Appendix:Varieties of Arabic Swadesh lists
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This is a Swadesh list of Arabic languages, specifically Arabic, Najdi Arabic, Gulf Arabic, North Levantine Arabic, Iraqi Arabic, North Mesopotamian Arabic, Yemeni Arabic, Dhofari Arabic, Cypriot Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Sudanese Arabic, Chadian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Hassaniya Arabic and Maltese, compared with that of English. In this case, the language of Arabic refers to Standard Arabic (MSA).
Presentation
[edit]This list of words was devised by the linguist Morris Swadesh. He used it as a means of determining the closeness of any pair of languages. It is a useful list of the most common words that are essential to most languages (and may be used in learning basic communication in other languages—even multiple languages at once—since, for basic communication, vocabulary is generally more useful than a knowledge of the target language’s syntax [it is even possible to learn basic communication with no knowledge of the target language’s syntax]). For a basis to expand this list into other languages see Wiktionary:Swadesh template
For other Swadesh lists, see Appendix:Swadesh list.
Notes on choice of cognates:
Due to the unique situation of diglossia in the Arabic-speaking world, there is no written standard for any of the modern spoken varieties of Arabic (except Maltese). Due to this lack of regulation, the languages are prone to change relatively quickly in most cases. In addition to this, the line between formal vs. informal speech is blurred and more of a continuum, loanwords from the higher variety, i.e. MSA, are in and out of use depending on context, and many terms and expressions are viewed as part of the native speaker's lexicon even if they would never naturally use those terms in their everyday life.
All of this creates a difficult situation for creating accurate lists to reflect cognates in dialect families and so this approach was decided upon:
- If a term for the cognate exists in this variety and is a commonly used "type" of the cognate in question, it is included: e.g. Dhofari "gūhara" is included because an "incisor" is a type of tooth; Iraqi "manxar" is not included because a "nostril" is not a type of nose.
- If a synonym for a cognate is proved to be a classicism and/or borrowing from MSA and is not as common as a native/classically-derived term, it is not included: e.g. Egyptian "famm" meaning "mouth", Iraqi "θɑ̄ni" meaning "other", & Sanaani "laʔenn" meaning "because". These synonyms exist in each respective variety but they are usually associated with formal speech or set expressions and so are readily viewed as "fɑṣīħ" i.e. pure or "high" language.
- If a term for a cognate in a special condition/situation could be described in one word if a native speaker is made to do so, then it is included: e.g. Dhofari "sargīga" meaning "large fire" vs Egyptian "ħarīˀa-gbīra" literally meaning "large" "fire".
- The decision to include a term for a cognate is determined (1) by how common it is in the variety in question, (2) how characteristic it is for that variety, (3) and if there are any specific usages/terms particular to that variety that should be mentioned. There may be terms that exist in a variety that were not included due to this process. It is noteworthy to explain that due to the nature of Arabic, if all possible terms for cognates were included, barring foreign loanwords and pronunciation, all lists will be almost exactly the same.
- This list compares Modern Standard Arabic with various Arabic varieties and not Classical or Quranic Arabic. This is important to note as this list is not meant to display a historical evolution from classical to dialect, but rather show a degree of diversity between Arabic varieties with their diglossic high variety beside them. Therefore, some terms which exist in Classical/Quranic Arabic that may very well exist in various varieties, were not included as these words would be considered just short of obsolete (or at the very least awkward, bookish and/or dated). Other terms have gained a specific meaning in MSA that was not necessarily there in Classical Arabic. For example, most Arabic dictionaries list حوت as a synonym for 'whale'; in Classical Arabic, it was mostly translated simply as 'fish' (albeit a large one). This is understandable as there was likely no taxonomic designation separating large fish from whales at the time, and so its definition referring strictly to a whale in almost all instances, is characteristic of the modern world, and therefore, characteristic of Modern Standard Arabic.
Transcription
[edit]Notes on Romanization:
- a, ɑ, e, i, o and u correspond respectively to [a] or [ä] or [æ], [ɑ], [ɪ] or [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].
- â, é, ă correspond respectively to [ɒː], [e], and [ʌ]. Vowels with a breve are brought to a low-mid articulation.
- ā, ɑ̄, ē, ī, ō and ū correspond to the aformentioned vowel sounds but with a long vowel length. [aː], [ɑː], [ɛː] or [eː], [iː], [ɔː], [uː]
- b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y and z correspond to their phonological equivalents in English for the most part.
- θ is used to transcribe a voiceless dental fricative. In at least one variety (i.e. Hassaniya Arabic), it can be partially voiced, resembling but still being distinct from [ð]. [θ] or [θ̬]
- ð is used to transcribe a voiced dental fricative. [ð]
- j is used to transcribe a voiced postalveolar affricate. [d͡ʒ]
- g is used to transcribe a voiced velar stop. In some varieties, it is a voiced uvular stop (e.g. Sudanese). [ɡ] or [ɢ]
- ğ corresponds to the Classical Arabic rendition of ج which is still preserved in a few varieties. It is somewhere between j and y. [ɟ] or [ɡʲ]
- x is used to transcribe a voiceless uvular fricative. In some varieties, it is velar (e.g. Tunisian), others post-velar (e.g. Levantine), and others uvular (e.g. San'ani). [x] or [χ]
- ġ is used to transcribe a voiced uvular fricative. In some varieties, it is velar (e.g. Tunisian), others post-velar (e.g. Levantine), and others uvular (e.g. San'ani). [ɣ] or [ʁ]
- š is used to transcribe a voiceless postalveolar fricative. [ʃ]
- č is used to transcribe a voiceless postalveolar affricate. [t͡ʃ]
- ž is used to transcribe a voiced postalveolar fricative. [ʒ]
- q is used to transcribe a voiceless uvular stop ق. [q]
- ħ is used to transcribe a voiceless pharyngeal fricative ح. In some varieties, it is an epiglottal trill (e.g. Baghdad). [ħ] or [ʜ]
- ʕ is used to transcribe the voiced pharyngeal fricative ع. In some varieties, it is an approximant (e.g. Cairo) while in others it is an epiglottal trill (e.g. Baghdad). [ʕ̞] or [ʕ] or [ʢ]
- ʔ is used to transcribe a glottal stop. In some words in specific varieties, a glottal stop can be elided. [ʔ]
- . underneath a letter indicates it is emphatic. e.g. [tˤ], [sˤ], [ðˤ], etc.
- See Maltese alphabet for information on Maltese orthography used in this table.
In addition to the above-mentioned phonemes, most Arabic varieties have many allophonic phonemes. This list does not seek to distinguish between marginal phonemes if it does not change the meaning nor the Arabic spelling of a word. This transcription key was created to create an accurate picture of Arabic phonology as a whole in addition to still making it accessible to the average reader. Therefore, if you would like to make edits to this page, we ask that you use the transcription key/style above as to not confuse readers who may not know how to read pure IPA.
