-e

See also: -ę and Appendix:Variations of "e"

English

Etymology

From archaic forms ending in e.

Pronunciation

Silent.

Suffix

-e

1. Used for archaizing.
   • 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:

     YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.

   • 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:

     Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.

   • 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:

     Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?

   • 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:

     “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”

Usage notes

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e. Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling.

Derived terms

• Englishe
• olde
• shoppe

See also

• -eth

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Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch -en.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-e

1. The plural ending of many nouns.

Usage notes

• Generally, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
• A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
  • A short stem vowel may be lengthened: ‎skip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎skepe.
  • Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: ‎pad (“path”) + ‎-e → ‎paaie.
  • Final -g- may be lost: ‎dag (“day”) + ‎-e → ‎dae.
  • An underlying final -t- may resurface: ‎nag (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎nagte.

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Czech

Etymology 1

Suffix

-e

1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives.

   ‎jednoduchý (“simple”) + ‎-e → ‎jednoduše (“simply”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix

-e n

1. (rare) Used to form nouns, usually terms for young animals.

Etymology 3

Suffix

-e

1. desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns

   ‎sestra (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎sestře

2. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns

   ‎kostrč (“tailbone”) + ‎-e → ‎kostrče

3. desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns

   ‎pan (“Mr, Sir”) + ‎-e → ‎pane

4. desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns

   ‎muž (“man”) + ‎-e → ‎muže

5. desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns

   ‎les (“forest”) + ‎-e → ‎lese

6. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns

   ‎stroj (“machine”) + ‎-e → ‎stroje

See also

• -ě
• -ně
• -y

Further reading

• Template:R:Slovnik afixu

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Danish

Suffix

-e

1. Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
2. Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
3. Marks the plural of some nouns.

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Dutch

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-e

1. suffix indicating the female form of occupations or inhabitants of countries

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -e

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /də/, /stə/ (like the ordinal written in full)

Suffix

-e

1. Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.

   2e = tweede

   8e = achtste

   Synonyms: -de, -ste

Usage notes

The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2^e, 8^e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.

Etymology 3

From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-e

1. Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine and feminine nouns in general.

Etymology 4

From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-e f

1. (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.

   ‎koud (“cold”) + ‎-e → ‎koude (“the cold”)

   Synonyms: -te, -heid

Etymology 5

From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-e

1. (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.

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Esperanto

Etymology

From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene "well"), perhaps reinforced by the Russian adverbial -e found after a palatalized consonant.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-e

1. -ly; used to form adverbs

   ‎bona (“good”) + ‎-e → ‎bone (“well”)

   ‎unu (“one”) + ‎-e → ‎unue (“firstly”)

2. the ending for correlatives of place

Derived terms

correlatives

• ĉie (“everywhere”)
• ie (“somewhere”)
• kie (“where”)
• nenie (“nowhere”)
• tie (“there”)

 

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Estonian

Etymology 1

From and . Cognate to Finnish -e.

Suffix

-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   ‎katma (“to cover”) + ‎-e → ‎kate (“cover”)

   ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“a step”)

   ‎võtma (“to take”) + ‎-e → ‎võte (“trick, mode, way”)

   ‎mõtlema (“to think”) + ‎-e → ‎mõte (“thought”)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   ‎liikuma (“to move”) + ‎-e → ‎liige (“member”)

   ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“step, grade”)

   ‎kastma (“to dip”) + ‎-e → ‎kaste (“sauce”)

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)

1. Derives adjectives.

   ‎lamama (“to lay down”) + ‎-e → ‎lame (“flat”)

   ‎krõbisema (“to crunch”) + ‎-e → ‎krõbe (“crunchy”)

   ‎tobu (“fool”) + ‎-e → ‎tobe (“silly, dumb”)

