Appendix:Proto-Ring reconstructions
(Redirected from Appendix:List of Proto-Ring reconstructions)
The following list of Proto-Ring reconstructions is from Paulin (1995).
List
[edit]No. | Gloss | Proto-Ring |
---|---|---|
1 | animal | *ɲámè |
2 | ant (DROP) | |
3 | arm | *kɔ́ìn |
4 | ashes | *búd`, *dúmè |
5 | axe | *dàmú, *pɔ́ú |
6 | back | *dùmɛ́ |
7 | bag | *bòàdì, *tùèŋí |
8 | bamboo | *dúɛ̀ŋ |
9 | basket | *kùà, *púkò |
10 | bean | *kónì |
11 | bed | *kùná, *dúɔ̀ |
12 | bee | *dúdɔ̀ |
13 | beehive | *gùák |
14 | behind | *bám̀ |
15 | belly | *búŋɛ̀, *nùà, *dúà |
16 | belt | *kúɔ̀ |
17 | bird | *núnì |
18 | bleeding cup | *gúè, *túɔ́ŋí |
19 | blood | *dúŋá, *káŋù |
20 | body | *gúéǹ |
21 | bone | *gúpɛ́ |
22 | bow | *túŋá, *gòŋà |
23 | branch | *tám̀, *kúè |
24 | breast | *gínɛ̀, *dóɔ̀n |
25 | bridge | *dúà, *kúàk |
26 | bundle | *búkó |
27 | buttock | *tát`, *gúŋ |
28 | cadaver | *kúnɔ̀, *gùd |
29 | calabash | *tíɔ̀m |
30 | calabash 2 | *gùɔ̀ |
31 | cane rat | *dúdè |
32 | caterpillar (DROP) | |
33 | cave | *búkè, *tɛ́ŋɔ̀ |
34 | ceiling | *tán`, *káŋì, *túɔ́ŋí |
35 | charcoal | *kúɛ̀ |
36 | cheek / jaw | *gíɔ̀k, *díɔ̀k, *bók |
37 | chest | *gàŋtò, *dɔ̀kɔ́, *kàmɛ́dè |
38 | chief | *púɔ́nì, *túm |
39 | chief's palace | *tók` |
40 | child | *bùàní |
41 | clay (mud) | *tákɔ́ |
42 | cleverness / sense | *tɔ́pà |
43 | cloth(ing) | *dùé |
44 | cloud | *bàkɔ́ |
45 | cockroach (bigger) | *pɛ́ŋú |
46 | cocoyam | *dáŋ`, *kókìŋ |
47 | cooking stone | *túmɔ̀ |
48 | cornbeer | *káŋ´, *kùé |
49 | country | *dákɔ̀ |
50 | cowry | *gúkɛ́, *kádù |
51 | crab | *kímɔ́ |
52 | crack | *kákà, *páŋɔ̀, *dúà |
53 | cricket / whistle | *dùŋà, *tìtɛ́ |
54 | dance | *bínà |
55 | day | *túkɛ́ |
56 | daytime | *tùtì |
57 | death | *kúɔ̀, *gú` |
58 | dew | *múákà |
59 | dog | *búà |
60 | dream | *dímɔ̀ |
61 | dry season | *dɔ́mù |
62 | dus | *bín, *búdè |
63 | dwarf cow | *bɔ̀ŋò |
64 | ear | *túndé |
65 | egg | *gúmɔ̀ |
66 | elephant | *tàm, *nàmdì |
67 | eye | *túɛ̀ |
68 | face | *kúkà, *tútúm̀ |
69 | farm | *dùìmò, *gónì, *túmɔ́ / pók` |
70 | fat | *dúà, *kúàk |
71 | father | *bíàmá, *tí` |
72 | fence | *bàìŋ, *gɔ́kì |
73 | fig tree | *gúmà |
74 | fire | *bút` |
75 | fish | *tùá |
76 | fish hook | *tákɔ̀ |
77 | flesh | *dùà |
78 | fly | *dìà |
79 | foot | *gúdɔ̀ |
80 | forest | *kúɔ̀ |
