-e: difference between revisions
→Afrikaans: statement that -e is used mainly with "certain classes inherited from Dutch" was at least meaningless (regarding that 99% of the Afrikaans vocabulary is so inherited) or even misleading (if it were interpreted to mean only nouns of Germanic origin) |
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====Usage notes==== |
====Usage notes==== |
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This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant. |
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant only if it is eligible for Greene's first palatalization. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically. |
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====Inflection==== |
====Inflection==== |
Revision as of 04:19, 19 August 2022
English
Etymology
From archaic forms ending in e.
Pronunciation
Silent.
Suffix
-e
- Used for archaizing.
- 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:
- YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
- 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:
- Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
- 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:
- Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
- 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:
- “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”
Usage notes
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e. Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling.
Derived terms
See also
Afrikaans
Etymology
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- The plural ending of many nouns.
Usage notes
- Generally, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
- A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
Czech
Etymology 1
Suffix
-e
- Used to form adverbs from adjectives.
- jednoduchý (“simple”) + -e → jednoduše (“simply”)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *-ę.
Suffix
-e n
- (rare) Used to form nouns, usually terms for young animals.
Etymology 3
Suffix
-e
- desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
See also
Further reading
Danish
Suffix
-e
- Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
- Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
- Marks the plural of some nouns.
Dutch
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- suffix indicating the female form of occupations or inhabitants of countries
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.
Usage notes
The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2e, 8e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
Etymology 3
From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine and feminine nouns in general.
Etymology 4
From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e f
- (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.
Etymology 5
From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.
References
Esperanto
Etymology
From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene "well"), perhaps reinforced by the Russian adverbial -e found after a palatalized consonant.
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Suffix
-e
- -ly; used to form adverbs
- the ending for correlatives of place
Derived terms
Estonian
Etymology 1
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. and Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.. Cognate to Finnish -e.
Suffix
-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
Etymology 3
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)
- Derives adjectives.
Declension
Declension of -e (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -edad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -eda | ||
genitive | -edate | ||
partitive | -edat | -edaid | |
illative | -edasse | -edatesse -edaisse | |
inessive | -edas | -edates -edais | |
elative | -edast | -edatest -edaist | |
allative | -edale | -edatele -edaile | |
adessive | -edal | -edatel -edail | |
ablative | -edalt | -edatelt -edailt | |
translative | -edaks | -edateks -edaiks | |
terminative | -edani | -edateni | |
essive | -edana | -edatena | |
abessive | -edata | -edateta | |
comitative | -edaga | -edatega |
Derived terms
Finnish
Etymology
Conflated:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *-ek
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.
Declension
Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -e | -eet | |
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -etta | -eita | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -eet | |
accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
gen. | -een | ||
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -etta | -eita | |
inessive | -eessa | -eissa | |
elative | -eesta | -eista | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
adessive | -eella | -eilla | |
ablative | -eelta | -eilta | |
allative | -eelle | -eille | |
essive | -eena | -eina | |
translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -eetta | -eitta | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -e | -eet | |
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -että | -eitä | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -eet | |
accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
gen. | -een | ||
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -että | -eitä | |
inessive | -eessä | -eissä | |
elative | -eestä | -eistä | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
adessive | -eellä | -eillä | |
ablative | -eeltä | -eiltä | |
allative | -eelle | -eille | |
essive | -eenä | -einä | |
translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -eettä | -eittä | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
See also
French
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- silent; causes previous silent consonant to become pronounced
Suffix
-e f
Etymology 2
Suffix
-e (plural -es)
Garo
Suffix
-e
- forms the perfect participle of a verb
- Skul re·e anga nengbea
- After going to school I was tired
German
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
Suffix
-e
- (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective
Etymology 2
From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.
Suffix
-e
- used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel
- (chiefly dated) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable
- used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular
- used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb
- used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb
- gehen → er gehe
- used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb
Etymology 3
Suffix
-e
- (colloquial) contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb
Hungarian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-e
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).
- tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)
- kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)
- -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)
- -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)
- után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)
- fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).
Declension
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -e | — |
accusative | -ét | — |
dative | -ének | — |
instrumental | -ével | — |
causal-final | -éért | — |
translative | -évé | — |
terminative | -éig | — |
essive-formal | -eként | — |
essive-modal | -éül | — |
inessive | -ében | — |
superessive | -én | — |
adessive | -énél | — |
illative | -ébe | — |
sublative | -ére | — |
allative | -éhez | — |
elative | -éből | — |
delative | -éről | — |
ablative | -étől | — |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-éé | — |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-ééi | — |
See also
Etymology 2
- From e (“this”).
- From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).
Alternative forms
- -é (rare, mostly dialectal)
Particle
-e (clitic)
- whether, if
- Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.
- (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.
- Látod-e már a mezőket? ― Can you see the fields yet?
- 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell[1]
- Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
- Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
- (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)
- Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
- Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
Usage notes
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Suffix
-e
- (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.
Etymology 4
See at -a.
Suffix
-e
- (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ő (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as -é or -i.
Derived terms
Further reading
- (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (whether, if): -e in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)
Ido
Etymology
Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- -ly; used to form adverbs
Usage notes
Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.
Ingrian
Etymology
Conflated:
- From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E..
- From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E..
Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Ala-Laukaa" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /-e/
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Hevaha" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /-eh/ Template:izh-phon
Suffix
-e
Declension
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
|
Derived terms
Irish
Suffix
-e
- Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)
Suffix
-e f
- Used to form nouns from adjectives
Declension
Bare forms
|
Forms with the definite article
|
Derived terms
Suffix
-e
- Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
- Used to form the plural of certain nouns
Italian
Suffix
-e
- used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"
Japanese
Romanization
-e
Latin
Etymology 1
Compare with Proto-Germanic *-ê. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /eː/, [eː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛː]
Suffix
-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)
Usage notes
The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
- Examples:
Etymology 2
A regularly declined form of -us.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛː]
Suffix
See also
Latvian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-e
- Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
- Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems.