- (do) - direct object
- (m) - masculine
- (f) - feminine
- (abstract) -
- (coarse) -
- (pedantic) -
I
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | North Levantine (Central/Beirut) | Baghdadi (Central Iraq) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a) | Dhofari (Dhofar) | Cypriot (Kormakitis) | Egyptian (Delta) | Sudanese (Khartoum) | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian (Tunis) | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Moroccan (Northern pre-Hilalian) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ʔanā | ana | ɑ̄na | ʔɑnɑ, ʔana | ʔɑ̄nī | anɑ̄ | ʔane(h) | ānā | ana | ana, dana (statements) | ana | ana | ēna | anɑ, anayɑ | āna | āna | jien |
| 2 | you (singular) |
ʔanta (m), ʔant(i) | ənta (m), ənti (f) | entɑ (m), enti (f) | entɑ (m), ente (f) | ente (m), enti (f) | ăntɑ (m), ăntē (f) | ant (m), anti (f) | intɑ (m), inti (f) | int (m), inti (f) | enta (m), enti (f) | intɑ (m), inti (f) | inta, inte (m), inti (f) | inti | ntɑ, ntayɑ (m), nti, ntiyɑ (f) | ntina | (ă)nta (m), (ă)ntiyya (f) | int, inti |
| 3 | he | huwa | huww(a) | (ə)hu | huwwe | huwwɑ | ōwe, -we | hū | hō | uo | howwɑ | hū | hū | huwwā | həwɑ́ | huwwa | huwwɑ, hūwɑ | huwa |
| 4 | we | naħnu, ʔinnā | əħna, (ħ)ənnā | neħen | nɑħnɑ̄ | eħne | niħnɑ̄ | əħnə(h) | naħana | naxni | eħna | (n)eħna | ʔanīna | (n)aħnā | ħnɑ, ħnayɑ | ħna | (n)ăħna (m), (n)ăħnāti (f) | aħna |
| 5 | you (plural) |
ʔantum (m), ʔantunna (f) | əntum (m), ənten (f) | entu (m), enten (f) | ʔento | entu (m), enten (f) | ăntim | anto | intū (m), intēn (f) | intu | entu | intu | intu(m) | (i)ntūma | ntumɑ | ntūma | (ă)ntūmɑ (m), ntūmāti (f) | intom |
| 6 | they | hum (m), hunna (f) | humm (m), hənn (f) | (ə)hum (m), (ə)hen (f) | hennē | huṃṃɑ (m), heṇṇ (f) | hăyyəm, imme | hom (m), hen (f) | hum (m), hēn (f) | innen | homma | hum (m), hun (f, rare) | human (m/f), hinna (f, rare) | hūma | humɑ | hūma | hūṃɑ (m), hūmāti (f) | huma |
| 7 | this | hāðā (m), hāðihī (f) | (hā)ða (m), (hā)ði (f) | hɑ̄ða (m), hɑ̄ði (f) | haydɑ (m), hayde (f) | hɑ̄ðɑ (m), hīātā (f) | hāðā (m), hɑ̄y (f) | ð̣ɑyyɑ̄h (m), tayyih (f) | hāðī | aða (m), aðī (f) | da(h) (m), di(h) (f) | da (m), de(h) (f) | dā (m), dī (f) | hēða, hēðēya (m), hēði (f) | hada (m), hadi (f) | hāda (m), hādi (f) | (hā)ðɑ (m), (hā)ði (f) | dan (m), din (f) |
| 8 | that | ðālika (m), tilka (f), tīka (f) | (ha)ðāk (m), (ha)ðīk (f) | haðɑ̄k (m), hāðīč (f) | haydīk (m), hīdēk (f) | ðɑ̄kɑ (m), ðíeče (f) | hăðēk (m), hăðīk (f) | ð̣ɑyyik (m), tayyik (f) | hāðāk (m), hāðīk (f) | áðak (m), áðik (f) | dawwat (m), dayyat (f), (variants) dawwan, dawwak, dawwa, etc. | dāk (m), dēk (f) | dāk (m), dīk (f) | hēðēka (m), hēðīka (f), hēðūkum (p) | hadak, dak (m), hadik, dik (f) | hadāk (m), hadīk (f) | ðāk, ðowk-huwwa (m), ðīk, ðēk-hiyyɑ (f) | dak (m), dik (f) |
| 9 | here | hunā | fiðā, həna | əhni | hown ~ hōn | əhnɑ̄na, əhnɑ̄ | hūnī, hăwn | hāna | hinnī | ɑwnɑ, annaxula | hena; aho, henaho(wwat) (m), ahe, henahe(yyat) (f) | hina | hine | hūnī, hnē, lennā | hnɑ, hnayɑ | hna | hūn, hūnāti(yya) | hawn |
| 10 | there | hunāka, θamma | fiðāk, hənāk | əhnɑ̄k | honīk | ġɑ̄d | ġādi | hānāk | hinnāk | ɑwnké, axulla | henāk, yahō (more yonder) | hināk | hināk | ġādī | təmmɑ | tamma | vamm, vammāti(yyɑ), lhēh, howk (yonder) | hemm(hekk) |
| 11 | who | man | mən | men | mīn | manū | mənu | man | mīn | men | mīn | minu | yātu | škūn | škun | škūn | mən (verbal phrases), mǝnhu (nominal phrases) | min |
| 12 | what | mā, māða (before verbs), (bi) ʔayyi šayʔin (lit. (with) what thing) | weš(u) | (w)ēš, šū, šenu | šu, ʔēš | šen(h)u, šə- | ăšū | meh, ʔayš, ʔayy (more which) | ēš | aš | ʔē(h) | šinu, ʔē(h) | šunu, yātu (more who) | šnuwwa (m), šneyya (f), šnūma (p) | aš, ašnu | šnu, šenni | š(ə)- (verbs), -āš (prep., phrase-finally), šənhu (nominal phrases) | x’, x’inhu, (għal)xiex |
| 13 | where | ʔayna | wein | wēn | weyn ~ wēn | wíen | wǎyṣɑb, wĭn | (w)ayn | fēn, ħēn | ayn | fēn | wēn | wēn | wīn, fīn | fin | fīn | mneyn, weyn | fejn |
| 14 | when | matā | meta | meta | ēmtɑ | šwaket | ăšwaqet | (f)ayyəħīn, mata | mta | miten | emta | mitēn | mata | waqtēš, waqtē | fuqaš, imta | fuqtāš | eynta | meta |
| 15 | how | kayfa | keif ~ t͡sēf, (we)šlōn | čēf | kīf | šlōn | ăšōn | kayf | kē(f) | kif, aššikl | ezzāy | kēf(in), izzāy | (ki)kēf | kīfēš, kīfē | ki, kifaš | kifāš | bism il-ħīla | kif |
| 16 | not | laysa (m), laysat (f), mā, lā (imperfect/verbs), lam (perfect/verbs), lan (future/verbs) | mū(b), ma (verbs), la (imper.) | mu, mōb, ma (verbs), lā (imper.) | meš, mu, mɑ (verbs) | mū, mɑ (verbs), lɑ̄ (imper.) | mâ | māš, ma...š (verbs), lɑ̄ (imper.), ġayr (adjectives) | mā, lōb, lɑ̄ (imper.) | la, má-, máy | meš (occasionally used as a modal verb), moš, ma...š (verbs) | ma, muš (only adjectives) | mā | mūš (frequently used as a modal verb), ma...š (verbs, some adjectives and nouns) | maši, ma...š (verbs) | ma...šay , ma...ši | mā, lā (imper.), māhu (nominal phrases) | mhux, ma...x (verbs) |
