也
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]也 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 心木 (PD), four-corner 44712, composition ⿻乜丨)
Derived characters
[edit]- 他, 吔, 地, 她, 弛, 彵, 忚, 扡, 池, 𮋭, 阤, 𤜣, 肔, 杝, 灺, 牠, 迆, 𥐨, 𦧇, 祂, 䄬, 毑, 䊶, 𦏸, 虵, 衪, 訑, 貤, 酏, 釶, 䪧, 馳, 䶔, 乸, 㐌, 㦾, 竾, 髢, 匜, 𥒃, 𮌊
- 𰀸
Descendants
[edit]- ㄝ (Zhuyin alphabet)
- ㆤ (Zhuyin alphabet)
- や (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ヤ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 171
- Dae Jaweon: page 170, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 50, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E5F
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 也 | |
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simp. # | 也 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 也 | |||
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Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
|
Old Chinese | |
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他 | *l̥ʰaːl |
拖 | *l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːls |
駞 | *l'aːl |
池 | *l'aːl, *l'al |
灺 | *ljalʔ |
鍦 | *ɦljaːl, *hljal, *hljals |
虵 | *ɦljal, *laːlʔ, *lal |
也 | *laːlʔ |
忚 | *hleːl |
髢 | *l'eːls |
杝 | *l̥ʰalʔ, *l'alʔ, *lal |
肔 | *l̥ʰalʔ, *lalʔ |
馳 | *l'al |
阤 | *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ |
施 | *hljal, *hljals |
絁 | *hljal |
葹 | *hljal |
弛 | *hljalʔ |
箷 | *lal |
衪 | *lel, *lalʔ |
暆 | *lel |
迆 | *lal, *lalʔ |
酏 | *lal, *lalʔ |
匜 | *lal, *lalʔ |
迤 | *lalʔ |
扡 | *lalʔ |
崺 | *lalʔ |
貤 | *lals, *ɦljels, *lels |
地 | *l'els |
Uncertain. There are various possible explanations:
- The traditional glyph origin given in Shuowen explains the character to be a pictogram (象形) of female genitalia.
- It is possibly a pictogram (象形) of an ancient funnel or wash basin. It may be an early form of 匜.
- It was once interchangeable with 它 and may have originated as a simplification.
- It may have been created to represent the modal particle (語氣詞/语气词 (yǔqìcí)). In some bronze inscriptions, it appears to be a mouth (口) with a curved line descending from it to represent air coming out of the mouth.
- It may have signified a big-headed scorpion with its legs flattened, signifying as something very "flat" or "stretched out".
Etymology
[edit]- classical sentence-ending copulative particle, topic particle
Unclear. Possibly Sino-Tibetan, connectable to Tibetan ལ (la), which is often used as a marker (for oblique locative, dative, possessor in constructions with a copula verb, etc.) but also a topicalizer like ནི (ni, “as for”) (Schuessler, 2007).
On the other hand, Pulleyblank (1995) notes the similarity with anteclassical 唯 (OC *ɢʷi) as a copula and a topicalizer.
- also, too, as well
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ye3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): е (i͡ə, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ia3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ie2
- Northern Min (KCR): ǎ / iǎ
- Eastern Min (BUC): iâ / iá
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6gha; 6gha; 6ye; 1a / 8ghaeq; 2gha; 1ie / 3ie; 6gha
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ia3 / ie3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yě
- Wade–Giles: yeh3
- Yale: yě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yee
- Palladius: е (je)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ye3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ie
- Sinological IPA (key): /iɛ⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: е (i͡ə, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iə⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jaa5
- Yale: yáh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jaa5
- Guangdong Romanization: ya5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jaː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ya4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ja²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ia3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ia²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya / yâ
- Hakka Romanization System: ia / iaˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ya4 / ya1
- Sinological IPA: /i̯a⁵⁵/, /i̯a²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya / yâ
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia / (r)iaˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ya4 / ya1
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a⁵⁵/, /(j)i̯a²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ie2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎ / iǎ
- Sinological IPA (key): /a²¹/, /ia²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- ǎ - vernacular;
- iǎ - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iâ / iá
- Sinological IPA (key): /iɑ²⁴²/, /iɑ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- iâ - vernacular;
- iá - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iǎ
- Tâi-lô: iǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ia²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, variant in Taiwan)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ǎ
- Tâi-lô: ǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /a²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- iā/iǎ/ā/ǎ - vernacular;
- iá - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ia7 / a7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iā / ā
- Sinological IPA (key): /ia¹¹/, /a¹¹/
- Wu
- 6gha (Shanghainese), 8ghaeq (Suzhounese) - as particle;
- 6gha (Shanghainese), 2gha (Suzhounese)- vernacular;
- 6gha & 6ye (Shanghainese), 1ie (Suzhounese) - literary;
- 1a (Shanghainese) - only in 也怕;
- 3ie (Hangzhounese)- main reading;
- 6gha (Hangzhounese) - younger speakers' alternative reading.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ia3 / ie3
- Sinological IPA (key): /i̯a̠⁴¹/, /i̯e̞⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: yaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*lAjʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*laːlʔ/
Definitions
[edit]也
- also; too; as well; (in negative sentences) neither; either
- Used for emphasis.
- (Classical) Particle used at the end of copular constructions involving a nominal predicate; to be (although not grammatically a verb)
- 我亦人也。 [Literary Chinese] ― Wǒ yì rén yě. [Pinyin] ― I am a person, too.
- Often used more loosely than the English copula to indicate a cause or relation.
- 桀紂之失天下也,失其民也;失其民者,失其心也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Jié Zhòu zhī shī tiānxià yě, shī qí mín yě; shī qí mín zhě, shī qí xīn yě. [Pinyin]
- That Jie and Zhou lost the empire was because they lost their people; that they lost their people was because they lost their hearts.
桀纣之失天下也,失其民也;失其民者,失其心也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Classical) Topic-marking particle used at the end of noun phrases.
- Synonym: 者 (zhě)
- 人之生也,固若是芒乎!其我獨芒,而人亦有不芒者乎! [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Rén zhī shēng yě, gù ruò shì máng hū! Qí wǒ dú máng, ér rén yì yǒu bù máng zhě hū! [Pinyin]
- As for a man's life, is it hazy like this all along? Or is it mine alone which is hazy, and there are others who are not?
人之生也,固若是芒乎!其我独芒,而人亦有不芒者乎! [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 凡法術之難行也,不獨萬乘,千乘亦然。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
- Fán fǎshù zhī nán xíng yě, bù dú wànchéng, qiānchéng yì rán. [Pinyin]
- Generally concerning the difficulty of carrying out the law, not only the imperial realm but kingdoms are also [faced with] this.
凡法术之难行也,不独万乘,千乘亦然。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- when, at the time of; especially commonly used for temporal topics, often as 及其……也.
- 昔者,魯昭公少喪其母,有慈母良。及其死也,公弗忍也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Xīzhě, Lǔ Zhāogōng shào sàng qí mǔ, yǒu címǔ liáng. Jí qí sǐ yě, gōng fú rěn yě. [Pinyin]
- Duke Zhao of Lu was once bereaved of his mother when he was a child, and had a foster mother who was kind. When she died, the Duke could not bear it.
昔者,鲁昭公少丧其母,有慈母良。及其死也,公弗忍也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Classical) Verb phrase-final particle marking continuous aspect, especially common for assertions of unchanging fact.
- 當是之時,堅車良馬不知貴也,刻鏤文采不知喜也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mozi, c. 4th century BCE
- Dāngshì zhī shí, jiānchē liángmǎ bù zhī guì yě, kèlòu wéncǎi bù zhī xǐ yě. [Pinyin]
- In that age, they did not find value in sturdy chariots and good horses; they did not find pleasure in carvings and adornments.
当是之时,坚车良马不知贵也,刻镂文采不知喜也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Teochew) if
- a surname. Ye
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 之乎者也 (zhīhūzhěyě)
- 也不盡然/也不尽然
- 也不見得/也不见得
- 也先
- 也克先拜巴扎 (Yěkèxiān Bàibāzhā)
- 也可
- 也好 (yěhǎo)
- 也是 (yěshì)
- 也曾
- 也未可知
- 也波
- 也罷/也罢 (yěbà)
- 也行
- 也許/也许 (yěxǔ)
- 也速該/也速该
- 也須/也须
- 也麼哥/也么哥
- 可也
- 撥風也似/拨风也似
- 斯也克 (Sīyěkè)
- 暴雷也似
- 死也瞑目
- 溜之乎也
- 潑天也似/泼天也似
- 空空如也 (kōngkōngrúyě)
- 箭也似的
- 維也納/维也纳 (Wéiyěnà)
- 色也克 (Sèyěkè)
- 英也爾/英也尔 (Yīngyě'ěr)
- 莫予毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
- 莫余毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
- 說也奇怪/说也奇怪
- 阿也
- 雞屎落塗,也有三寸煙/鸡屎落涂,也有三寸烟 (ke sái lo̍h thô͘, iā ū saⁿ chhùn ian) (Min Nan)
- 飛也似的/飞也似的
Further reading
[edit]- Caboara, Marco (2010) The particle ye 也 and related constructions in the Guodian manuscripts of IV century BCE (PhD)[1], University of Washington
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]As an alternative form of 迆:
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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也 |
なり Jinmeiyō |
kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
[edit]Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 也 (yě, copula).
Definitions
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 也 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 也, is an alternative spelling (terminal form) of the above term.) |
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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也 |
また Jinmeiyō |
kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
[edit]Orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 也 (yě, “also”). Probably an early modern innovation.
Definitions
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 也 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 也, is an alternative spelling (literary, uncommon) of the above term.) |
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
也 (eumhun 잇달을 야 (itdareul ya))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]也: Hán Việt readings: giã, dã
也: Nôm readings: dạ, dã, giã, rã
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
[edit]- Hồ Lê (1976). Bảng Tra Chữ Nôm. Hanoi: Viện Ngôn Ngữ Học.
- Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2014). Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Dẫn Giải (Nôm Characters with Quotations and Annotations). Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội (Social Sciences Publishing House).
- Williams, Noriko Kurosawa (2010). "The Key to Kanji". Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, Inc.
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