Synonyms
Derived terms
Related terms
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ę.
Suffix
-e n
Maquiritari
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
- Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the destination of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate.
Usage notes
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).
It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.
The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, pages 151–152, 154
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
Suffix
-e f
- Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.
Usage notes
This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).
Derived terms
Descendants
- Dutch: -e
Middle English
Etymology 1
From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.
Derived terms
References
- “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e (no longer productive)
- Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
- Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
Derived terms
Descendants
Etymology 3
From Old English -a.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e (no longer productive)
- Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.
Derived terms
References
- “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.
Etymology 4
Suffix
-e
- Alternative form of -y
Etymology 5
Suffix
-e
- Alternative form of -yf
Etymology 6
Suffix
-e
- Alternative form of -ie
Murui Huitoto
Pronunciation
Classifier
-e
- Classifier with no specific meaning.
Derived terms
References
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[3], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195
Namuyi
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e
- Used to give the ingressive aspect to verbs
Derived terms
Ojibwe
Final
-e
- an incorporating final
Derived terms
References
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/e-final-1287
Old English
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).
Suffix
-e
- forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz. Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.
Suffix
-e
- forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)
- ān (“one”) + willa (“will”) + -e → ānwille (“stubborn”)
- fela (“many”) + word (“word”) + -e → felawyrde (“long-winded”)
- fīf (“five”) + flōr (“floor”) + -e → fīfflēre (“five-story”)
- fiþer- (“four”) + sċēat (“corner”) + -e → fiþersċīete (“square”)
- forþ (“forward”) + gang (“going”) + -e → forþgenġe (“progressive”)
- īdel (“empty”) + hand (“hand”) + -e → īdelhende (“empty-handed”)
- sīd (“hanging down”) + feax (“hair on the head”) + -e → sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)
- ofer- (“over-”) + ǣt (“eating”) + -e → oferǣte (“gluttonous”)
- or- (“out of”) + blōd (“blood”) + -e → orblēde (“bled out”)
- sċeolh (“crooked”) + ēage (“eye”) + -e → sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)
- twelf (“twelve”) + winter (“year”) + -e → twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)
- twi- (“two”) + eċġ (“edge”) + -e → twieċġe (“double-edged”)
- twi- (“two”) + fōt (“foot”) + -e → twifēte (“bipedal”)
- un- (“un-”) + ċēap (“cost”) + -e → unċīepe (“free”)
Old French
Etymology
Suffix
-e
- used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
Descendants
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *-yā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.
Suffix
-e f
- Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.
Usage notes
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant only if it is eligible for Greene's first palatalization. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.
Inflection
Feminine iā-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -eL | -iL | -i |
Vocative | -eL | -iL | -i |
Accusative | -iN | -iL | -i |
Genitive | -e | -eL | -eN |
Dative | -iL | -ib | -ib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms
Polish
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e n
- Forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
- Forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening
Derived terms
See also
Further reading
- -e in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -e in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
Etymology
A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.
Suffix
-e n (plural -es)
- (gender-neutral, neologism) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns
Romani
Suffix
-e
- Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
- Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Forms the oblique of oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person plural past tense.
Usage notes
Few conservative dialects use -a to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.
Romanian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”)
Suffix
-e
- (plural) -s (feminine/neuter)
Usage notes
- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
- mame, from mamă, fem.
- vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.
Alternative forms
Etymology 2
From Latin -e (“second-declension vocative ending”)
Suffix
-e
- Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)
Usage notes
- This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:
Related terms
Etymology 3
From Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.
Suffix
-e
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Related terms
See also
Saterland Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-e (type 2 form -je)
- Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.
Conjugation
Grúundfoarme | -e | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | tou -en | ||||||
Present tense | Past tense | ||||||
iek | -e | wie | -e | iek | -de | wie | -den |
du | -st | jie | -e | du | -dest | jie | -den |
hie/ju/dät | -t | jo | -e | hie/ju/dät | -de | jo | -den |
Present participle | Imperative | Auxiliary | Past participle | ||||
-end | Singular | - | häbe | -d | |||
Plural | -et |
Derived terms
References
- Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *-ę.
Suffix
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Suffix
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.
Suffix
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.
See also
Spanish
Etymology 1
From Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-e
- suffix indicating the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs
Etymology 2
From Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-e
- suffix indicating the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
Etymology 3
From Latin -ē, Latin -e, and Latin -ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
-e
Etymology 4
Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.
Suffix
-e m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, plural -es)
- (neologism) suffix used to form gender-neutral words
Derived terms
- abogade (“lawyer”)
- abuele (“grandparent”)
- alumne (“student”)
- amigue (“friend”)
- argentine (“Argentinian”)
- enemigue (“enemy”)
- extranjere (“foreigner”)
- hermane (“sibling”)
- hije (“offspring”)
- latine (“someone of Latin American descent”)
- médique (“physician”)
- niete (“grandchild”)
- niñe (“child”)
- prime (“cousin”)
- sobrine (“nibling”)
- vecine (“neighbor”)
See also
Further reading
- “-e”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swedish
Suffix
-e
- Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
- Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
- Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
- Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y
Turkish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Turkic *-ke.
Suffix
-e
- to (puts the word into the dative case)
Tzotzil
Clitic
-e
References
- Aissen, Judith (1987) Tzotzil Clause Structure, p. 3. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. →ISBN
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