| 17 | all | kull(a/i), kāmil, jamīʕ(u) | kell(e), jəmīʕ | kell(e) | kell | kull | kill, kāməl | kull, ğāmiʕ(iyyih) | kull | kull | koll(e) | kull | kulla | (l)kul | kul, geʕ | kāmlin | kāməl, kāmlīn | kull |
| 18 | many | kaθīr | wājid, kəθīr | wɑ̄yed | ktīr | (ə)hwɑ̄ya | ksīġ | xɑyrɑ̄t, ziyādih | wāgid, kiθīr, hazbīt | xtīr | ketīr | katīr | katīr | barša, yēser | bəzzaf | bazzaf | yāsər | ħafna |
| 19 | some | bɑʕḍ, kam min | baʕð̣, t͡sam ~ čam, xaṭw | bɑʕð̣ | bɑʕɑḍ, šweyy | šwayyɑ, bɑʕɑð̣ | băʕð̣, šwăyyi | zɑ̄rɑt, bɑʕð̣ | baʕð | xayč | š(e)wayya, kemmeyya | bɑʕd | š(w)iyya | šwayya | ši, šwiyyɑ | ši | ši | xi |
II
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | few | qɑlīl (min) | gəlīl, šwayya, ṭirf | gelīl, šwayya | ʔɑlīl, šwayy, natfe, əntūfe/nattūfe (diminutive) | čam, šwayyɑ, qɑlīl | šwiyyōni, pərčōni | galīl, šwayyih | šwī, bɑðɑʕ, qɑlīl | fitté, šfé | ʔolayyel | galīl, šwiyya | š(w)iyya, baˀed | šwayya, tarf | qlil, ši | šweyy, gleyyǝl | ftit |
| 21 | other | ʔāxɑr, ġɑyr | θāni, ġēr | θɑ̄ni, xlɑ̄f | tēne, ġēr | lux, llāx | əllāx | šī, θāni, ġayr | θānī | axar | tāni | tāni | lʔāxar | lēxer | axəṛ | ăwxər | ieħor |
| 22 | one | wāħid(un) (m), wāħida(tun) (f) | wāħid (m), weħde (f) | wɑ̄ħed (m), weħde (f) | wɑ̄ħɑd (m), wɑħde (f) | wɑħed (m), weħde (f) | wīħəd (m), wiħdi (f) | wāħid (m), wāħidih (f) | wāħad (m), wāħada (f) | (v)exen (m), (v)exte (f) | wāħed (m), waħda (f) | wɑ̄ħed (m), weħde (f) | wāhid (m), wahde (f) | wēħid (m), wāħda (f), wāħdīn (p) | waħed (m), weħdɑ (f), weħdin (p) | wāħid (m), waħda (f) | wieħed (m), waħda (f), waħdiet (p) |
| 23 | two | ʔiθnān(i) (m), ʔiθnatān (f); (oblique case) ʔiθnayn(i) (m), ʔiθnatayn(i) (f) | əθnēn (m), θəntíen (f) | θnēn (m), θəntēn (f) | tⁿeyn ~ tⁿēn (m/f), tintēn (f) | θníen (m), θəntíen (f) | θnīn (m), θintīen (f) | (ʔi)θnayn (m), θintayn (f) | θnēn (m), θantēn (f) | xnayn | etnēn | etnēn | tinēn (m), tittēn (f) | zūz, θnīn | žuž, tnin (only for >10) | iθ̬nayn (m), θ̬intayn (f) | tnejn, żewġ (construct form) |
| 24 | three | θalāθa(tun) | θalāθ(a) | θalɑ̄θa | tlāte ~ t͡ɬāte, klāte | tlɑ̄θa ~ t͡ɬɑ̄θa | θāθi | θalāθah | θalāθa | tlaθe | talāta | talɑ̄tɑ | talāta | tlēθa, θlēθa | tlatɑ | (ə)θ̬lāθ̬a | tlieta |
| 25 | four | ʔarbaʕa(tun) | ʔarbaʕ(a) | ʔɑrbɑʕa | ʔɑrbʕɑ | ɑrbʕɑ | ūbaʕ | ʔɑrbɑʕɑh | arbaʕa | árpăʕa | ɑrbɑʕɑ | ɑrbɑʕɑ | arba | (ʔă)rbʕā | ṛəbʕa | ărbʕa | erbgħa |
| 26 | five | xamsa(tun) | xams(a) | xamsɑ | xɑmse | xuṃsɑ | xăms(ă)i | xamsih | xumsa | xampse | xamsa | xamsɑ | xamsa | xamsa | xəmsɑ | xămsa | ħamsa |
| 27 | big | kabīr | t͡səbīr ~ kəbīr | č(e)bīr, ʕōd, k(a)bīr | kbīr | čebíeṛ | kbīġ | kabīr | kibīr | kpīr | kebīr | kabīr | kabīr | kbīr | kbir | əkbīr | kbir |
| 28 | long | ṭɑwīl | ṭuwīl | ṭɑwīl | ṭɑwīl | ṭɑwíel | ṭăwīl | ṭɑwīl | ṭɑwīl | tvīl | twīl | ṭɑwīel | tɑwīl | twīl | ṭwil | əṭwīl | twil |
| 29 | wide | wāsiʕ, raħīb, ʕɑrīḍ (more broad) | wāseʕ, ʕarīð̣ | wɑ̄seʕ, ʕarīð̣ | ʕɑrīḍ, wēseʕ | ʕɑṛīð̣, wɑ̄seʕ | rāhi, wēsiʕ | fsaħ, wāsiʕ | wāseʕ, ʕɑrīð | fsīʕi | wāseʕ | wɑ̄sɑʕ | wasī | ʕrīð̣, wēsaʕ (more spacious) | waseʕ | wāsəʕ | wiesa’ |
| 30 | thick | ġɑlīð̣, θaxīn (more for materials), samīk (more stout) | matíen | metīn | smīk, ətxīn | θəxīn, mčabben | θăxīn | matīn, ġazīr | matīn, ġlīð̣ | ʕɑpi | texīn | tɑxīn | samīn | xšīn, ġlīð̣ | ġliḍ | ġlīð̣, qlīð̣ (also 'religious') | oħxon |
| 31 | heavy | θaqīl | θagīl | θagīl | tʔīl | θegīl | θăqīl | θagīl, jawr, razīn (more wise) | θiqīl, ħarīr | θkīl | teʔīl | tɑgīl | tɑgīl | rzīn | tqil | əθ̬gīl | tqil |
| 32 | small | ṣɑġīr | ṣuġēr ~ ṣəġīr | zɑġīr, ṣɑġīr | ṣġīr ~ zġīr | zġɑyyeṛ | ɘṣġɑyyəġ | zɑġīr, zuġayri | ṣɑġīr | zěʕīr | soġɑnnɑn, soġɑyyɑr, soġɑntūt (more young) | suġɑyyɑr | saxayyar | ṣġīr | ṣġiṛ | sqīr, sqayyǝr, sġīr, sġayyǝr | żgħir, ċkejken |
| 33 | short | qɑṣīr | gəṣīr | gaṣīr | ʔsīr | gṣɑyyeṛ | qăṣiyyəġ | gaṣīr | qaṣʕūr, qaṣīr, kašīħ | xmīn | ʔosɑyyɑr | guṣɑyyɑr | gisɑyyɑr | qṣīr | qṣiṛ | gṣayyǝr | qasir |
| 34 | narrow | ḍɑyyiq | ð̣əyyid͡z ~ ð̣əyyig, ṣəxīf | ṣexīf, ð̣ɑyyig | dayyiʔ | geṣīf, ð̣ɑyyig | ð̣ɑyyiq | ð̣ɑyyig, ħawīṣ | ð̣iyyaq | dayyeʔ, medayyaʔ (more tight) | dɑyyig | dayyig | ð̣iyyiq | ḍiyyəq | ð̣eyyig | dejjaq | |
| 35 | thin | rɑqīq, rafīʕ, naħīf (more fine) | dəgīg, ð̣əʕīf (more weak) | dejīj, ð̣ʕīf (more weak) | mɑmṣūʕ, nɑħīf, rʔīʔ | mɑṣwi, refīʕ | ġăqīq | naħīf, rafīʕ | ħaṭīṭ, gašūf | mǎʕaer, θkīk | rofɑyyɑʕ, neħīf | rigeyyig, naħīf | bɑ̄til | žwayyid, ð̣ʕīf | nħif, rqiq | rgīg, rgeyyǝg | rqiq |
| 36 | woman | imrɑʔa, al-mɑrʔa (the woman) | ħŭrma, mɑre(h) | ħurma | mɑrɑ | mɑrɑ, mrayya | mɑġɑ, mɑġiyyi | mɑrih, ħurma, maklaf | mɑrɑ | mɑrɑ | sett, wleyya (coarse) | mɑrɑ, zōlɑ (more female person) | mara | mra | mṛɑ | mṛɑ | mara |
| 37 | man (adult male) |
rɑjul | rajjāl | rayyɑ̄l | režžāl, zɑlɑme (inf) | rejjɑ̄l | ġijīl | rağğāl | riggīl, riggāl | intsán | rɑ̄gel | zōl, rɑ̄ğil | rajul, rājil | rāžil | ṛāžəl | aragāž, rɑ̄žəl | raġel |
| 38 | man (human being) |
