This is a Swadesh list of words in Masurian , compared with definitions in English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Masurianmazurská gádkä edit (182) 1 I (1sg )já 2 you (2sg )ti 3 he , she , it (3sg )ón 4 we (1pl )mi 5 you (2pl )wi 6 they (3pl )óni , ónÿ , óne 7 this tén 8 that ôwtén , tamtén 9 here ajwo , ajw , tu 10 there tam , tamój 11 who chto 12 what co 13 where gdżie , kiéni 14 when kiedi 15 how jek 16 not nie 17 all wsÿstek , wszio , wsÿśtko , wsÿtko 18 many ziele , sziła 19 some kilkä , kila , ksÿne 20 few mało , niesziła 21 other insÿ , inaksÿ , jénsÿ , drugi 22 one jedén 23 two dwa 24 three trżi 25 four sztéri 26 five psiéncz 27 big duzÿ , srogi , walnÿ , zielgi 28 long dłudzki , długi 29 wide séroki 30 thick grubi , grubski 31 heavy cziénzki 32 small małi 33 short krótki 34 narrow wónski 35 thin cziénki 36 woman bziáłkä , kobziéta 37 man (adult male)chłop 38 man (human being)cłoziek , cłek 39 child bach , dżiecko , dżiecz , dżiecziuk 40 wife bziáłkä 41 husband chłop 42 mother matkä 43 father ôcziec 44 animal zziérż , stworżénie 45 fish riba 46 bird pták 47 dog psies 48 louse wes , wsa , lojza 49 snake wónz 50 worm robák 51 tree scep 52 forest bór 53 stick kijec , knébel 54 fruit ôwoc 55 seed żiárno , żiárko 56 leaf list , liszcz 57 root korżéń , wurcel 58 bark (of a tree)kóra , kora 59 flower ksiát 60 grass tráwa 61 rope prowóz 62 skin skóra 63 meat nieso , niénso 64 blood kréw 65 bone gnát 66 fat (noun)fét , tłusc 67 egg jájko , jejko 68 horn róg 69 tail ôgón 70 feather psióro 71 hair włos 72 head głowa 73 ear ûcho 74 eye ôko 75 nose nos 76 mouth lepi 77 tooth zómb 78 tongue (organ)jénzÿk 79 fingernail pazor , paznokecz , paznokcz 80 foot 81 leg nogä 82 knee kolano 83 hand rénkä 84 wing skrżidło 85 belly bełch , bełk , zÿwot 86 guts wnéntrnoszczie , bebechi 87 neck sÿja 88 back bari 89 breast psiérsz 90 heart sérce 91 liver cziénzká wóntroba 92 to drink psicz 93 to eat jeszcz 94 to bite griżcz 95 to suck 96 to spit plucz 97 to vomit bóntowacz 98 to blow dmuchäcz 99 to breathe ôddichäcz , dichäcz 100 to laugh szniácz 101 to see zidżiécz 102 to hear słisécz 103 to know ziedżiécz 104 to think miszlécz 105 to smell cucz 106 to fear bojécz , lénkäcz 107 to sleep spacz 108 to live zÿcz 109 to die pomrżécz , zemrżécz , ûmrżécz , zdechnóncz 110 to kill zabzicz 111 to fight walcÿcz , kämpfowacz 112 to hunt jachtowacz , jájtowacz 113 to hit buchäcz 114 to cut 115 to split 116 to stab 117 to scratch 118 to dig 119 to swim płiwacz 120 to fly furacz 121 to walk chodżicz , iszcz 122 to come prżijszcz 123 to lie (as in a bed) lezécz 124 to sit szedżiécz 125 to stand stojécz 126 to turn (intransitive) 127 to fall 128 to give dawacz 129 to hold 130 to squeeze 131 to rub 132 to wash 133 to wipe 134 to pull czióngnóncz 135 to push pchäcz 136 to throw cziskäcz 137 to tie ziónzacz 138 to sew sÿcz 139 to count rachowacz 140 to say mózicz , rżec 141 to sing spsiéwacz 142 to play 143 to float 144 to flow 145 to freeze 146 to swell 147 sun słónko 148 moon nieszióndz , ksziénzÿc 149 star gziázdä 150 water woda 151 rain désc 152 river rżékä 153 lake jeżióro 154 sea morże 155 salt sól 156 stone käniéń 157 sand psiásek 158 dust kurżawa 159 earth żiéń , żiéniá 160 cloud ôbłok , ôbłocek 161 fog mgła 162 sky niebo 163 wind zietrż 164 snow szniég 165 ice lód 166 smoke dim 167 fire ôgiéń 168 ash popsiół , aszia 169 to burn 170 road drogä 171 mountain góra 172 red cérwónÿ 173 green żielónÿ 174 yellow zołti 175 white bziáłi 176 black cárnÿ 177 night noc 178 day dżiéń 179 year rok 180 warm cziepłi 181 cold żimnÿ 182 full pełnÿ 183 new nowi 184 old stari 185 good dobri 186 bad lichi , złi 187 rotten 188 dirty cárnÿ , brudnÿ 189 straight 190 round 191 sharp (as a knife)fatki 192 dull (as a knife)193 smooth 194 wet mokri 195 dry suchi 196 correct richticnÿ , prawi 197 near bliski 198 far daléki 199 right prawo 200 left léwo 201 at prżi , û 202 in w , we 203 with z , ze 204 and i 205 if eszli 206 because bo 207 name niano , nazisko , náma
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template )