Declension

Declension of -e (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-e	-edad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-eda
genitive			-edate
partitive		-edat	-edaid
illative		-edasse	-edatesse -edaisse
inessive		-edas	-edates -edais
elative		-edast	-edatest -edaist
allative		-edale	-edatele -edaile
adessive		-edal	-edatel -edail
ablative		-edalt	-edatelt -edailt
translative		-edaks	-edateks -edaiks
terminative		-edani	-edateni
essive		-edana	-edatena
abessive		-edata	-edateta
comitative		-edaga	-edatega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -e

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Finnish

Etymology

Conflated:

• , from Proto-Uralic *-ek
• , from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-eˣ/, [-e̞(ʔ)]

Suffix

-e

1. Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.

   ‎ottaa (“to take (hold of)”) + ‎-e → ‎ote (“grip”)

   ‎paha (“bad, evil”) + ‎-e → ‎pahe (“vice”)

   ‎ääntää (“to pronounce, enunciate”) + ‎-e → ‎äänne (“sound (in phonetics)”)

Declension

Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative		-e	-eet
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-etta	-eita
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-e	-eet
accusative	nom.	-e	-eet
	gen.	-een
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-etta	-eita
inessive		-eessa	-eissa
elative		-eesta	-eista
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
adessive		-eella	-eilla
ablative		-eelta	-eilta
allative		-eelle	-eille
essive		-eena	-eina
translative		-eeksi	-eiksi
abessive		-eetta	-eitta
instructive		—	-ein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eeni -eeni accusative nom. -eeni -eeni gen. -eeni genitive -eeni -eideni -eitteni partitive -ettani -eitani inessive -eessani -eissani elative -eestani -eistani illative -eeseeni -eisiini -eihini adessive -eellani -eillani ablative -eeltani -eiltani allative -eelleni -eilleni essive -eenani -einani translative -eekseni -eikseni abessive -eettani -eittani instructive — — comitative — -eineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eesi -eesi accusative nom. -eesi -eesi gen. -eesi genitive -eesi -eidesi -eittesi partitive -ettasi -eitasi inessive -eessasi -eissasi elative -eestasi -eistasi illative -eeseesi -eisiisi -eihisi adessive -eellasi -eillasi ablative -eeltasi -eiltasi allative -eellesi -eillesi essive -eenasi -einasi translative -eeksesi -eiksesi abessive -eettasi -eittasi instructive — — comitative — -einesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eemme -eemme accusative nom. -eemme -eemme gen. -eemme genitive -eemme -eidemme -eittemme partitive -ettamme -eitamme inessive -eessamme -eissamme elative -eestamme -eistamme illative -eeseemme -eisiimme -eihimme adessive -eellamme -eillamme ablative -eeltamme -eiltamme allative -eellemme -eillemme essive -eenamme -einamme translative -eeksemme -eiksemme abessive -eettamme -eittamme instructive — — comitative — -einemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eenne -eenne accusative nom. -eenne -eenne gen. -eenne genitive -eenne -eidenne -eittenne partitive -ettanne -eitanne inessive -eessanne -eissanne elative -eestanne -eistanne illative -eeseenne -eisiinne -eihinne adessive -eellanne -eillanne ablative -eeltanne -eiltanne allative -eellenne -eillenne essive -eenanne -einanne translative -eeksenne -eiksenne abessive -eettanne -eittanne instructive — — comitative — -einenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -eensa -eensa accusative nom. -eensa -eensa gen. -eensa genitive -eensa -eidensa -eittensa partitive -ettaan -ettansa -eitaan -eitansa inessive -eessaan -eessansa -eissaan -eissansa elative -eestaan -eestansa -eistaan -eistansa illative -eeseensa -eisiinsa -eihinsa adessive -eellaan -eellansa -eillaan -eillansa ablative -eeltaan -eeltansa -eiltaan -eiltansa allative -eelleen -eellensa -eilleen -eillensa essive -eenaan -eenansa -einaan -einansa translative -eekseen -eeksensa -eikseen -eiksensa abessive -eettaan -eettansa -eittaan -eittansa instructive — — comitative — -eineen -einensa

Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)
nominative		-e	-eet
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-että	-eitä
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-e	-eet
accusative	nom.	-e	-eet
	gen.	-een
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-että	-eitä
inessive		-eessä	-eissä
elative		-eestä	-eistä
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
adessive		-eellä	-eillä
ablative		-eeltä	-eiltä
allative		-eelle	-eille
essive		-eenä	-einä
translative		-eeksi	-eiksi
abessive		-eettä	-eittä
instructive		—	-ein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eeni -eeni accusative nom. -eeni -eeni gen. -eeni genitive -eeni -eideni -eitteni partitive -ettäni -eitäni inessive -eessäni -eissäni elative -eestäni -eistäni illative -eeseeni -eisiini -eihini adessive -eelläni -eilläni ablative -eeltäni -eiltäni allative -eelleni -eilleni essive -eenäni -einäni translative -eekseni -eikseni abessive -eettäni -eittäni instructive — — comitative — -eineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eesi -eesi accusative nom. -eesi -eesi gen. -eesi genitive -eesi -eidesi -eittesi partitive -ettäsi -eitäsi inessive -eessäsi -eissäsi elative -eestäsi -eistäsi illative -eeseesi -eisiisi -eihisi adessive -eelläsi -eilläsi ablative -eeltäsi -eiltäsi allative -eellesi -eillesi essive -eenäsi -einäsi translative -eeksesi -eiksesi abessive -eettäsi -eittäsi instructive — — comitative — -einesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eemme -eemme accusative nom. -eemme -eemme gen. -eemme genitive -eemme -eidemme -eittemme partitive -ettämme -eitämme inessive -eessämme -eissämme elative -eestämme -eistämme illative -eeseemme -eisiimme -eihimme adessive -eellämme -eillämme ablative -eeltämme -eiltämme allative -eellemme -eillemme essive -eenämme -einämme translative -eeksemme -eiksemme abessive -eettämme -eittämme instructive — — comitative — -einemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eenne -eenne accusative nom. -eenne -eenne gen. -eenne genitive -eenne -eidenne -eittenne partitive -ettänne -eitänne inessive -eessänne -eissänne elative -eestänne -eistänne illative -eeseenne -eisiinne -eihinne adessive -eellänne -eillänne ablative -eeltänne -eiltänne allative -eellenne -eillenne essive -eenänne -einänne translative -eeksenne -eiksenne abessive -eettänne -eittänne instructive — — comitative — -einenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -eensä -eensä accusative nom. -eensä -eensä gen. -eensä genitive -eensä -eidensä -eittensä partitive -ettään -ettänsä -eitään -eitänsä inessive -eessään -eessänsä -eissään -eissänsä elative -eestään -eestänsä -eistään -eistänsä illative -eeseensä -eisiinsä -eihinsä adessive -eellään -eellänsä -eillään -eillänsä ablative -eeltään -eeltänsä -eiltään -eiltänsä allative -eelleen -eellensä -eilleen -eillensä essive -eenään -eenänsä -einään -einänsä translative -eekseen -eeksensä -eikseen -eiksensä abessive -eettään -eettänsä -eittään -eittänsä instructive — — comitative — -eineen -einensä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -e

See also

• -ke
• -ine
• -nne
• -re

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French

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• silent; causes previous silent consonant to become pronounced

Suffix

-e f

1. forms the feminine of adjectives

   ‎fort + ‎-e → ‎forte

Etymology 2

Suffix

-^e (plural -^es)

1. abbreviation of -ième when an ordinal number is written with Arabic or Roman numerals

   deuxième → 2^e

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Garo

Suffix

-e

1. forms the perfect participle of a verb

   Skul re·e anga nengbea

   After going to school I was tired

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German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ə]

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Suffix

-e

1. (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective

   ‎stark (“strong”) + ‎-e → ‎Stärke (“strength”)

Etymology 2

From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.