ʔinsān, nafɑr, šɑxṣ (more person), bašɑr (humankind), nafs (more self), ʔibn ʔādam (literally Son of Adam) | šaxes, ʔādmi, bašar, ʔensān | ʔɑ̄dmi, nafs, ʔensɑ̄n, ʔeben ʔɑ̄dam | šaxṣ, bɑšɑr, ʔensān, bənēdɑm (uncommon) | ʔɑ̄dmi, bašɑr, ʔensɑ̄n, banyɑ̄dam | ʔādmi, ənsān, bɑšɑr | bašar, ʔādami, ʔinsān | ādami, hūdār | intsán | baniʔādam, ʔensān, nɑfɑr (more person), šɑxṣ (more individual) | zōl, nɑfɑr, ʔinsɑ̄n | nādum | ʕabəd, bašar, insēn | (ʔi)nsan, bnadem, rqaba, bɑšɑr | aragāž, mnādǝm | bniedem, uman |
| 39 | child (a youth) |
ṭifl (also infant), walad | walad, bazer, ʕayyel | yɑ̄hel, bazer, ʕayyel | wɑlɑd, ṭefel (more infant) | jɑ̄hel | ʕijī, wɑlɑd | ğāhil | gāhal | morós, vilt | ʕayyel, ṭefl (more infant) | šāfiʕ, ğanna, ṭefl (more infant) | wlēd | ṭful, fazġūl, zaġzūġ, ðerri | darri | īššīr, ṭfeyl | tifel |
III
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | wife | zawja, imrɑʔa (more woman), ħurma (more unit of harem) | ħurma, ħermet-, mʕazzeba(h) | mɑṛɑ, murt-, ħuṛma | mɑrɑ, mɑrt-, zowži, ħormi (chiefly Muslim) | mɑrɑ, mɑrt-, ʔahal | ð̣iġɑ, mɑġɑ | marih, zawğa, ṭɑbīnah (second wife), ð̣urrɑh (second wife) | zōga | mprɑt- | merɑ̄t-, zōga | mɑrɑ, zōğa | mara, mart- | mra, mart- | mṛɑt- | ʕyāl, mūlāt il-xayma, maṛt- | mara |
| 41 | husband | baʕl, zawj, rɑjul (more man) | rɑ̄jil | rɑjel, rəyl- | žowz ~ žōz | rɑjel, zōj | zăwj | zawğ | zōg | žɑwz, intsán | gōz | zōj, rɑ̄ğil | rājil | rāžil | ṛɑžəl | mūlā l-xayma, ṛāžǝl- | żewġ, raġel |
| 42 | mother | ʔumm | umm | ʔuṃṃ | ʔemm | (ə)ṃṃ, ʔuṃṃ | ʔimm | ʔumm | umm | umm | mɑmt-, omm | umm | ʔum | um | ṃṃʷ-, umm | uṃṃ, wālda | omm |
| 43 | father | ʔabb, ʔabā- | ʔubō-, ʔabb | ʔubū-, ʔɑbb | bey- | abū-, abb | ăbō-, ˀabb | ʔabb, ʔabū- | ōb | yapát- | bɑbɑ̄-, abū-, ʔɑbb | abū- | ʔabba, ʔabu- | bū- | bu-, ḅḅʷɑ | bu, wālǝd | missier |
| 44 | animal | ħaywān, dābba (beasts of burden), bahīma (beast) | ħayawān | ħayawɑ̄n, sɑ̄nya (beasts of burden) | ħɑywān, dābbi | ħaywɑ̄n | ħăywān | ħayawān, dābbih | našara, ħēwān | xeván | ħayawān | bahīma, ħayawɑ̄n (also pejorative), waħš (wild animal) | hayawān | ħayawēn | ħəywan | ħăywān, baxnūs (wild animal) | annimal, bhima |
| 45 | fish | samaka, ħūt (any large fish, more whale), ṣɑyd (catch of fish) | samakah | smičɑ | semke | semča | sămăki | samakih, ṣɑyd, ħūtih (also whale) | samaka, ṣēd, bābṭīni (small) | samaka | samaka | hūt | ħūta | ħutɑ | ħūt | ħuta | |
| 46 | bird | ṭɑ̄ʔir, ʕaṣfūrɑ (sparrow) | ʕaṣfūr (usu. small), ṭēṛ (zool.) | ṭēr | ṭɑyr, ʔɑṣfūr (usu. small) | ṭēṛ, ʕaṣfūr (small only) | ṭɑyġ | ṭɑ̄yir | ðʕār | ʕɑsfūrɑ, ṭēr (zool., archaic) | ṭēr, ʕasfūr (usu. small), zarzūr (small) | tɑyrɑ̄y | ˁaṣfūr | bəṛṭɑl | ṭăyr | għasfur | |
| 47 | dog | kalb | t͡salb ~ kalb | čalb | kalb | čaleb | kalib | kalb | kelb | kilp, kyopek | kalb | kalib, garzan (hunting), šalag (non-hunting, lap-dog) | kelib | kalb | kəlb | kălb | kelb |
| 48 | louse | qamla | gamlah | gamla | ʔamle | gamḷa | qămli | deðrī, gummalih | šnīt | kample | ʔamlāya | gamla, ṣɑwɑ̄bɑ | gemel | qamla | qəmlɑ | dămla | qamla |
| 49 | snake | ħayya, θuʕbān (any serpent), ħanaš (viper, adder), ʔafʕa (poisonous) | dābb, ħayyeh (poisonous) | dāb, ħanaš (poisonous) | ħayyi | ħayya, ħyɑ̄yɑ, ṣeḷḷ (small), ʕerbīd (large) | ħăyyi | ħanaš | ħanīš, ṣell (small) | ʕɑfɑ | teʕbān | θuʕbɑ̄n, dɑbīb | dābi, debīb | ħnaš, lafʕa | ħənš, lfʕa | ħnaš, ṣăffɑ̄r (venomous) | serp, lifgħa |
| 50 | worm | dūda | dūdah | dūd | dūdi, sūsi | salbūħ, dūd | ăġdɑ | dūdah, wagzih, taʕālih, ħūt (more fish, whale) | dūd | tut (silkworm) | dūda | dūdɑ | dūda | dūda | duda | dūd | dudu, ħanex (earthworm) |
| 51 | tree | šajarɑ | šejarɑ(h) | šyɑṛɑ | sižre | šajarɑ, šejrɑ (more squash, bush, shrub) | sijăġɑ | šeğarih | šagara | ðentra | šɑgɑrɑ | šeğɑrɑ | šɑdɑrɑ̄y | šužra, sužra | šəžṛa | ṣadṛɑ̄ya | siġra |
| 52 | forest | ġāba, ħirš (more thicket) | ġɑ̄bɑ | ġɑ̄ba | ħerš, ġābe | ġɑ̄ba | ġāba | ġābah | ġāba | ġɑ̄bɑ | (bakān) šeder ketīr fī | ġāba | ġaba | ġābe, ʕŭgda (also thicket) | foresta, masġar | ||
| 53 | stick (of wood) |
ʕaṣɑ̄, ʕūd (also piece of wood), ħaṭɑb (piece of firewood) | ʕɑṣɑ, məd͡zlāb ~ mɘglāb | ʕūd, ʕačwɑ | ʕɑṣɑ̄(ye) | ʕūda, ħɑṭbɑ (also firewood), līṭɑ (thin) | ʕɑṣɑ̄yi, ʕŭdi | ʕuṣyah, ʕūdih (also root) | ʕōd, qubb, marqūṣ (large), bākūra (small) | ʕɑssɑ | ʕɑṣɑ̄yɑ | ʕɑṣɑ | hatab, ʔasāya | ʕṣā, lūħa, ʕūda (thin) | qṭib, ʕṣɑ | dəbbūs | bastun, għasluġ, ħatar |
| 54 | fruit | fākiha, fawākih (plural), θamarɑ | fɑ̄kihɑ | fɑ̄k(e)ha, mīwɑ | fwāki | mēwɑ, fɑ̄kehɑ | fākihi, mīwi | fākiha | famara | fekye (more dried fruit) | fakha | sɑmɑr, fɑ̄kha | yalda, ʔiyāl (p) | ġalla | dessiġ, ġəllɑ, fakyɑ | ləħdaž, θ̬ămra | frott |
| 55 | seed | zarʕ, ħabba, biðra, bizr | ʕajmah | bɑdɑr, bazir | bezr | bazra, bɑðrɑ, ħabba | baziġ, ħăbb, ʕəjo (more pit) | ħabbih, baðarih | biðara | pizr | bezr, taʔāwi | tirɑ̄b, tɑgɑ̄wi, bazr (pedantic) | tērāb, bizre | zurrīʕa, qalb | zərriʕa, ʕḍəm (more pit) | žǝgrāž | żerriegħa |
| 56 | leaf | waraqɑ | waragah | wruga, xōṣ (palm) | wɑrʔɑ | warga | waġăqɑ | waragih | ħūṣɑ | fíllo, varka | waraʔet šɑgɑr | waraga | waršāl, warga | warqa | wəṛqɑ | waṛga | werqa |
| 57 | root | jaðr, ʕirq (also artery) | jaðer | ʕirj, jaðer | šerš | ʕereg | jăðiġ, ʕiriq | ğiðr, ʕūdih (also stick) | giðar | gedr | ğazr, ʕerg | ʔirig | ʕirq | ždər, loħ | ʕǐrg | għerq | |
