo
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /su⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
- Tâi-lô: sír
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Note:
- Middle Chinese: sriX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*srɯʔ/
Definitions
[edit]使
- to order (somebody to do something); to send (somebody)
- 夜,鄭伯使祭足勞王,且問左右。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yè, Zhèng bó shǐ Jì Zú láo wáng, qiě wèn zuǒyòu. [Pinyin]
- At night [the earl of Zheng] sent Zu of Zhai to comfort the king, and to ask after the welfare of his officers.
夜,郑伯使祭足劳王,且问左右。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 其食客三千人,邑入不足以奉客,使人出錢於薛。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Qí shíkè sānqiān rén, yìrù bù zúyǐ fèng kè, shǐ rén chūqián yú Xuē. [Pinyin]
- He had 3000 retainers, and the income from his fief was not enough to support his retainers. Thus, he dispatched people to provide loans in Xue.
其食客三千人,邑入不足以奉客,使人出钱于薛。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) to put (people) to work
- 節用而愛人,使民以時。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jiéyòng ér ài rén, shǐ mín yǐ shí. [Pinyin]
- Economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons.
节用而爱人,使民以时。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to let; to make; to cause to
- 愚以爲營中之事,悉以咨之,必能使行陣和睦,優劣得所。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 227, 諸葛亮 (Zhūgě Liàng) (Zhuge Liang), 前出師表 (Former Chu Shi Biao)
- Yú yǐwèi yíng zhōng zhī shì, xī yǐ zī zhī, bì néng shǐ xíngzhèn hémù, yōuliè dé suǒ. [Pinyin]
- I think he should be consulted on all military affairs. This can certainly make the troops harmonious and put the good and the bad in their proper places.
愚以为营中之事,悉以咨之,必能使行阵和睦,优劣得所。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 2021 July 14, 周忠和, 武向平, 王挺, “推动科学素质建设迈上新台阶”, in People's Daily, page 5:
- 科學精神是使人擺脫愚昧盲目的有效武器,是推動社會進步的強大力量。 [MSC, trad.]
- Kēxuéjīngshén shì shǐ rén bǎituō yúmèi mángmù de yǒuxiào wǔqì, shì tuīdòng shèhuì jìnbù de qiángdà lìliàng. [Pinyin]
- The scientific spirit is an effective weapon that makes people cast off ignorance and blind beliefs. It is a strong force that drives forward the progress of society.
科学精神是使人摆脱愚昧盲目的有效武器,是推动社会进步的强大力量。 [MSC, simp.]
- to use; to employ
- 嫂嫂,借扇子我使使。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
- Sǎosao, jiè shànzi wǒ shǐ shǐ. [Pinyin]
- Sister, lend the fan to me.
- to play; to play with; to resort to; to dally with
- 使心眼 ― shǐ xīnyǎn ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- to indulge
- 使性子 ― shǐ xìngzi ― to get angry; to lose one's temper
- (literary) if
- (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need to [do something]; have to
- (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need [something]; require; want strongly
- (Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck
Synonyms
[edit]Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 用, 使用 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 使, 用 |
Malaysia | 用 | |
Singapore | 用 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 使, 用 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 使喚 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 用, 使 |
Wuhan | 用 | |
