User:RubixLang/Gaulish Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Gaulish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

No. English Gaulish
1 I mi
2 you (singular) tu
3 he, she, it [Term?]
4 we sni
5 you (plural) suis
6 they [Term?]
7 this sosin
8 that [Term?]
9 here [Term?]
10 there [Term?]
11 who [Term?]
12 what [Term?]
13 where [Term?]
14 when [Term?]
15 how [Term?]
16 not ne
17 all ollon
18 many [Term?]
19 some nepi
20 few [Term?]
21 other [Term?]
22 one [Term?]
23 two [Term?]
24 three tri-
25 four petuar
26 five pempe
27 big [Term?]
28 long sirus
29 wide [Term?]
30 thick [Term?]
31 heavy [Term?]
32 small lagu-
33 short birrus
34 narrow [Term?]
35 thin [Term?]
36 woman bnanom
37 man (adult male) viro-
38 man (human being) xtonion
39 child [Term?]
40 wife [Term?]
41 husband [Term?]
42 mother matir
43 father atrebo
44 animal [Term?]
45 fish isca
46 bird etno-
47 dog cuno-
48 louse [Term?]
49 snake [Term?]
50 worm [Term?]
51 tree prenne
52 forest [Term?]
53 stick [Term?]
54 fruit [Term?]
55 seed [Term?]
56 leaf doula
57 root [Term?]
58 bark (of a tree) rusca
59 flower blatu-
60 grass [Term?]
61 rope [Term?]
62 skin [Term?]
63 meat [Term?]
64 blood [Term?]
65 bone [Term?]
66 fat (noun) [Term?]
67 egg [Term?]
68 horn [Term?]
69 tail [Term?]
70 feather [Term?]
71 hair [Term?]
72 head pennon
73 ear ausia
74 eye [Term?]
75 nose [Term?]
76 mouth [Term?]
77 tooth [Term?]
78 tongue (organ) [Term?]
79 fingernail [Term?]
80 foot treide, ades
81 leg [Term?]
82 knee [Term?]
83 hand lama
84 wing [Term?]
85 belly [Term?]
86 guts [Term?]
87 neck [Term?]
88 back [Term?]
89 breast cic-
90 heart [Term?]
91 liver [Term?]
92 to drink ibetis
93 to eat [Term?]
94 to bite [Term?]
95 to suck [Term?]
96 to spit [Term?]
97 to vomit [Term?]
98 to blow [Term?]
99 to breathe [Term?]
100 to laugh [Term?]
101 to see pissiumi
102 to hear [Term?]
103 to know [Term?]
104 to think [Term?]
105 to smell [Term?]
106 to fear [Term?]
107 to sleep [Term?]
108 to live [Term?]
109 to die [Term?]
110 to kill [Term?]
111 to fight [Term?]
112 to hunt [Term?]
113 to hit biietutu
114 to cut [Term?]
115 to split [Term?]
116 to stab [Term?]
117 to scratch [Term?]
118 to dig [Term?]
119 to swim [Term?]
120 to fly [Term?]
121 to walk [Term?]
122 to come [Term?]
123 to lie (as in a bed) [Term?]
124 to sit [Term?]
125 to stand [Term?]
126 to turn (intransitive) [Term?]
127 to fall [Term?]
128 to give [Term?]
129 to hold delgu
130 to squeeze [Term?]
131 to rub [Term?]
132 to wash [Term?]
133 to wipe [Term?]
134 to pull [Term?]
135 to push [Term?]
136 to throw [Term?]
137 to tie [Term?]
138 to sew [Term?]
139 to count [Term?]
140 to say [Term?]
141 to sing [Term?]
142 to play [Term?]
143 to float [Term?]
144 to flow [Term?]
145 to freeze [Term?]
146 to swell [Term?]
147 sun [Term?]
148 moon [Term?]
149 star [Term?]
150 water [Term?]
151 rain [Term?]
152 river onno
153 lake [Term?]
154 sea more
155 salt [Term?]
156 stone [Term?]
157 sand [Term?]
158 dust [Term?]
159 earth [Term?]
160 cloud [Term?]
161 fog [Term?]
162 sky [Term?]
163 wind [Term?]
164 snow [Term?]
165 ice [Term?]
166 smoke [Term?]
167 fire [Term?]
168 ash [Term?]
169 to burn [Term?]
170 road [Term?]
171 mountain dunum
172 red roudus
173 green glastum
174 yellow [Term?]
175 white argio, Vinda
176 black dubis
177 night nox
178 day lat-
179 year blednis
180 warm [Term?]
181 cold ogro-
182 full lanius
183 new noviio-
184 old seno-
185 good matu-, dago-
186 bad druca
187 rotten [Term?]
188 dirty [Term?]
189 straight [Term?]
190 round [Term?]
191 sharp (as a knife) [Term?]
192 dull (as a knife) [Term?]
193 smooth [Term?]
194 wet [Term?]
195 dry [Term?]
196 correct [Term?]
197 near [Term?]
198 far [Term?]
199 right [Term?]
200 left [Term?]
201 at [Term?]
202 in [Term?]
203 with [Term?]
204 and [Term?]
205 if [Term?]
206 because [Term?]
207 name anuana

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
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