| 58 | bark (of tree) |
liħāʔ, qilf | jedeʕ, ħaṭɑb (more wood) | ħeṭɑb (more wood), yedeʕ (more branch) | ʔešri | gešer | qišiġ | gišrih | qišara | gedʕ(a) | gišrɑ, girf | girf | qišra | qəšṛa | gušra | qoxra | |
| 59 | flower | zahrɑ, ward (rose) | zahrah | zahra | zɑhrɑ | wared, warda | wăġdāyi | zahrah | zɑhɑrɑ, warada | vɑrté | warda | zahra, nɑwwɑ̄r | nuwār | nawwāra, warda | nuwwɑ́ṛɑ | nəwwɑ̄r | fjura, nawra |
IV
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 | grass | ʕušb, ħašīš (also Cannabis) | ʕešb, nīda, rabīʕ (first grass in spring) | ʕešeb, ħašīš, rɑbīʕ (more spring) | ħašīš, ʕošb | θayyel, ʕešeb (more pasture) | ħăšīš | ħašīš, ʕušb | ħašīš, kutīl (common type) | šxéx, tšeˁīr | negīla | gašš, umɑṣɑ̄biʕa (desert grass), tarba (water grass), najīla (water grass) | geš | ħšīš | rbiʕ | rbīʕa, ɑlɑmūz (more straw) | ħaxix |
| 61 | rope | ħabl | ħabel | ħabel | ħabl | ħabel | ħabil | salabih, ħabl | bāra, ħbāl | xɑpl | ħabl | ħabl | habil | ħbal | ṭwɑl, ħbəl, kurdɑ (thin) | ħbăl | ħabel |
| 62 | skin (of a person) |
jild, bašarɑ (more complexion) | jeld | yeld, bašara (more complexion) | bašara, želd (usually leather) | jeled | jilid | ğild, bašarih (more complexion) | gild | geld | ğeld | jild, farwa | žilda | žəld | žəll | ġilda | |
| 63 | meat (as in flesh) |
laħm | laħam | laħam | lɑħm | laħam | laħim | šerkih, laħm | laħam | láxm | laħma | laħm | leham | lħam | lħam | lħăm | laħam |
| 64 | blood | damm | damm | damm | damm | damm | dămm | dam | damm | timm | damm | damm | damm | dam | dam | dămm | demm |
| 65 | bone | ʕɑð̣m | ʕeðəm | ʕɑð̣ṃ(ɑ) | ʕɑḍmi | ʕɑð̣uṃ, čaʕab (also bottom, end; more for animals) | ʕăð̣im | ʕuð̣mih | ʕɑð̣im | ʕɑḍm(ɑ) | ʕɑḍm | ʔadem | ʕð̣am | ʕḍem | ʕð̣ăm | għadma | |
| 66 | fat (noun) |
samn, dahn, šaħm (also grease) | dehen, šaħm | dehen, šaħam | šaħm, dahn | dasam, šaħam | šəħim | šaħm, duhn | qaṭmīm, mašaħ | toxn | šaħm, dehn, laħma bēḍɑ | dihn, šaħm | dihin, samen | šħam | šħem | šħam | xaħam, simna |
| 67 | egg | bayḍɑ | bíeð̣ah | bēð̣a | bɑyḍɑ | bíeð̣ɑ | bĭð̣a | bayð̣ɑh | bēð̣a | peð | bēḍɑ | bēḍɑ | bēda | ʕað̣ma | biḍɑ | bayð̣ɑ | bajda |
| 68 | horn | qɑrn | garn ~ d͡zarn | gɑrn | ʔɑrn | geren | qăġin | garn | qaran | ʔɑrn | gɑrn | gurn | garn | qərn | găṛn | qarn | |
| 69 | tail | ðanab, ðayl | ðanab | ðēl | daneb | ðíel | ðĭl | sublih, ðayl | ðēl | tumpye | dēl | danab | danab | baʕbūṣ, ðīl | šwwal, zɑnṭiṭ | sbīb, nəwwāša, āgilāl (horses) | denb |
| 70 | feather (rather not down) |
rīša | rīšah | rīša | rīše | rīša | ġīšāyi | rīšah | rīša | rīša | rīš | rīša, sūf | rīša | riša | rīša | rixa | |
| 71 | hair | šaʕr | šaʕar | šaʕar | šɑʕer | šaʕar | sɑʕeġ | ṣūf, šaʕr | šaʕar | šaxvé, šaʕar (pubic) | šɑʕr | šɑʕr | šaʔur | šʕar | šəʕrɑ | zġab, zqab, šăʕra (pubic) | xagħar |
| 72 | head | rɑʔs | ṛɑ̄s | ṛɑ̄s | rɑ̄s | rɑ̄s, ṣmɑ̄x (somewhat coarse) | ġɑ̄ṣ | rɑʔs, rɑ̄s | rās | mox | demāġ, rɑ̄s (more top of the head), nafūx (coarse) | rɑ̄s | ras | rās | rɑs | ṛɑ̄ṣ, ṛɑ̄s | ras |
| 73 | ear | ʔuðun | ʔeðen | ʔeðen | deyne, edn | ʔīðɑ̄n, ʔeðen | əðin | ʔeðn, ʔuðn | ðin | iðn | wedn | ɑdɑ̄n | uden | wðin | wdən | ūðŭn | widna |
| 74 | eye | ʕayn | ʕēn | ʕēn | ʕɑyn | ʕēn | ʕĭen | ʕayn | ʕēn | ʕɑyn | ʕēn | ʕayn | ʔēn | ʕīn | ʕin | ʕăyn | għajn |
| 75 | nose | ʔanf | xašim | xašem | manxɑr | xašem | xăšim | nuxrih | xušum | mɑxúr | maraxīr | nɑxrɑ | muxer | xšam, mnēxer (abstract, coarse) | nif | xnāvĭr | mnieħer |
| 76 | mouth | famm | θemm, ħalg, famm | būz, θamm, ħalj (coarse) | temm | ħaleg | θimm | lugf, fumm | θōm | xank | boʔʔ, ħanak (animals, coarse) | xašm | xašem | žalġa, fum | fumm | ṿumm | ħalq, fomm |
| 77 | tooth (rather not molar) |
sinna, ḍirs (molar) | ð̣irs, sinn (not molars, pedantic) | ð̣ers, senn (not molars, pedantic) | senn | senn | sin, čāġōši (more molar) | ð̣irs (most teeth, molars), sĕnnih (incisor) | ðars, gūhara (incisors), mɑṭɑ̄ħɑn (molar) | sinn | senna | senn | senn | sinna, zarṣa (molar) | dərsɑ, sɘnnɑ (not molars, pedantic) | sănn (incisor), ḍars (molar) | sinna |
| 78 | tongue | lisān | lsān | lesɑ̄n | lsān | əlsɑ̄n | əlsūn | lisān | lisān | san | lesān | lisɑ̄n | lisān | lsēn | lsan | lsān | lsien |
| 79 | fingernail | ð̣ifr, ð̣ufr | ð̣əfer | ð̣ufer | defr | ʔeð̣fer | ʔəð̣feġ | ʔuð̣fur, ð̣ufr | ð̣ɑ̄fūr | ðufr | dɑ̄fer, dofr | ḍufur | dufr | ð̣far, ð̣for | ḍfər | ð̣fər | difer |
V
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | foot | qɑdam, rijl | rijil | jadam, rīl | ežr | rejel | ġijil | gadam, riğl | qadam, kaff | ižr | regl | kurɑ̄ʕ, reğl | kurā, rijl | sēq | ržəl | krāʕ, ržǝl | sieq |
| 81 | leg | sāq, rijl (more foot) | rijil | rīl, krɑ̄ʕ (esp. animals) | ežr, režl | rejel, krɑ̄ʕ (animals), pɑ̄yɑ (objects) | ṣāq | riğl, sāg | sāq, rigl | ižr | regl | kurɑ̄ʕ, reğl | kurā, sag | ržil, sēq | ržəl | ṣāg (lower), gāyma (upper), krāʕ (foot or the whole limb) | riġel |
| 82 | knee | rukba | rikbah | ričba, rukba | rekbe | rukbɑ | ġəkbay | rukbih | rikba | rokba | rukba | rukba | rukba | rukbɑ | rŭkba | rkoppa | |