Guilin | 用 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 用 |
Hefei | 使, 用 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 用, 使 |
Hong Kong | 用, 使 | |
Yangjiang | 使 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 用 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 用 |
Hakka | Meixian | 用 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 使喚, 用 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 使 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 使 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 用 |
Penang (Hokkien) | 用 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 用 | |
Chaozhou | 用, 使 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 用 | |
Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 用 |
Wu | Suzhou | 用 |
Wenzhou | 用 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 用 |
Shuangfeng | 用 |
- (if):
- (Cantonese) (need): 需要 (xūyào)
- (to fuck):
Compounds
[edit]- 不中使
- 不聽使/不听使
- 不聽使喚/不听使唤
- 中使
- 主使 (zhǔshǐ)
- 主使者
- 任賢使能/任贤使能
- 但使
- 使不得
- 使乖
- 使乜
- 使令 (shǐlìng)
- 使低嘴
- 使勁/使劲 (shǐjìn)
- 使動/使动 (shǐdòng)
- 使君子 (shǐjūnzǐ)
- 使喚/使唤 (shǐhuàn)
- 使嘴使舌
- 使壞/使坏 (shǐhuài)
- 使女 (shǐnǚ)
- 使巧兒/使巧儿
- 使得 (shǐde)
- 使心作倖/使心作幸
- 使心用腹
- 使心眼兒/使心眼儿
- 使性地 (sái-sìng-tē) (Min Nan)
- 使性子 (shǐ xìngzi)
- 使數/使数
- 使氣/使气 (shǐqì)
- 使然 (shǐrán)
- 使用 (shǐyòng)
- 使用借貸/使用借贷
- 使用權/使用权 (shǐyòngquán)
- 使用率
- 使用錢/使用钱
- 使眼色 (shǐ yǎnsè)
- 使絆兒/使绊儿 (shǐ bànr)
- 使絆子/使绊子 (shǐ bànzi)
- 使羊將狼/使羊将狼
- 使脾氣/使脾气
- 使臂使指
- 使蚊負山/使蚊负山
- 使貪使愚/使贪使愚
- 使費/使费 (shǐfèi)
- 使酒 (shǐjiǔ)
- 使錢/使钱 (shǐqián)
- 促使 (cùshǐ)
- 倘使 (tǎngshǐ)
- 借使
- 借風使船/借风使船
- 假使 (jiǎshǐ)
- 動使/动使
- 占風使帆
- 即使 (jíshǐ)
- 向使 (xiàngshǐ)
- 呼奴使婢
- 唆使 (suōshǐ)
- 唔使
- 唔使客氣/唔使客气
- 唔聽使/唔听使
- 嗾使 (sǒushǐ)
- 器使 (qìshǐ)
- 如臂使指 (rúbìshǐzhǐ)
- 官使
- 尊賢使能/尊贤使能
- 就使
- 差使 (chāishǐ)
- 強使/强使
- 役使 (yìshǐ)
- 役使動物/役使动物
- 指使 (zhǐshǐ)
- 插科使砌
- 支使 (zhīshǐ)
- 會使/会使
- 𣍐使/𫧃使
- 混合使用
- 炙冰使燥
- 目使頤令/目使颐令
- 目指氣使/目指气使
- 相風使帆/相风使帆
- 看風使帆/看风使帆
- 看風使船/看风使船
- 看風使舵/看风使舵 (kànfēngshǐduò)
- 祈使句 (qíshǐjù)
- 神差鬼使
- 給使/给使
- 縱使/纵使 (zòngshǐ)
- 致使 (zhìshǐ)
- 致使動詞/致使动词
- 舉賢使能/举贤使能
- 若使 (ruòshǐ)
- 行使 (xíngshǐ)
- 見風使帆/见风使帆
- 見風使舵/见风使舵 (jiànfēngshǐduò)
- 設使/设使 (shèshǐ)
- 負才使氣/负才使气
- 迫使 (pòshǐ)
- 逼使
- 鋪堂使費/铺堂使费
- 錢可使鬼/钱可使鬼
- 隨才器使/随才器使
- 頤指氣使/颐指气使 (yízhǐqìshǐ)
- 驅使/驱使 (qūshǐ)
- 鬼使神差
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): sái / sé̤ṳ
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5sy
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
- Wade–Giles: shih3
- Yale: shř
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, rare variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
- Wade–Giles: shih4
- Yale: shr̀
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: si3 / si5
- Yale: si / síh
- Cantonese Pinyin: si3 / si5
- Guangdong Romanization: xi3 / xi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /siː³³/, /siː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lhu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
- Hakka Romanization System: siiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: si3
- Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sái / sé̤ṳ
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑi²¹³/, /søy²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- sái - vernacular;
- sé̤ṳ - literary.