Suffix

-e

1. used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel

   ‎Baum (“tree”) + ‎-e → ‎Bäume (“trees”)

   ‎Nacht (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎Nächte (“nights”)

   ‎Wort (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎Worte (“words”)

2. (chiefly dated) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable

   das Haus (“house”) → dem Hause (usually: dem Haus)

3. used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular

   schön → die schöne Frau

4. used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb

   gehen (geh- + -en) → ich gehe (colloquial or poetic: ich geh)

5. used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb

   gehen → er gehe

6. used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb

   ging → ich ginge, er ginge

Etymology 3

Suffix

-e

2. (colloquial) contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb

   hast du → haste

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

Etymology 1

Suffix

-e

2. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
   1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

      ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

   2. (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

      Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

   3. (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

      a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

   4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt

   5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

   6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül

      jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

      legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

4. (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
   1. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.

      tud (“to know”) → tudta (“he/she knew it”)

      tud → tudja (“he/she knows it (indicative mood)”)

      tud → tudja (“he/she should know it (subjunctive mood)”)

      kér (“to request, ask for sth”) → kérte (“he/she requested it”)

      kér → kérje (“he/she should request it (subjunctive mood)”)

   2. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).

      tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)

      kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)

      -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)

      -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)

      után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)

      fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.

  -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.

  • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words

  -e is added to front-vowel words

Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-e	—
accusative	-ét	—
dative	-ének	—
instrumental	-ével	—
causal-final	-éért	—
translative	-évé	—
terminative	-éig	—
essive-formal	-eként	—
essive-modal	-éül	—
inessive	-ében	—
superessive	-én	—
adessive	-énél	—
illative	-ébe	—
sublative	-ére	—
allative	-éhez	—
elative	-éből	—
delative	-éről	—
ablative	-étől	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	-éé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	-ééi	—

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Etymology 2

• From e (“this”).
• From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).

Alternative forms

• -é (rare, mostly dialectal)

Particle

-e (clitic)

2. whether, if

   Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.

3. (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.

   Látod-e már a mezőket? ― Can you see the fields yet?

   • 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell^[1]

     Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?

     Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?

     (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)

Usage notes

Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

Derived terms

• ugye

Etymology 3

Suffix

-e

2. (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.

Etymology 4

See at -a.

Suffix

-e

2. (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ő (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as -é or -i.

Derived terms

• cibere (debated)
• cinege
• csibe (debated)
• csöröge
• enyhe
• fene
• fürge
• gügye
• hebe(hurgya)
• hülye
• kele(kótya)
• kerge
• lenge
• lepke
• mese (debated)
• penge
• pille
• pisze
• pörge
• pösze
• réce (debated)
• serte(pertél)
• tele (debated)
• zene(bona)
• zsenge

Further reading

• (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• (whether, if): -e in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)

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Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e/

Suffix

-e

1. -ly; used to form adverbs

Usage notes

Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.

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Ingrian

Etymology

Conflated:

• From .
• From .

Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-e/
• IPA^(key): /-eh/ Template:izh-phon

Suffix

-e

1. Used to form nouns from either verbs or adjectives.

   ‎lähtiä (“to begin”) + ‎-e → ‎lähe (“spring”)

Declension

(back-vocalic) Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation) singular plural nominative -e -eet genitive -een -ein partitive -etta -eita illative -eesse -eisse inessive -ees -eis elative -eest -eist allative -eelle -eille adessive -eel -eil ablative -eelt -eilt translative -eeks -eiks essive -eenna, -een -einna, -ein exessive1) -eent -eint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

(front-vocalic) Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation) singular plural nominative -e -eet genitive -een -ein partitive -että -eitä illative -eesse -eisse inessive -ees -eis elative -eest -eist allative -eelle -eille adessive -eel -eil ablative -eelt -eilt translative -eeks -eiks essive -eennä, -een -einnä, -ein exessive1) -eent -eint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -e

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Irish

Suffix

-e

1. Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)

Suffix

-e f

1. Used to form nouns from adjectives

Declension

Declension of -e

Fourth declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative -e -í Vocative a -e a -í Genitive -e -í Dative -e -í

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an -e na -í Genitive na -e na -í Dative leis an -e don -e leis na -í

Derived terms

Irish terms suffixed with -e

Suffix

-e

1. Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
2. Used to form the plural of certain nouns

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Italian

Suffix

-e

1. used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"

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Japanese

Romanization

-e

1. Rōmaji transcription of え

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Latin

Etymology 1

Compare with Proto-Germanic *-ê. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /eː/, [eː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛː]

Suffix

-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

1. -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.

   Synonyms: -iter, -ō, -ter

Usage notes

The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.

Examples:

‎clārus (“famous, clear”) + ‎-ē → ‎clārē (“famously, clearly”)

‎pulcher (“beautiful”) + ‎-ē → ‎pulchrē (“beautifully”)

Etymology 2

A regularly declined form of -us.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛː]

Suffix

1. vocative masculine singular of -us

See also

Latin terms suffixed with -e

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Latvian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-e

1. Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
2. Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems.

   ‎iestādīt + ‎-e → ‎iestāde

   ‎skatīt + ‎-e → ‎skate)

Synonyms

• -a

Derived terms

Latvian terms suffixed with -e

Related terms

Feminine suffixes that include -e

• -ene
• -niece

 

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Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix

-e n

1. Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.

   ‎robel (“sparrow”) + ‎-e → ‎roble (“baby sparrow”)

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Maquiritari

Alternative forms

• (allomorphs) -ye, -ke, -∅

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-e]

Suffix

-e

1. Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
2. Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the destination of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate.

Usage notes

This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).

It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.

The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 151–152, 154

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Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Suffix

-e f

1. Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.

   Synonyms: -ede, -heit

Usage notes

This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).

Derived terms

Middle Dutch terms suffixed with -e

Descendants

• Dutch: -e

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Middle English

Etymology 1

From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-(ə)/

Suffix

-e

1. Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -e (adjectival)

References

• “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-eː/, /-ɛi̯/

Suffix

-e (no longer productive)

1. Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
2. Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
   1. Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.
   2. Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.
   3. Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.

      ‎fige (“fig”) + ‎-e → ‎figee (“fig pudding”)

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -e (participial)

Descendants

• English: -ee, -y
• Scots: -ee, -y

Etymology 3

From Old English -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-(ə)/

Suffix

-e (no longer productive)

1. Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -e (agentive)

References

• “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.

Etymology 4

Suffix

-e

1. Alternative form of -y

Etymology 5

Suffix

-e

1. Alternative form of -yf

Etymology 6

Suffix

-e

1. Alternative form of -ie

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Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛ]

Classifier

-e

1. Classifier with no specific meaning.

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -e

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[3], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195

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Namuyi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [e]

Suffix

-e

1. Used to give the ingressive aspect to verbs

Derived terms

Namuyi terms suffixed with -e

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Ojibwe

Final

-e

1. an incorporating final

Derived terms

• bakade
• bebezhigooganzhii
• manise
• moosewiingwe
• naadoobii
• naawakwe
• ozhige

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/e-final-1287

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Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e/

Etymology 1

From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

Suffix

-e

1. forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -e

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz. Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

Suffix

-e

1. forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)

   ‎ān (“one”) + ‎willa (“will”) + ‎-e → ‎ānwille (“stubborn”)

   ‎fela (“many”) + ‎word (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎felawyrde (“long-winded”)

   ‎fīf (“five”) + ‎flōr (“floor”) + ‎-e → ‎fīfflēre (“five-story”)

   ‎fiþer- (“four”) + ‎sċēat (“corner”) + ‎-e → ‎fiþersċīete (“square”)

   ‎forþ (“forward”) + ‎gang (“going”) + ‎-e → ‎forþgenġe (“progressive”)

   ‎īdel (“empty”) + ‎hand (“hand”) + ‎-e → ‎īdelhende (“empty-handed”)

   ‎sīd (“hanging down”) + ‎feax (“hair on the head”) + ‎-e → ‎sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)

   ‎ofer- (“over-”) + ‎ǣt (“eating”) + ‎-e → ‎oferǣte (“gluttonous”)

   ‎or- (“out of”) + ‎blōd (“blood”) + ‎-e → ‎orblēde (“bled out”)

   ‎sċeolh (“crooked”) + ‎ēage (“eye”) + ‎-e → ‎sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)

   ‎twelf (“twelve”) + ‎winter (“year”) + ‎-e → ‎twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎eċġ (“edge”) + ‎-e → ‎twieċġe (“double-edged”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎fōt (“foot”) + ‎-e → ‎twifēte (“bipedal”)

   ‎un- (“un-”) + ‎ċēap (“cost”) + ‎-e → ‎unċīepe (“free”)

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Old French

Etymology

Latin -a.

Suffix

-e

1. used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives

Descendants

• Middle French: -e
  • French: -e

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-yā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.

Suffix

-e f

1. Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.

   ‎cathach (“bellicose”) + ‎-e → ‎cathaige (“warlike spirit”)

   ‎sáer (“free”) + ‎-e → ‎saíre (“freedom, liberty”)

Usage notes

This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant only if it is eligible for Greene's first palatalization. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.

Inflection

Feminine iā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-eL	-iL	-i
Vocative	-eL	-iL	-i
Accusative	-iN	-iL	-i
Genitive	-e	-eL	-eN
Dative	-iL	-ib	-ib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -e

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Polish

Alternative forms

• -ie

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: e

Suffix

-e n

1. Forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase

   po + ‎bok + ‎-e → ‎pobocze

2. Forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening

   ‎zwykły + ‎-e → ‎zwykle

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -e

See also

• -o

Further reading

• -e in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• -e in Polish dictionaries at PWN

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Portuguese

Etymology

A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.

Suffix

-e n (plural -es)

1. (gender-neutral, neologism) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns

   ‎filho (“son”)/‎filha (“daughter”) + ‎-e → ‎filhe (“child”)

   ‎moço (“young man”)/‎moça (“young woman”) + ‎-e → ‎moce (“young”)

   ‎amigo (“male friend”)/‎amiga (“female friend”) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (“friend”)

   ‎aluno (“male student”)/‎aluna (“female student”) + ‎-e → ‎alune (“student”)

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Romani

Suffix

-e

1. Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns

   ‎ćhavo (“Romani boy”) + ‎-e → ‎ćhave (“Romani boys”)

2. Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
3. Forms the oblique of oikoclitic adjectives
4. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person plural past tense.

Usage notes

Few conservative dialects use -a to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.

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Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e/

Etymology 1

From Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”)

Suffix

-e

1. (plural) -s (feminine/neuter)

Usage notes

• This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
• mame, from mamă, fem.
• vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.

Alternative forms

• -le

Etymology 2

From Latin -e (“second-declension vocative ending”)

Suffix

-e

1. Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)

Oh!

Usage notes

• This suffixed used with masculine and neuter definite nouns in -l and -ul:

‎bărbatul (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎bărbatule!

‎tatăl (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎tatăle!

‎visul (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎visule!

• This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:

‎fratele (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎fratele!

‎numele (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎numele!

Related terms

• -o

Etymology 3

From Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.