| 83 | hand | yadd | kaff, īd, yəd | īd, yed | ʔīd | īd | īd | yad | yadd | it | ʔīd | yad, ʔīd- | id | yid | yədd | eyd | id |
| 84 | wing | janāħ | janāħ | janāħ | žēneħ | əjnɑ̄ħ | əjnâħ | ğanāħ | genāħ | ğɑnɑ̄ħ | jenāh | žnēħ | žənħ | žnāħ | ġewnaħ | ||
| 85 | belly | bɑṭɑn, miʕda (medical) | bɑṭn | karš, bɑṭen | bɑṭn, meʕde | bɑṭeṇ | bɑṭin, kiriš | bɑṭn, karš (more guts) | bɑṭɑn, qɑrš | pɑtn | bɑṭn, meʕda | bɑṭn, karš | beten | kirš, meʕda | meʕda, bṭen, kərš | kirš (belly), žŏwf (stomach) | żaqq |
| 86 | guts | ʔamʕāʔ, ʔaħšāʔ, muṣrɑ̄n, mɑṣɑ̄rīn (plural) | məṣrɑ̄n | muṣrɑ̄n | mɑṣɑrīn | mṣɑ̄rīn, menbɑ̄ṛ (animals) | măṣīġīn | mɑṣɑ̄rīn, karš | mɑ̄ṣūr | psarín | ħaša, mɑsɑrīn | ʔamʕɑ̄ʔ, mɑṣɑrīn (more animals) | musurān | bzīz, mṣārin | məṣrɑn | mṣɑ̄rīn | msaren |
| 87 | neck | ʕanq, raqaba | ʕelba | rguba | rɑʔbe | rugbɑ, ʕuneg | ġăqqabi | ragabih, rugbih | raqba, ħalq | raġbé | raʔaba | ragaba | regaba | raqbā, krūmā (more nape) | ʕənq | ragba | għonq |
| 88 | back | ð̣ahar, qufā | ð̣ɑhɑr | ð̣ɑher | dɑhr, ʔɑfɑ (more nape) | ð̣ɑhɑr, guf̣ɑ (abstract) | ð̣ɑheġ | gafā, ð̣ɑhr (more abstract) | ð̣ɑhɑr | ðɑxr | dɑhr | ḍɑhr | dahr | ð̣hɑr | ḍhər, llur | ð̣hər, gfa, llūrɑ (more behind) | dahar |
| 89 | breast | θadiy, nahad, ṣidr (more chest) | nəhad, ṣɑdur (also chest) | dēd, ṣɑder (also chest) | ṣedr (also chest), bezz (coarse) | dēs, θedɑ (more udder) | ṣɑdeġ | ð̣ɑrrih, ṣɑdr (more abstract), bizz (more udder) | θawīd, dīdaʕ (lactating) | ʔɑpp, pizz, suðr (more chest) | bezz, nehd (usu. young women), sedr (more chest) | ṣɑdr, nahad (young woman), šɑṭur (older woman) | dēd | bazzūla | bəzzulɑ | băzzūla | sider, żejża |
| 90 | heart | qɑlb, fuʔād (also liver; poetic) | gaḷb | gaḷb | ʔalb | gaḷuḅ, (ə)f̣f̣ɑ̄d, del (abstract) | ffɑ̄d, qălib | galb | qɑlb (human), gōf (animal) | kɑlp | ʔalb | galb | gelb | qalb | qəlb | gălb | qalb |
| 91 | liver | kabad, fuʔād (also heart; poetic) | t͡sab(ə)d ~ kab(ə)d | čab(ə)d | kebed | kabed, meʕlāg (more food) | kabad, mĕʕlāq lăħmɑġ | kabid | kibda | kaspé | kebd, kebda (more food) | kibdɑ | kebd | kibda | kəbdɑ | kăbda | fwied |
| 92 | to drink | šariba | šereb | šereb | šereb | šerab | šiġib | širib | šrāb | širep | šereb | šereb | šereb | šrab | šrəb | šrəb | xorob |
| 93 | to eat | ʔakala | akal | kal | ʔɑkɑl | īākūl | ʔăkal | (ʔa)kal | kil | kel | kal | ʔakal | akel | klē | kla | kāl (pr. tense yowkǝl) | kiel |
| 94 | to bite | ʕɑḍḍɑ | ʕɑð̣ð̣ | ʕɑð̣ð̣ | ʕɑḍḍ | ʕɑð̣ð̣ | ʕăð̣ð̣ | gaħaṣ, lɑgɑṣ (more from animals) | ʕɑð̣ð̣ | ʕɑðð | ʕɑdd, ˀɑtɑm (more bite off) | ʕɑḍḍ, lɑgɑm | ʔadd | gdim, ʔað̣ð̣ (more from animals) | gdəm, ʕəḍḍ | ʕăð̣ð̣ | gidem |
| 95 | to suck | mɑṣṣ, rɑḍiʕa (more suckle) | mɑṣṣ | mɑṣṣ | mɑṣṣ, mɑʔʔ | mɑṣmɑṣ, mɑṣṣ | mɑṣ | mɑṣmɑṣ, mɑṣṣ | rð̣āʕ | ðirʕé, mɑss | mɑṣṣ | mɑṣṣ | mass, radī (more suckle) | mɑṣṣ, rð̣aʕ (suckle) | məṣṣ | măṣṣ, rð̣aʕ (suckle) | seff, reda’ |
| 96 | to spit | baṣɑqa | tefal, bezag | bɑzɑʔ | tefal, taffal | tafal | dafal, bazag (for qat) | bzāq | pizek | taff | bazag | bazaġ | bzaq, tfil | bzəq | tfəl, dvǝl, băẓẓag (noisily) | beżaq | |
| 97 | to vomit | qɑ̄ʔɑ, taqayyaʔa, istafrɑġa | zɑ̄ʕ | nɑṭɑʔ, ražʕɑ | zɑwwɑʕ, tqɑyyɑ | ˀəstənfăʕ, zɑwwɑʕ, tqɑyyɑ | ṭɑrɑš, gað̣ɑf | radd, zɑʕ | ražžʕé, staffʕé | raggaʕ, ṭɑrreš (coarse) | gidif, istɑfrɑġ | dafag | rad | gəll, rədd, ruwwəʕ | gðǝf, rŭdd | qala’ | |
| 98 | to blow (as wind) |
tanassama, habba, nafaxɑ | habb, nufax | nefax, haff | ṭeleʕ, nɑfɑx | habb, nufax | nafax | nafax | nafax | nafax | nafax, nassem (breeze) | nɑfɑx, habb | nafax | nfax | ṣɑṭ | nvăx | nefaħ |
| 99 | to breathe | tanaffasa, tanassama | nafas, tnaffas | tnaffas | tnɑffɑs | tnaffas | tnăffas, jăġ năfăs | tnaffas | nīsam, tnaffas | etnaffes | tenaffas | tenaffas | tnaffis | tnəffəs, ṭəllaʕ nnəfəs | tnăffas | ħa n-nifs |
VI
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | to laugh | ḍɑħika | ð̣aħt͡s ~ ð̣aħak | ð̣eħač | ḍɑħɑk | ð̣eħak, kɑrkɑr (noisily) | ð̣iħik | ð̣iħik, tikaʕkaʕ (nosily) | ð̣ħāk, kɑrkɑr | taxak | daħak (also smile), karkaʕ (burst out laughing) | daħik | dehek | ð̣ħak, kaššax | ḍħak, kakɑ | ð̣ħăk | daħaq, daħak |
| 101 | to see | rɑʔā, bɑṣirɑ | šāf | čɑ̄f | šāf | šɑ̄f | ġišiʕ | ʔibsɑr | šāf, ħāli | kišʕé, ra | šāf | nɑẓɑr, šɑ̄f | šāf | šāf, rā | šaf | šāv, ṛāʕi v- | ra |
| 102 | to hear | samiʕa | samiʕ | semaʕ | sɑmɑʕ | semaʕ | simiʕ | simiʕ | smāʕ | simʕé | semeʕ | semeʕ | semī | smaʕ | sməʕ | smăʕ | sema’ |
| 103 | to know (a fact) |
darɑ (facts), ʕalima (aware), ʕarifa (people) | dara (facts), xabar (aware), ʕarif (people) | derɑ (facts), ʕerɑf (people, skills) | ʕaref ~ ʕeref, deri (aware) | derɑ (facts), šeʕɑr (events, aware; also feel), ʕerɑf (people, skills, events) | ʕiġif | deri (facts), ħafɑð̣ (languages, skills; also memorize, guard), ʕirif, ʕilim (people, events, facts) | dirā (facts), ʕrɑ̄f (people) | ʕiref | ʕeref | xeber (aware), ʕirif | ʔaref | ʕraf | ʕrəf | ʕrɑf | jaf |
| 104 | to think | ħasiba, ʔiʕtaqɑda (more suppose), fakkara, ð̣ɑnna (suppose) | feker, haga (opinion), ð̣ɑnn (more presume) | fakkir, ð̣ɑnn (more presume) | fakker, ʕtɑʔɑd (more consider) | ʕteqɑd (also presume), fakker, ṣufan, tfɑṭṭan (more recall), ð̣ɑnn (more presume) | fakkar | fakkar, ð̣ɑnn (more presume) | gaʕan, fakkar, qatt (more presume) | ftaen-, enómiza- | fɑkkɑr, ẓɑnn (more presume) | iftɑkɑr, ẓɑnn (more presume) | dɑnn, feker | xammem, yesxāyil, yesxāyib, yeħsēyib (more presume) | nuɑ, xəmməm, fbal- | txămməm, stăʕql | ħaseb |
| 105 | to smell (sense odor) |
šamma | šamm | šamm | šamm | š(t)amm | š(t)amm | š(t)amm | šamm | šamm | šamm | šamm, kɑrɑf | šemm | šam | šamm | šəmm | xamm |
| 106 | to fear | xāfa, rihaba, fazaʕa | xɑ̄f, ðall (show fear) | xɑ̄f | xāf | xɑ̄f, rtehab | xɑ̄f | xɑ̄f | fizaʕ, ftaðar | fizʕé | xāf | xɑ̄f | xāf | xēf | xaf | xāv | beża’ |
| 107 | to sleep | nāma, raqɑda | nām | ragad, nɑ̄m | nām | nɑ̄m | nɑ̄m | ragad | nām | nam | nām | nɑ̄m | reged, nām | rqad | nʕas | rgǝd | raqad |
| 108 | to live | ʕāša, ħiya (come to life), sakana (reside) | ʕāš | ʕāš | ʕāš | ʕɑ̄š | ʕɑ̄š | ʕāš, ʕammir, sakan (more reside) | ʕāš, bāt | ʕaš | ʕāš | ʕɑ̄š | ʔāš | ʕāš | ħyɑ, ʕaš | ʕāš, ħya (survive) | għex |
| 109 | to die | māta | māt | mɑ̄t | māt | mɑ̄t | mɑ̄t | mɑ̄t | māt, fhāṭ | mat | māt | mɑ̄t | māt | mēt | mat | māt, twăffa, rtħam | miet |
| 110 | to kill | qɑtala, ðabaħa (sacrificial kill) | ketal, ðebaħ | getal, ðebaħ, mawwat | ʔɑtɑl | ketal, qerɑð̣ | qătal | gatal | qtāl | maet | ʔatal, mawwet | katal | katal | qtal | qtal | ktǝl | qatel |
| 111 | to fight | ħāriba, qɑ̄tala | tahāwɑš, ħɑ̄rab | hɑ̄wɑš, ħɑ̄rab | xēniʔ | tḅɑ̄ṣaṭ, tmɑ̄lax, tʕɑ̄rek | tqɑ̄tal | lābağ, tgātal | qɑ̄ṭaʕ, tqɑ̄tel | starrˁé, ðarep | etʕārek, etxāneˀ (more quarrel) | ħārab, xānag | dāwas, jāhad (more struggle) | tʕārik | ddabəz | ddāyǝg, tʕārək | iġġieled |
| 112 | to hunt (transitive) |
ṣɑ̄da, qinɑṣ (snipe) | ganɑṣ, ṣɑyyəd | genɑṣ | ṣṭɑ̄ḍ | ṣɑ̄d | ṣɑ̄d | gɑnɑṣ | ṣɑ̄d | esṭɑ̄d | isṭɑ̄ḍ (with arms), ginɑṣ (with dogs) | sɑ̄d, ganas | ʔisṭād | ṣiyyəd | ṣɑyyɑd, drăs ('go' hunting) | ikkaċċja | |
| 113 | to hit | ḍɑraba | ṭɑgg, ðɑrɑb | ṭɑgg, ðerɑb | dɑrɑb | ðurɑb, buṣɑṭ (also beat up), lečam, haff (quickly) | ðăġăb | labağ | ð̣ɑrɑb | takk | dɑrɑb, xɑbɑt | ṣɑ̄b, ḍɑrɑb | degg, katal (more kill) | ð̣rab | ḍrəb | xbaṭ, băṭṭ (beat up) | laqat, darab, ta daqqa |
| 114 | to cut | qɑṭaʕa (more cut off), qɑṣṣ (more clip) | gɑṭaʕ | geṭaʕ | ʔɑṣṣ | gaṣṣ | qɑṣṣ | gaṣṣ, falag (wood) | qɑṣṣ, šxāṭ | katʕā | ʔɑtɑʕ | gɑṭɑʕ | gatā | qaṣ | qṭəʕ | gṭăʕ | qata’ |
| 115 | to split | qasama, šaqqa | šeṭɑb, gassam | gesam | šaʔʔ | fajj, felaq | qaṣṣam, făššăq, fɑṣăl | falaʕ, bakkaʕ | šṭɑ̄r | šakk | šaʔʔ, ʔassem | šagg, felax | gesem, šagg | šaqq | qṣem, fəlləħ | fgăs | qasam |
| 116 | to stab (or stick) |
ṭɑʕana | ṭɑʕən | ṭeʕan | dɑrɑb-sekkīn, ṭɑʕɑn | ṭeʕan | ṭɑʕan | ṭɑʕɑn | ṭɑʕɑn | ṭɑʕɑn | taʔan | dġar | tʕaz | dăgg | nifed, daqq b’sikkina | ||
| 117 | to scratch (an itch) |
xadaša, xamaša, ħakka (more scrape) | ħakk | ħačč, xammaš | xadaš | jelax, xarmaš | ħăkk, xadaš | ħakk, baxaš | šarxam | xakk | xarbeš, hɑrɑš (only for itches) | ħakk, xarmaš (coarse) | naxaš | xabbiš, ħakk | xəbbəš, sərr | xmŭš | ħakk |
| 118 | to dig | ħafarɑ | ħafɑr | ħefɑr | ħɑfɑr | ħufɑr, nebaš | ħăfăġ | ħafɑr | ħfɑ̄r | xiver | ħɑfɑr | ħɑfɑr | hafer | ħfar | ħfer | žhăr | ħaffer |
| 119 | to swim | sabaħa, ʕām (also float) | sebeħ | ʕām | sebeħ | sebaħ, fɑ̄j | sibiħ | sabaħ, ʕām (more float) | sbāħ, ʕām | tăʕássel, kalimpa | ʕām | ʕām | ʔarrad fi l-alme | ʕām | ʕam | ʕām | għam |
VII
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 120 | to fly | ṭɑ̄ra | ṭār | ṭɑ̄r | ṭɑ̄r | ṭɑ̄r | ṭɑġ | ṭɑ̄r | ṭār | ṭɑ̄r | ṭɑ̄r | tār | tɑ̄r | ṭɑr | ṭɑ̄r | tar | |
| 121 | to walk | mašā | meša | mešɑ, ṣɑ̄r | meši | jɑ̄ pyɑ̄da, meša (more leave, move), geħaf | məši | xeṭi | mšā, tmaxṭar | miše(k) | xadha maši, meši (more leave) | maša | sār, maša (more go) | mšē, tmaššɑ (more take a walk) | ṣɑr, tməššɑ (more take a walk) | twāṭa, gowṭaṛ | mexa |
| 122 | to come | ʔatā, jāʔa | ja | yɑ | ežɑ | ʔjɑ̄ | jī | ğēʔ | gā | ža | ge(h) | ğa | jā | žē | ža | ža | ġie |
| 123 | to lie (as on one's side) |
istalqɑ̄, raqɑda, tamaddada (recline), atkaʔa (recline, lean) | ənjedeʕ | nṭerɑħ | tṣɑṭṭɑħ, tlaʔʔaħ | njeṭɑl, nbuṭɑħ (more sprawl) | tmaddăd | mtadd, tké | mtadd, tkā | nnaym | etmadded, etsɑlṭɑħ | rɑgɑd, inbɑṭɑħ | reged, takka (also lean) | tmad, takka | tmədd, təkkɑ (more lean) | tkɑ, tmadda | mtedd |
| 124 | to sit | jalasa, qaʕada | gaʕad | yelas, geʕad | ʔɑʕɑd | geʕad | nĕbĕṡ, bəčex (coarse) | gambar, ğalas | glās, stawqaʕ | kaʕa | aʕad | gaʕad, kannab | gaʔad | qʕad, gaʕmez | gləs | gʕăd | qagħad (bilqiegħda), poġġa (bilqiegħda) |
| 125 | to stand | qɑ̄ma, waqɑfa | wagf, gām | wugaf, fazz | wɑʔɑf | wugaf | wiqif | sannab, wigif | wqāf | ekef | weʔef | wagaf | wigif | wqif | wqəf | ūgəv | qagħad bilwieqfa |
| 126 | to turn (change direction) |
dārɑ, ʔanāba | dɑ̄r | laff | berem, dɑ̄r | ʕekaf, (n)dɑ̄r | ndɑ̄ġ | ʕɑṣɑr, dawwɑr, laff | liff | tɑr | laff | dawwɑr, itlafat | kanjar | dār | dɑr | sădd, glăb | dar |
| 127 | to fall (as in drop) |