- Southern Min
Note:
- sài - vernacular;
- sù/sìr - literary.
- Middle Chinese: sriH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*srɯs/
Definitions
[edit]使
- to be sent as an envoy
- 子華使於齊,冉子為其母請粟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐhuá shǐ yú Qí, Rǎnzǐ wèi qí mǔ qǐng sù. [Pinyin]
- Zi Hua being employed on a mission to Qi, the disciple Ran requested grain for his mother.
子华使于齐,冉子为其母请粟。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- envoy; messenger
Compounds
[edit]- 三司使
- 不辱使命 (bùrǔshǐmìng)
- 五瘟使
- 任使
- 使令 (shǐlìng)
- 來使/来使 (láishǐ)
- 使君 (shǐjūn)
- 使君有婦/使君有妇
- 使命 (shǐmìng)
- 使命感 (shǐmìnggǎn)
- 使徒 (shǐtú)
- 使星
- 使犬 (Shǐquǎn)
- 使節/使节 (shǐjié)
- 使節團/使节团
- 使者 (shǐzhě)
- 使臣 (shǐchén)
- 使長/使长
- 使館/使馆 (shǐguǎn)
- 信使 (xìnshǐ)
- 僕使/仆使
- 內使/内使 (nèishǐ)
- 全權公使/全权公使
- 公使 (gōngshǐ)
- 公使團/公使团
- 公使館/公使馆 (gōngshǐguǎn)
- 出使 (chūshǐ)
- 勾使
- 勾使鬼
- 勾欄使者/勾栏使者
- 十二使徒
- 君臣佐使
- 和平使者 (hépíng shǐzhě)
- 國使/国使
- 大使 (dàshǐ)
- 大使館/大使馆 (dàshǐguǎn)
- 天使 (tiānshǐ)
- 天使魚/天使鱼 (tiānshǐyú)
- 奉使
- 密使 (mìshǐ)
- 專使/专使 (zhuānshǐ)
- 小使
- 左使
- 差使 (chāishi)
- 布政使 (bùzhèngshǐ)
- 庫大使/库大使
- 廉使
- 按察使 (àncháshǐ)
- 採訪使/采访使
- 搪差使
- 敕使
- 星使
- 樞密使/枢密使 (shūmìshǐ)
- 氤氳大使/氤氲大使
- 河伯使者
- 特使 (tèshǐ)
- 番使
- 白差使
- 白衣天使 (báiyī tiānshǐ)
- 監齋使者/监斋使者
- 矜才使氣/矜才使气
- 節使/节使
- 節度使/节度使 (jiédùshǐ)
- 箕帚之使
- 結使/结使
- 綠衣使者/绿衣使者 (lǜyī shǐzhě)
- 花鳥使/花鸟使
- 草根大使
- 行使 (xíngshǐ)
- 親善大使/亲善大使
- 觀察使/观察使
- 護花使者/护花使者
- 赤衣使者
- 轉運使/转运使
- 巡按使
- 巡迴大使/巡回大使
- 遣唐使 (qiǎntángshǐ)
- 飛鳥使/飞鸟使
- 駐外使節/驻外使节
- 驛使/驿使 (yìshǐ)
- 鹺使/鹾使
- 鹽運使/盐运使
- 鹽鐵使/盐铁使
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]使
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- Kun: つかう (tsukau, 使う, Jōyō); しむ (shimu); せしむ (seshimu); しめば (shimeba)
Compounds
[edit]Noun
[edit]Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]- “to use; in order to; etc.”
From Middle Chinese 使 (MC sriX).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞ (so)訓 (Yale: so) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
- “envoy; messenger”
From Middle Chinese 使 (MC sriH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞᆼ〮 (Yale: só) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 시 (si)訓 (Yale: si) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 사 (“to use; to employ”)
- hanja form? of 사 (“in order to do”)
- hanja form? of 사 (“envoy; messenger”)
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]使: Hán Nôm readings: sứ, sử, sửa, thửa
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Compounds
[edit]References
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading せしむ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しめば
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 使
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters