Appendix:Urum Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Urum
Urum
1 I мен
2 you (singular) сен
3 he, she, it о
4 we биз
5 you (plural) сиз
6 they олар
7 this бу
8 that о
9 here бунда
10 there онда
11 who тим
12 what нэ
13 where нэрэдэ
14 when нэвахти
15 how нас
16 not йох
17 all олган
18 many велаат
19 some бир хач
20 few аз
21 other бахша
22 one бир
23 two эти
24 three уч
25 four дорт
26 five беш
27 big балабан
28 long узун
29 wide чен
30 thick шишман
31 heavy агыр
32 small кучук
33 short хысарых
34 narrow дар
35 thin инҗе
36 woman хары
37 man (adult male) адам
38 man (human being) йисан
39 child бала
40 wife хары
41 husband ходжа
42 mother ана
43 father баба
44 animal айван
45 fish балых
46 bird хуш
47 dog йит
48 louse бет
49 snake йылан
50 worm свалчан
51 tree дирек
52 forest даг
53 stick тайах
54 fruit йемиш
55 seed урлух
56 leaf йапрах
57 root тамур
58 bark (of a tree) хабух
59 flower чичек
60 grass от
61 rope бав
62 skin тэн
63 meat эт
64 blood хан
65 bone т'емик
66 fat (noun) йаҒ
67 egg йимырта
68 horn мойнуз
69 tail хурйуг
70 feather ханат
71 hair тэль
72 head баш
73 ear хулах
74 eye гоз
75 nose бурун
76 mouth агыз
77 tooth тыш
78 tongue (organ) дыль
79 fingernail тырнах
80 foot öкче
81 leg айах
82 knee диз
83 hand эль
84 wing ханат
85 belly ич
86 guts ичеклер
87 neck бойун
88 back арха
89 breast меме
90 heart йурегым
91 liver джиджер
92 to drink ичиль
93 to eat аша
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit тљкљрљш
97 to vomit хус
98 to blow љфљр
99 to breathe нефес ал
100 to laugh хахалда
101 to see кöр
102 to hear шит
103 to know биль
104 to think тÿшÿн
105 to smell
106 to fear хорх
107 to sleep
108 to live йаша
109 to die öль
110 to kill öльдÿр
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit ур
114 to cut т′ес
115 to split йар
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig хаз
119 to swim
120 to fly уч
121 to walk т′ез
122 to come т′ель
123 to lie (as in a bed) йат
124 to sit отур
125 to stand дур
126 to turn (intransitive) чевир
127 to fall йыхыл
128 to give вер
129 to hold тут
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash йув
133 to wipe силь
134 to pull чек
135 to push
136 to throw ат
137 to tie
138 to sew тит′
139 to count
140 to say ди
141 to sing йырла
142 to play ойн′а
143 to float йалдамайа
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water су
151 rain йагмур
152 river öзен
153 lake
154 sea дэнизе
155 salt туз
156 stone таш
157 sand
158 dust тоз
159 earth йер
160 cloud булут
161 fog
162 sky кöк
163 wind д′ель
164 snow хар
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 to burn йан
170 road йол
171 mountain даг
172 red хырмызы
173 green йешиль
174 yellow саары
175 white бьайз
176 black хара
177 night дедже
178 day кÿн
179 year йылда
180 warm
181 cold
182 full долу
183 new йени
184 old эсти
185 good йахши
186 bad йаман
187 rotten
188 dirty блашых
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet слах
195 dry хуру
196 correct
197 near йахын
198 far узах
199 right саг
200 left сол
201 at сÿт
202 in
203 with
204 and да
205 if
206 because
207 name ад
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)