Appendix:Cognates between English and Polish

Terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European root	English cognate	Polish cognate
*bʰardʰéh₂	beard	broda (“beard”)
*bʰébʰrus	beaver	bóbr (“beaver”)
*bʰéreti	bear	brać (“to take”)
*bʰeyh₂-	bive	bać (“to be afraid, to fear”)
*bʰerǵʰos	bargh, barrow, berg, berry	brzeg (“bank, coast, shore”)
*bʰorwos	barrow	browek (“male piglet”, dialectal)
*bʰosós	bare	bosy (“barefooted, unshod”)
*bʰréh₂tēr	brother	brat (“brother”)
*der-	tear	drzeć (“to rend, to tear”)
*derHgʰ-	tarry	dziergać (“to crochet, to embroider”)
*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s	tongue	język (“language, tongue”, suffixed)
*dóru	tree	drzewo (“tree”)
*dʰayl-	deal	dział (“section”)
*dʰéh₁t	do	dziać (“to happen, to knit”)
*dʰol-	dale	dół (“bottom, pit”)
*dʰrágʰyeh₂	dregs	drożdże (“yeast”)
*dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter	córa (“daughter”)
*dʰwes-	deer	duch (“ghost, spirit”)
*dʰwṓr	door	drzwi (“door”), dźwierze (“door”, archaic)
*ǵénh₁tis	kind	zięć (“son-in-law”)
*ǵn̥néh₃ti	can, con, cun	znać (“to be acquainted with, to know”)
*ǵómbʰos	comb	ząb (“tooth”)
*ǵr̥h₂nóm	corn, grain	ziarno (“grain”)
*ǵyewh₁-	chew	żuć (“to chew”)
*ǵʰh₂éns	goose	gęś (“goose”)
*ǵʰl̥h₃tós	gold	żółty (“yellow”)
*gʰóstis	guest, host	gość (“guest”)
*gʰrebʰ-	grave, graven	grześć (“to bury”)
*gʰróbʰ-	grave	grób (“grave”)
*gnétti	knead	gnieść (“to crumple, to crush, to knead”)
*golHwos	callow	głowa (“head”)
*gʷḗn	queen	żona (“wife”)
*gʷih₃wós	quick	żywy (“alive”)
*gʷréh₂wō	quern	żarna (“quern”)
*Hrugʰís	rye	reż (“rye”, obsolete)
*h₁édti	eat	jeść (“to eat”)
*h₁én	in	w (“in”)
*h₁nómn̥	name	imię (“name”)
*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is	elk	łoś (“elk, moose”)
*h₁ówHdʰr̥	udder	wymię (“udder”)
*h₁rebʰ-	rib	żebro (“rib”)
*h₁rowdʰós	red	rudy (“red-haired”)
*h₁widʰéwh₂	widow	wdowa (“widow”)
*h₁wíteros	wither	wtóry (“second”, archaic)
*h₂éngulos	ankle	węgieł (“corner, quoin”)
*h₂érh₃trom	ard	radło (“ard, lister”)
*h₂éryeti	ear	orać (“to plough”)
*h₂eḱmoros	hammer	kamor (“large stone”)
*h₂er-	arm	ramię (“shoulder, upper arm”)
*h₂moldus	mild	młody (“young”)
*h₂ówis	ewe	owca (“ewe, sheep”, suffixed)
*h₂ṓws	ear	ucho (“ear, lug”)
*h₂ōwyóm	egg, ey	jajo (“egg”)
*h₂sowsos	sear	suchy (“dry”)
*h₂welh₁dʰ-	wield	władać (“to reign, to rule”)
*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂	wool	wełna (“wool”)
*h₃bʰrúHs	brow	brew (“eyebrow”)
*h₃ókʷs	eye	oko (“eye”)
*ḱerdʰ-	herd	czereda (“crowd, host, pack”), trzoda (“flock, herd”)
*ḱolh₂-	culm, haulm	słoma (“straw”)
*ḱrapo-	roof	strop (“ceiling”)
*ḱr̥h₂nós	horn	sarna (“roe deer”)
*ḱweytos	white	świat (“world”)
*kewh₂-	hew	kuć (“to forge”)
*kleh₂-	lade	kłaść (“to lay, to put”)
*kéh₂ilos	hale, whole	cały (“intact, whole”)
*kréwh₂s	raw	krew (“blood”)
*kr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *kr̥h₂-s-n-ós	hornet	szerszeń (“hornet”)
*kʷóteros	whether	który (“which one”)
*kʷoynéh₂	pain	cena (“price”)
*légʰyeti	lie	leżeć (“to be situated, to lie, to recline”)
*lewbʰos	lief	luby (“beloved”)
*lewgʰ-	lie	łgać (“to lie, to tell falsehood”)
*lewk-	lynx	ryś (“lynx”)
*leyǵʰ-	lick	lizać (“to lick”)
*logʰéyeti	lay	łożyć (“to defray, to lay out”)
*loypéyeti	leave	lepić (“to mold”)
*médʰu	mead	miód (“honey”)
*méh₂tēr	mother	macierz (“matrix, motherland”)
*me-mógʰ-e ~ *me-m̥gʰ-ḗr	may	móc (“to be able”)
*meyḱ-	mix	miesić (“to knead”)
*mogʰtis	might	moc (“might, power”)
*monogʰos	many	mnogi (“plural”)
*mosgʰós	marrow	mózg (“brain”)
*moynéyeti	mean	mienić (“to flicker, to glisten”)
*musom	moss	mech (“moss”)
*múh₂s	mouse	mysz (“mouse”)
*néh₂s	nose	nos (“nose”)
*nogʷós	nake	nagi (“naked, nude”)
*new-	new	nowy (“new, novel”)
*-níd-	nit	gnida (“nit”)
*nisdós	nest	gniazdo (“nest, socket”)
*nókʷts	night	noc (“night”)
*péh₂wr̥	fire	perz (“couch grass”)
*péth₂r̥	feather	pióro (“feather, fountain pen”)
*perd-	fart	pierdzieć (“to fart”)
*pḱórmos	harm	srom (“shame, vulva”)
*pl̥h₁nós	full	pełny (“filled, full, unabridged”)
*plúsis	flea	pchła (“flea”)
*pn̥kʷstis	fist	pięść (“fist”)
*pṓds	foot	spód (“bottom, underside”)
*pórḱos	farrow, pork	prosię (“piglet”)
*polHwos	fallow	płowy (“fallow, fawn”)
*priHeh₂yeti	free	sprzyjać (“to favour”, prefixed)
*séh₁yeti	sow	siać (“to sow”)
*séh₁mn̥	semen	siemię (“flaxseed”)
*séh₂ls	salt	sól (“salt”)
*seh₂-	sad	syty (“sated, satiated”)
*seykʷ-	sie	szczać (“to piss”)
*sḱeh₃iros	hoar	szary (“grey”)
*sḱēy-	sheer	szczery (“earnest, sincere”)
*skéydt	shit	cedzić (“to filter, to strain”)
*skek-	shake	skoczyć (“to jump, to leap”)
*skek-	shag	skakać (“to jump, to leap”)
*skewbʰ-	shove	skubać (“to pluck”)
*skewd-	shoot	kidać (“to scatter, to throw”, dialectal)
*skewh₁-	show	chować (“to conceal, to hide, to rear”)
*skrengʰ-	ring	krąg (“circle”), kręg (“vertebra”)
*smal-	small	mały (“little, small”)
*snóygʷʰos	snow	śnieg (“snow”)
*sodéyeti	set	sadzić (“to plant”)
*somHós	same	sam (“alone”)
*spenh₁-	spin	piąć (“to ascend, to climb, to trail”)
*spoHy-	foam	piana (“foam, froth”)
*stéh₂dʰh₁om	stud	stado (“drove, herd, troop”)
*steh₂wéyeti	stow	stawić (“to show up, to turn up”)
*stel-	stell	słać, ścielić (“to make the bed, to spread”)
*steyh₂-	stain, stone	ściana (“wall”)
*sth₂rós	stour	stary (“old”)
*strēl-	strale, streal	strzała (“arrow”)
*streyg-	strike	strzyc (“to clip, to shear, to trim”)
*suH-	swine	świnia (“pig”)
*suHnús	son	syn (“son”)
*swésōr	sister	siostra (“sister”)
*swer-	swear	swarzyć (“to feud, to quarrel”)
*syúh₁ti	sew	szyć (“to sew”)
*táwros	steer	tur (“aurochs”)
*terh₁-	throw	trzeć (“to rub”)
*tr̥nós	thorn	cierń (“prickle, thorn”), tarń (“blackthorn”)
*trowdos	threat	trud (“toil”)
*trósdos	thrush	drozd (“thrush”)
*tuHsont-	thousand	tysiąc (“thousand”)
*túh₂	thou	ty (“you”, singular)
*udrós	otter	wydra (“otter”)
*wéǵʰeti	weigh	wieźć (“to carry, to drive”)
*weh₂b-	weep	wabić (“to lure”)
*wĺ̥kʷos	wolf	wilk (“lupus, wolf”)
*woǵʰéyeti	wedge	wozić (“to carry, to drive”)
*woḱso-	wax	wosk (“wax”)
*wódr̥	water	woda (“water”)
*wóps	wasp	osa (“wasp”)
*wóyde	weet, wit	wiedzieć (“to know as a fact”)
Proto-Indo-European root	English cognate	Polish cognate

Terms derived from Proto-Germanic

Proto-Germanic root	English cognate	Polish cognate
*bōkō	beech	buk (“beech”)
*dōmaz	doom	duma (“pride”)
*dōmijaną	deem	dumać (“to muse, to ponder”)
*fatilaz	fettle	pętla (“loop”)
*fulką	folk	pułk (“regiment”)
*handugaz	handy	chędogi (“neat, tidy”, obsolete)
*hlaibaz	loaf	chleb (“bread”)
*hlaiwaz	lee	chlew (“pigsty”)
*hūsą	house	chyża (“barn”, dialectal)
*hwīlō	while	chwila (“moment”)
*katilaz	kettle	kocioł (“cauldron”)
*kaupijaną	cheap	kupić (“to buy”)
*klajjaz	clay	klej (“glue”)
*krabbô	crab	krab (“crab”)
*kuningaz	king	ksiądz (“Christian priest”)
*meluks	milk	mleko (“milk”)
*panningaz	penny	pieniądz (“money”)
*plōgaz	plough	pług (“plough”)
*rakentǭ	rackan	wrzeciądz (“hasp”)
*sadulaz	saddle	siodło (“saddle”)
*tūną	town	tyn (“fence made of branches”)
*walhaz	Wales	Włoch (“Italian”)
Proto-Germanic root	English cognate	Polish cognate