saqɑta, waqɑʕa | ṭɑ̄ħ | ṭɑ̄ħ, wugaʕ | wɑʔɑʕ, ʔɑšɑṭ | wugaʕ | šăqləb | nikiʕ, nɑṭɑl, ṭɑ̄ħ | ṭɑ̄ħ, sqɑ̄ṭ | vɑkʕɑ | weʔeʕ | wagaʕ | wagā, daffag | ṭāħ | ṭɑħ | ṭɑ̄ħ | waqa’ |
| 128 | to give | ʔaʕṭɑ̄ | ʕəṭɑ | ʕeṭɑ | ʕɑṭɑ̄ | neṭɑ | ʕăṭɑ̄ | ʔidda | ʕṭɑ̄ | tɑ | edda | adda | ʔanta | ʕṭā | ʕṭɑ, (m)əddɑ | ʕṭɑ | ta |
| 129 | to hold (in one's hand) |
ʔaxaða, masika | gabɑð̣, mesak | jawwad, lezam | kamaš | lezam | misik | šibiħ, lazam | masak, qbāð̣ (more catch) | pisék | mesek | misik | karab | šad | rfəd | krǝd, ħkam | żamm, ħa (more to take) |
| 130 | to squeeze | ʕaṣɑrɑ, ḍɑġaṭɑ (compress) | ʕeṣɑr | ʕɑṣɑr, šadd | ʕeṣɑr, jeʕaṣ | ʕăṣăġ | falħaṣ, ð̣ɑġɑṭ | palas, ˁiser | ʕɑṣɑr | ʕɑṣɑr | hakk | ʕṣar, ġaffes | ʕṣɑr | ʕṣər | għafas, rass, għasar | ||
| 131 | to rub | ħaffa, faraka, dalaka (more massage), ħakka (more scrape) | ħakkak | ʕerak, ferak | fɑrɑk | furɑk, delak | ħăkk, făġăk | farak | ʕrāk, dukk | xaff, maˁak | daʕak, farak | ʕɑṣṣɑr | farak, hakk (more squeeze) | ħak | frək | ħăkk, ʕrăk | għorok |
| 132 | to wash | ġasala | ġasəl | ġesal | ġassel | ġesal | ġasal | ġasal | ġsāl | ʕássel | ġasal | ġassal | xasal | ġsal | ġsal | ġsǝl, qsǝl, ṣgǝl | ħasel |
| 133 | to wipe | maħā, masaħa | mašš | mɑsɑħ | mesaħ, mašš | misiħ | (ə)mħi | massex | masaħ | masaħ | gašš | msaħ | msəħ, zuwwəl (with cloth) | zăyyɑf (with cloth), msăħ (also rub out) | mesaħ | ||
| 134 | to pull | jarra, saħaba, jabaða (more draw i.e. a weapon) | jarr, saħab | tall, seħab | sadd, saħab | jaṛṛ | šəħšăṭ | šadd | sadd, saħab | žarr | šadd | ğɑrr, šadd | jarr | žbid | žbad | ănṭăr | ġibed |
| 135 | to push | dafaʕa | dazz | defaʕ | dafaš | defaʕ, darfaʕ, deʕač | dăfăʕ | dahaf | kadaš, zafar | tafaš | zaʔʔ | dɑfɑr, lezz | lazza, gamma | daz | dfəʕ, dərr | rvaʕ, ʕžǝn, dăkmɑr | imbotta, deffes |
| 136 | to throw | ramā, ʔalqɑ̄ | ħaðaf, ṭɑšš (more throw away) | ðabb, ħeðaf | šalaħ, zatt, kabb (more throw away) | šemɑr, ðabb (also throw away) | ħəšăl, ṭerr, zett | ramā, ðabal, rāğam (more for stones) | ramā, ʕqār, lwāħ | šalax, rma (more throw away) | ħedef, rama (more throw away) | ğadaʕ, rama | rama, xatt (more throw in) | šayyaʕ, lawwaħ, rmē | laħ, siyyəb | lāħ, zrăg (more throw away) | tefa’, xeħet, rema (to throw away) |
| 137 | to tie | rɑbɑṭɑ | rabṭ | ribɑṭ, šebač | rɑbɑt | ʕegad, šadd | rəbɑṭ, ʕăqăd | rɑbɑṭ, šadd | rawaṭ, ħzām | rɑpɑt | rɑbɑṭ | ṛɑbɑṭ | rebet, šadd | rbɑṭ | rbɑṭ, ʕqɑd | ħzǝm, ʕgad | rabat |
| 138 | to sew | qɑṭɑba, xɑ̄ṭa | xɑ̄ṭ | šall, xɑ̄ṭ | xɑyyet | xɑyyɑṭ | xăyyiṭ | xɑyyɑṭ, šall | xēṭ | šall | xɑyyɑṭ | xɑyyɑṭ | xayyat | xɑyyiṭ | xəyyəṭ | šəll, xăyyɑṭ (more make clothes) | ħiet |
| 139 | to count | ʕadda, ħasiba (more think), ʔaħṣɑ̄ (compute) | ʕadd, ħasab | ʕadd, ħeṣɑ | ʕadd | ħesab, ʕadd (more reckon) | ħasab, ʕădd | ʕadd, ħasab | ħsāb | ʕadd | ʕadd | ʕadd, ħasab | hasab | ħsib | ħsəb | ħsǝb, ʕədd | għadd |
VIII
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 140 | to say | qɑ̄la | gāl | gāl | ʔēl | gɑ̄l | qɑ̄l | gāl | qāl | kal | ʔāl | gɑ̄l | gāl | qāl | gal, duɑ | gāl | qal |
| 141 | to sing | ġanna, našada (sing praise) | ġanna | qanna ~ ġanna | ġanna | ġanna | ġannɑ | ġanna, šadɑ, našad | ġinnā | ʕanna | ġanna | ġanna | xanna | ġannā | ġənnɑ | ġănna, škur (also praise) | għanna, kanta |
| 142 | to play | laʕiba | leʕeb | leʕab | leʕeb | leʕab | liʕib | liʕib | lʕāb, zarr | leʕep | leʕeb | laʕab | leʔeb | lʕab | lʕab | nzǝl, lʕǝb | lagħab |
| 143 | to float | ṭɑfā, ʕām (also swim) | ṭɑ̄f, ʕām | fēš | ṭufɑ, sɑyyɑs (moving) | ṭăfā | ʕām | ʕām | ʕām | ʕām | ʔām, ʔarrad fi rās l-alme | ʕām | ʕam | ʕām | għam fil-wiċċ, żamm fil-wiċċ | ||
| 144 | to flow | sāla, jarɑ̄ | jərɑ, sāl | jerɑ, sāl | žɑrɑ̄, sēl | sāħ, jerɑ | jăġā | ğɑrɑ, sāl | (ə)šʕi | geri | ğara | jara | žrē | sal, nəbbaʕ | sāl | ġera | |
| 145 | to freeze | ajlada, jammada, θallaja | jemad, θallaj, fɑrraz | sɑʔɑʕ, žallad | jemad, θelaj | jimid | θallağ, ğimid, farrɑz | fɑrrɑz, talleg | ğamad, fɑrrɑz | jamad | galleṣ, žmid | žməd, ttəlləž | glaṣ, žmăd | għaqad, inġazza, iffriża | |||
| 146 | to swell | intafaxa, warima | ntefax | warem | gabgab, wurɑm | wiġim | šabağ, ntefax | ntafax | virem | werem, taffax | wirim, innafax | nnafax | tinfax | ttənfəx | ntfax, ūrăm | ntefaħ | |
| 147 | sun | šams | šams | šams | šams | šames | šamis | šams | šims | šimps | šams | šams | šams, harrāya | samš, šams | šəmš | šams | xemx |
| 148 | moon | qɑmɑr | gumɑr ~ gemar | gumɑr | ʔɑmɑr | gumɑr | qămăġ | gamɑr | qmār | kamar | ʔɑmɑr | gɑmɑr | gamar, šahar | gamra | qəmr | qămăṛ, gamṛa (bright enough to give light) | qamar |
| 149 | star | najm, kawkab (more planet) | najem | nī(y)ma | nažme | najma, najem | năjmi | kawkab, nağm | nigma | nažmé | negma | nağma | nejma | nižma | nəžmɑ | năžma | kewkba, stilla |
| 150 | water | māʔ, miyāh | mā, mōya | mɑ̄y | mɑyy | ṃɑ̄y | mɑ̄y | mēʔ | māy, mī | moe | mɑyyɑ | mōya, elmī | alme, mōya | mē | ma | ălma | ilma |
| 151 | rain | mɑṭɑr | muṭɑr | muṭɑr | šeti, šitē | muṭɑr | mɑṭɑġ | maṭɑr | mɑṭɑr, raħma, rɑðɑ̄ð (heavy), naff (light) | šité | mɑtɑr, šeta | mɑṭɑr | matar, alme | štē, mