Appendix:Juba Arabic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Juba Arabic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Juba Arabic
Arabi Juba
1 I ana
2 you (singular) ita
3 he, she, it uwo
4 we anina
5 you (plural) itakum
6 they umon
7 this de
8 that dak
9 here ini
10 there inak
11 who munu
12 what sunu
13 where wen
14 when miten
15 how kef
16 not la, ma
17 all kulu
18 many ketir
19 some shuwiya
20 few besit
21 other tanin
22 one wahid
23 two itnin
24 three talata
25 four arba
26 five kamsa
27 big kebir
28 long towil
29 wide wasi
30 thick semin
31 heavy tegil
32 small suker
33 short guser
34 narrow deyik
35 thin jogot
36 woman mara
37 man (adult male) rajil
38 man (human being) zol
39 child jena
40 wife mara
41 husband rajil
42 mother uma
43 father abu
44 animal hayuwan
45 fish samaga
46 bird ter
47 dog kelib
48 louse gomur
49 snake debiba
50 worm dudu
51 tree shejera
52 forest kibira
53 stick kashab
asaya
54 fruit fawaki
55 seed ena
bizira
56 leaf korofo shejera
57 root juzur
58 bark (of a tree) gisir
59 flower juhur
60 grass gesh
61 rope habil
62 skin gilid
63 meat laham
64 blood dom
65 bone adum
66 fat (noun) zet
67 egg bergideda
68 horn gurun
69 tail danaba
70 feather suf
71 hair shaar
72 head ras
73 ear adana
74 eye ena
75 nose anafa
76 mouth kasma
77 tooth sunun
78 tongue (organ) lisan
79 fingernail dufur
80 foot kura
81 leg kura
82 knee rukuba
83 hand ida
84 wing jina
85 belly batna
86 guts musuran
87 neck ragabtu
88 back dahar
89 breast sudur
90 heart gelba
91 liver kibda
92 to drink asurubu
93 to eat akulu
94 to bite adi
95 to suck juru
96 to spit tufu
97 to vomit aturusu
98 to blow afuku
99 to breathe nefes
100 to laugh ataku
101 to see ainu
102 to hear asuma
103 to know arufu
104 to think fekir
105 to smell sumu
106 to fear kafu
107 to sleep num
108 to live geni
109 to die mutu
110 to kill katulu
111 to fight shakil
112 to hunt ruwa fi duwar
113 to hit dugu
114 to cut gata
115 to split gesimu
116 to stab atanu
117 to scratch ang-gurusu
118 to dig afura
119 to swim humu
120 to fly tiri
121 to walk masi
122 to come ja
123 to lie (as in a bed) num
124 to sit geni
125 to stand wogif
126 to turn (intransitive) lifu
127 to fall wagga
128 to give wodi
129 to hold amsuku
130 to squeeze asuru
131 to rub masa
132 to wash kasulu
133 to wipe masa
134 to pull juru
135 to push lizu
136 to throw jada
137 to tie robutu
138 to sew keetu
139 to count idu
140 to say kelim
141 to sing guna
142 to play alabu
143 to float gini ras moyo
144 to flow kubu
145 to freeze jemid
146 to swell worimu
147 sun semis
148 moon gamara
149 star nijma
150 water moyo
151 rain motoro
152 river bahar
153 lake buhera
154 sea bahar
155 salt mile
156 stone hajer
157 sand rumla
158 dust gubar
159 earth ard
160 cloud sihab
161 fog rotuba
162 sky sama
163 wind hawa
164 snow telij
165 ice telij
166 smoke kofurot
dukan
167 fire nar
168 ash rumaat
169 to burn aragu
170 road sika
171 mountain jebel
172 red amer
173 green aghdar
174 yellow asfar
175 white abiyad
176 black asuwed
177 night bilel
178 day nahar
179 year sena
180 warm sukuun
181 cold barid
182 full maliyan
183 new jediid
184 old gadiim
185 good kweys
186 bad bataal
187 rotten afin
188 dirty waskaan
189 straight adil
190 round gulung gulung
191 sharp (as a knife) senin
192 dull (as a knife) ma senin
193 smooth nayim
194 wet moyo moyo
195 dry yebis
196 correct sa
197 near geriib
198 far beyid
199 right sa
200 left samal
201 at fi
202 in juwa
203 with ma
204 and wu
205 if kan
206 because ashan
207 name isim

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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