Suffix

-e

1. A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.

Related terms

• -a
• -ea
• -i
• -î

 

See also

• -re

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Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ə/

Suffix

-e (type 2 form -je)

1. Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -e (weak type 1)

Grúundfoarme			-e
Infinitive			tou -en
Present tense				Past tense
iek	-e	wie	-e	iek	-de	wie	-den
du	-st	jie	-e	du	-dest	jie	-den
hie/ju/dät	-t	jo	-e	hie/ju/dät	-de	jo	-den
Present participle		Imperative		Auxiliary		Past participle
-end		Singular	-	häbe		-d
		Plural	-et

Derived terms

Saterland Frisian terms suffixed with -e

References

• Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414

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Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.

Declension

Nouns denoting inanimate objects

	singular	plural
nominative	-e	-eta
genitive	-ta	-etā
dative	-etu	-etima
accusative	-e	-eta
vocative	-e	-eta
locative	-etu	-etima
instrumental	-etom	-etima

Nouns denoting animate objects

	singular	plural
nominative	-e	-ad
genitive	-ta	-adi
dative	-etu	-adi
accusative	-e	-ad
vocative	-e	-adi
locative	-etu	-adi
instrumental	-etom	-ađu / -adi

Derived terms

• jáje
• jȁnje / jȁgnje
• kljȗse
• pȉle
• pȕce
• tèle
• tùce
• ždrijȇbe / ždrȇbe

 

Etymology 2

Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)

1. Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.

   ‎Katarína + ‎-e → ‎Káte

   ‎Màrija + ‎-e → ‎Máre

   ‎Jȕrāj + ‎-e → ‎Júre

   ‎Màtija + ‎-e → ‎Máte

Etymology 3

From Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)

1. Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.

   ‎vȗk + ‎-e → ‎vȗče (vocative singular)

See also

• -ance
• -ašce
• -ce
• -ešce
• -je

 

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Spanish

Etymology 1

From Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-e

1. suffix indicating the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs

Etymology 2

From Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-e

1. suffix indicating the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs

Etymology 3

From Latin -ē, Latin -e, and Latin -ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Suffix

-e

1. suffix indicating the second-person singular imperative form of -er and -ir verbs

Etymology 4

Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.

Suffix

-e m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, plural -es)

1. (neologism) suffix used to form gender-neutral words

   ‎hermano (“brother”)/‎hermana (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎hermane (“sibling”)

   ‎niño (“boy”)/‎niña (“girl”) + ‎-e → ‎niñe (“child”)

   ‎amigo (“male friend”)/‎amiga (“female friend”) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (“friend”)

   ‎abogado (“male lawyer”)/‎abogada (“female lawyer”) + ‎-e → ‎abogade (“lawyer”)

Derived terms

Used to form gender-neutral words

• abogade (“lawyer”)
• abuele (“grandparent”)
• alumne (“student”)
• amigue (“friend”)
• argentine (“Argentinian”)
• enemigue (“enemy”)
• extranjere (“foreigner”)
• hermane (“sibling”)
• hije (“offspring”)
• latine (“someone of Latin American descent”)
• médique (“physician”)
• niete (“grandchild”)
• niñe (“child”)
• prime (“cousin”)
• sobrine (“nibling”)
• vecine (“neighbor”)

See also

• -a

Further reading

• “-e”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

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Swedish

Suffix

-e

1. Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
2. Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
3. Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
4. Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
5. Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
6. Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y

   ‎frukost (“breakfast”) + ‎-e → ‎frugge (“brekkie”)

   ‎fisk (“fish”) + ‎-e → ‎firre (“fishie”)

   ‎Jonatan (“Jonathan”) + ‎-e → ‎Jonte (nickname of Jonatan)

   Synonyms: -is, -a, -an

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Turkish

Alternative forms

• -ye, -a, -ya

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *-ke.

Suffix

-e

1. to (puts the word into the dative case)

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Tzotzil

Clitic

-e

1. Phrase-final clitic used when an article precedes at least one word.

   ti vinike ― the man

References

• Aissen, Judith (1987) Tzotzil Clause Structure, p. 3. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. →ISBN