81 | fruit | *tám´, *kàk |
82 | fufu / cornflour | *báìn |
83 | goat | *búmì, *dí |
84 | grasshopper | *gùnè, *tàŋí |
85 | grave | *túɛ̀ |
86 | ground | *tíɔ̀, *gɛ̀dí |
87 | groundnut | *bèádɛ̀ŋ, *tɔ̀ŋdí, *tɔ̀mbíé |
88 | hair | *núŋè |
89 | hand | *gúà |
90 | hand piano | *dóŋú, *búmɛ̀ |
91 | head | *túb` |
92 | headpad | *kádù |
93 | heart (liver) | *tómí, *tám, *pɔ̀ŋí |
94 | heel | *tìŋɔ́, *kìŋɔ̀, *bú |
95 | hen / fowl | *gúɛ̀, *búɛ́ |
96 | hill / mountain | *kúánì, *kák` |
97 | hoe | *púɛ̀, *túŋà |
98 | honey | *dúò |
99 | horn | *dáùŋ |
100 | hunger | *dúŋɛ̀ |
101 | husband | *dómù |
102 | illness | *kúákí, *dàŋ, *dúàp |
103 | intestines | *túkɔ́, *dùán |
104 | iron | *kát`, *túák, *búkó |
105 | journey | *dúdɛ̀, *bòdìŋ, *tók` |
106 | knee | *dútì |
107 | kola | *bíè |
108 | ladder | *kúkɔ̀ |
109 | lake | *múá, *dúkɛ̀, *ŋúè |
110 | leaf | *púkɔ̀, *gìáŋ |
111 | leg | *póní, *kúɔ̀ |
112 | length | *díàp |
113 | leprosy | *kùt, *tùàtì |
114 | lizard (DROP) | |
115 | locust | *gòmí, *bíŋɛ̀ |
116 | madness | *dúkà, *gènò |
117 | maggot | *gúdì, *núŋɔ́ |
118 | maize | *tɔ̀p, *gàté, *táŋ´ |
119 | man | *gùdí, *dúmà |
120 | market | *bónɛ́, *dɔ́ín |
121 | marrow | *bɔ́ŋ`, *kóŋé, *dúáŋ |
122 | mat | *gámò |
123 | medicine | *púɔ̀, *tíɛ́ |
124 | message | *tɔ́mù |
125 | money | *kúà |
126 | monkey | *kàín |
127 | moon | *dɔ́ŋ`, *ŋúè |
128 | mortar | *kúŋɛ́, *gúŋì |
129 | mother | *túmì, *nòní |
130 | mouth | *dúɔ̀ |
131 | mushroom | *gúkɔ̀, *bók, *dúká |
132 | name | *dítɔ́, *gíd´ |
133 | navel | *tɔ́ŋ |
134 | neck / throat | *tɔ́ŋú, *mɔ́ìŋ, *dɔ̀ŋ |
135 | new | *píkɛ̀ |
136 | night | *túgɔ́ |
137 | nose | *dúì, *tɔ́ŋ |
138 | oil | *gúdà |
139 | outside | *bɛ́nú |
140 | pain | *dàp`, *pɔ́dɔ́ |
141 | palm tree | *tóm, *bàŋ |
142 | path / road | *dùmó |
143 | pepper | *tútɛ́, *gúŋè, *báŋ |
144 | person | *gúdɔ̀ |
145 | pestle | *káŋù, *túké |
146 | pit | *búkɛ̀ |
147 | place | *dúkɛ̀ |
148 | plantain | *gòm, *púgà, *bók |
149 | porcupine | *gùmà, *nìnták |
150 | pot | *tɔ̀ìn, *kúgè, *tùà |
151 | potato | *dàtú |
152 | poverty | *dánì, *púpè |
153 | pumpkin (edible) | *búkò |
154 | pus | *púbì, *dúdɛ̀ |
155 | rain | *gúdɔ́ |
156 | rainy season | *bìŋɔ̀ |
157 | Raffia | *dúkà, *kàú |
158 | rat | *púdɛ̀, *tá` |
159 | root | *gáŋì |
160 | rope | *bak, *kùdè |
161 | salt | *gúàŋ, *túkɛ̀ |
162 | sand | *tútɛ́ |
163 | sheep | *dùɛ̀ |
164 | shoulder | *gɔ́m̀, *bòkà |
165 | side / piece | *bát`, *búkè |
166 | skin / hide | *gúɔ̀ |
167 | slave | *kùtà, *bùkò |
168 | smoke | *dúkɛ̀ |
169 | snail | *tákɔ̀ |
170 | snake | *dúà, *bàm |
171 | song | *dúmɛ́, *dìàŋ |
172 | spear / war | *góŋà |
173 | spoon | *tàs, *dúk` |
174 | squirrel (tree) | *túà, *gùà, *bùkò |
175 | squirrel (ground) | *tùŋà, *dùm / bònì, *kàdà / gùà |
176 | star | *dínɛ̀, *bɛ́dà, *tòá |
177 | stick | *dùŋà, *bàŋ, *túɛ́ |
178 | sting | *túà |
179 | stone 1 | *gòkɔ̀ |
180 | stone 2 | *tíá, *gúkà |
181 | stool | *kúkɔ̀, *dáŋ, *túé |
182 | strength | *díáká |
183 | sun | *túì, *dù, *ní |
184 | tail | *kɔ́nì, *táì |
185 | tear | *túɛ̀k |
186 | termite | *góké, *dúà |
187 | thing | *púà, *tíà |
188 | thorn | *dúŋɔ̀, *pàpí |
189 | tick | *kúpɔ́, *túáŋɔ̀ |
190 | time | *dúŋì, *núŋɔ́ |
191 | tobacco | *tíábáŋ, *dɔ̀bàké |
192 | today | *dánì |
193 | tongue | *dɔ́mì, *dídè |
194 | tooth | *túŋɔ̀, *góìk |
195 | trap | *tám`, *túák |
196 | tree | *kák`, *tíɛ́ |
197 | trouble | *gókɛ̀, *tútɛ̀ |
198 | trunk (of tree) | *tíŋɛ̀, *kák` |
199 | urine | *dúídò |
200 | valley | *búkɔ̀, *bàd, *kɔ́ín |
201 | vein | *gáŋ` |
202 | village | *tɔ́k, *bɔ́ì, *nák |
203 | voice | *gúà, *dìɔ̀ |
204 | water | *múɔ̀ |
205 | wildness (DROP) | |
206 | wind | *púɛ́pɔ̀, *kóŋgì |
207 | wine | *dúkè |
208 | wing | *gúò, *gáù |
209 | work | *pódà |
210 | wife | *dùí, *gúŋì, *kìí |
211 | woman | *dùɛ̀ní, *búdì, *kìí |
212 | xylophone | *dáŋí, *kàì |
213 | yam | *dúmɛ̀ |
214 | yam (sweet) | *dímɔ́ |
215 | yesterday | *dúɔ́nì |
216 | youth | *gúkà |
217 | accompany, to | *dùmɔ́, *bákín` |
218 | admire, to | *túɛ́m, *kò |
219 | answer / agree, to | *bóénì |
220 | ascend, to | *kúkɔ̀ |
221 | ask, to | *búpì |
222 | assemble / gather, to | *tìŋɔ̀, *kɔ́ŋi, *dúŋì |
223 | avoid, to | *bám`, *dúmà |
224 | (be) bad, to | *bɛ́pò |
225 | bake in ashes, to | *pòmɛ́, *tùá |
226 | bark, to | *búbà |
227 | beat, to | *tám`, *bútà |
228 | beg, to | *dɔ́ìn |
229 | begin, to | *dìmè, *kákɛ̀ |
230 | bend (over), to | *gúmá, *dúkè |
231 | (become) big, to | *dú, *gákɔ̀ |
232 | (give) birth, to | *búítɛ̀, *dí |
233 | bite, to | *dɔ́mù, *dúì |
234 | (become) bitter, to | *dúì |
235 | (become) black, to | *pínɔ̀, *díŋe |
236 | (become) blind, to | *pɛ̀pò |
237 | blow (mouth), to | *póɛ́p`, *tɔ́ŋ`, *dùé |
238 | blow (nose), to | *mɪ̀t, *pámɔ́ |
239 | break, to | *búkɛ̀, *kóɛ̀m |
240 | break wind, to | *bùtɛ, *tɪ́ɛ̀ |
241 | breathe, to | *dùà |
242 | burn, roast, to | *nùkɔ́, *tùàŋ |
243 | (get) burnt, to | *púmì, *kú` |
244 | buy, to | *dúénì |
245 | call / read, to | *tɔ́ŋá, *tíɔ̀ |
246 | carry (on head), to | *bòàkí |
247 | carve, to | *kɔ́m, *túpà |
248 | catch, to | *kúɔ̀ |
249 | choose, to | *túkɔ̀ |
250 | (get) clean / dawn, to | *dáìn, *dúɔ̀n |
251 | clear away (grass), to | *túámɛ̀ |
252 | come, to | *gùí, *bɔ̀ìn, *dúè |
253 | cook, to | *kùnà, *námì |
254 | cough, to | *kɔ́dì |
255 | count, to | *táŋ` |
256 | cover, to | *títɔ̀, *báŋɔ̀ |
257 | crawl, to | *gàndì |
258 | cross (river, road), to | *dìŋá |
259 | cry, to | *dèí, *gákì |
260 | cut down, to | *gúdɛ̀ |
261 | cut loose, to | *kák`, *tíádì, *dùàtì |
262 | dance, to | *bínɔ̀ |
263 | deceive, to | *dópà, *bòák |
264 | descend, to | *túkɔ̀ |
265 | die, to | *kúbɔ̀, *púó |
266 | dip (DROP), to | |
267 | divide, to | *gìàp, *dùá |
268 | drink, to | *nú`, *mú |
269 | drip, to | *tímà |
270 | drive away, to | *dúmà |
271 | (become) dry, to | *dúmò |
272 | eat 1, to | *dúɛ̀ |
273 | eat 2 (sth. to chew), to | *dámɔ̀, *tàm |
274 | enter, to | *dí`, *kúnɛ̀ |
275 | exchange, to | *kúɔ́pì |
276 | exit, to | *pú`, *mùá, *tíà |
277 | extinguish, to | *dímɔ̀ |
278 | fal, to | *búà, *gù, *pénà |
279 | fear, to | *pánì, *tíŋɔ́ |
280 | feed, to | *dídɔ̀ |
281 | find, search for, to | *káŋù |
282 | finish (tr.), to | *màí |
283 | finish (intr.), to | *màí |
284 | fling up earth, to | *túpà |
285 | fly, to | *tàìn, *pɛ́`, *dúá |
286 | fold, to | *gíàdí, *búkè |
287 | fry, to | *káŋì |
288 | get, to | *kídà |
289 | go, to | *dùɔ́, *gɔ̀í |
290 | (be) good, to | *dúpà, *báŋù |
291 | grind, to | *gùá, *bùá |
292 | groan / growl, to | *dùmá |
293 | harvest, to | *kúɛ̀k |
294 | hate, to | *bàní |
295 | hear, to | *dúà |
296 | heat, to | *dùmà, *nòm |
297 | heavy, to | *dúdɔ̀ |
298 | help, to | *gàm, *dàm |
299 | hide, to | *dɔ́nè |
300 | hit, to | *kúé, *dúiàk, *gád` |
301 | hold, to | *gàdɛ̀ |
302 | hook (hang), to | *dúŋ` |
303 | hunt, to | *búɛ̀m |
304 | imitate, to | *bùɛ́k, *tímà |
305 | become, to | *dɔ́mɛ̀ |
306 | itch, to | *dútɔ̀ |
307 | jump, to | *tàkí |
308 | kill, to | *dúèk |
309 | kneel, to | *gúkè, *dùdá |
310 | knot, to | *túŋ`, *páŋà, *ká |
311 | lack, to | *bóà, *gúà, *dánɛ̀ |
312 | laugh, to | *túkà |
313 | leave, to | *dùɔ̀, *túè, *nùdí |
314 | lick, to | *dóàk |
315 | lie (down), to | *nìŋɔ́ |
316 | live, to | *bòdí, *tíɛ̀, *mò´ |
317 | look after, to | *kínà, *dádì |
318 | (get) lost, to | *dàtí |
319 | (go) mad, to | *díkà, *gèn |
320 | make / do, to | *nàí, *gínɔ́ |
321 | marry (DROP?), to | |
322 | measure, to | *pɛ́kù |
323 | meet, to | *kɔ̀ìd, *bò, *bàk |
324 | mould, to | *búmà |
325 | (become) old, to | *búìn |
326 | open, to | *dùké, *nɔ́kà |
327 | open up / break open, to | *bòkɛ̀, *bàt |
328 | pass, to | *tùá |
329 | pay, to | *dàkɔ́ |
330 | peg out skin, to | *tòmá, *bàn, *dá |
331 | perspire, to | *dùgó |
332 | pick up (find sth. lost), to | *bɔ́ŋ`, *kómí |
333 | play, to | *dúmɛ̀, *tú` |
334 | (be) pleased, to | *táŋ, *dɔ́kí |
335 | pluck, to | *dòn, *túkɔ́ |
336 | pound, to | *túkò |
337 | pour, to | *tútì, *kádì |
338 | praise, to | *kɔ̀k, *gádí |
339 | press, to | *dúkɛ̀, *tàm |
340 | pull (up), to | *gùp, *tùŋé |
341 | put, to | *tɔ́mù, *dɛ̀mɔ̀, *kóŋ` |
342 | put away, to | *tàk, *dùdó |
343 | read, to | *dàŋ, *tɔ́ŋà |
344 | (be) red; ripen, to | *báŋ` |
345 | refuse, to | *dùk´, *tɔ́nì |
346 | resemble, to | *púdé |
347 | rest, to | *dùá |
348 | return, to | *káɛ́, *bùnà |
349 | rise up, to | *dùá, *kók |
350 | rot, to | *pòàdí, *tú` |
351 | rub, to | *dúɔ̀k, *kídé, *tùɔ̀dɛ́ |
352 | rub off, to | *dúkè, *túkó |
353 | rule, judge, to | *tákɔ̀ |
354 | run, to | *níŋà |
355 | scrape, to | *kómɛ̀, *dúèŋ |
356 | see, to | *kòkɔ́ |
357 | seize, to | *tàkɔ́, *báŋé |
358 | sell, to | *bǎdé, *pìéná |
359 | send, to | *túmò |
360 | sew, to | *tát`, *tɔ́mí |
361 | sharpen, to | *tópɛ̀ |
362 | shine, to | *báŋì |
363 | shoot, to | *túmɛ̀ |
364 | (become) short, to | *túmɛ̀, *kúpɛ́ |
365 | (become) sick, to | *dáŋ`, *kúák |
366 | show, to | *dùɔ̀ní |
367 | sift, to | *tìàkɛ́ |
368 | (be) silent, to | *túmé, *díà |
369 | sing, to | *dúmɛ̀ |
370 | sink, to | *mɛ́dì, *tók` |
371 | skin, to | *dùɛ́ |
372 | sleep, to | *bóŋì |
373 | (be) slippery / slide, to | *dúɛ́nì, *dá |
374 | smell, to | *dùɛ̀mí |
375 | snore, to | *kùá |
376 | speak, to | *dúátì, *gàŋí |
377 | spit, to | *túɔ̀ |
378 | split, to | *bàdì, *tánì, *dùák |
379 | spoil, to | *bɔ̀pá |
380 | spread; dry, to | *dá, *tàŋ |
381 | squeeze, to | *kámì, *nùká |
382 | stab, to | *túkɔ̀ |
383 | stand, to | *túɔ́mì |
384 | steal, to | *tɔ́ŋ`, *dók` |
385 | sting, to | *túà |
386 | (become), to | *táù, *gók |
387 | suck, to | *núŋà |
388 | (be) sufficient, to | *kɔ́ìn, *dɔ̀m |
389 | swallow, to | *mìɛ́ |
390 | swear (deny, refuse), to | *kàní, *gúkɔ |
391 | sweep, to | *dútà |
392 | swell, to | *mùdɔ́ |
393 | swing, to | *dòŋí, *gùàŋá, *mìɛ̀ |
394 | take, to | *píɛ̀, *dùɛ́ |
395 | tear, to | *tát`, *bát` |
396 | tell, to | *pɔ́kì, *dàŋí |
397 | tell (a story), to | *dàí, *mòá |
398 | thatch, to | *dútá, *púè |
399 | think, to | *kùàk, *mɔ̀ŋí |
400 | throw (DROP), to | |
401 | throw away, to | *màkí |
402 | tie (up), to | *kúdɔ̀, *túŋ` |
403 | tie together (DROP), to | *kúdɔ̀ |
404 | (be) tired, to | *búdɔ̀ |
405 | touch, to | *kòm`, *màmí |
406 | travel, to | *bòí, *dùdɛ́ |
407 | tremble, to | *túŋì |
408 | try, to | *mómɔ̀ |
409 | turn, to | *bɛ̀nì, *kɔ̀mè |
410 | twist / wring, to | *púkɛ̀, *gáb, *túɔ́ŋì |
411 | uproot, to | *túkɔ̀ |
412 | urinate, to | *bùó, *díŋɛ̀ |
413 | wander about, to | *gánì, *dàká |
414 | want / like, to | *kɔ́ŋò, *díá |
415 | wash, to | *tùɔ́k |
416 | weave, to | *báò |
417 | weed, to | *dù, *túɔ́dè |
418 | (be) white, to | *púpè |
419 | work, to | *pɛ̀àdd, *pùàk |
420 | wrap up, to | *dímɛ́, *kádì |
421 | write, to | *nìák, *tùmá |
422 | yawn, to | *dùàtí, *gá` |
423 | one | *mòk |
424 | two | *bóà |
425 | three | *tád, *tíɔ̀ |
426 | four | *kùá, *tùàk |
427 | five | *tánì |
428 | six | *tùbá |
429 | seven | *tùàmbóà |
430 | eight | *pàmé |
431 | nine | *tàndùò, *búdàmɔ̀k |
432 | ten | *gúmɔ̀ |
433 | hundred | *bùmà, *gúɛ́ |
434 | what? | *gáò, *kòɛ̀ |
435 | where? | *páí, *gúáŋ |
436 | who? | *dòá |
71a | feather | *gúdà, *túŋì |
80a | friend | *tɔ́ní, *dɔ́ŋ`, *pún |
99a | house | *dáù, *gèŋù |
102a | inside | *tɛ́íŋà, *múmɛ̀ |
160a | saliva | *túà, *dùè |
186a | thief | *dókɔ̀, *tɔ̀ŋ |
203a | war | *tám |
288a | give, to | *púà, *kùɛ́ |
332a | pick fruit, to | *kɔ̀ní |
60' | drum | *kák` |
106' | knife | *nù |
310' | know, to | *kúɛ̀dí |
412' | vomit, to | *dàŋɛ̀ |
References
[edit]- Paulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2.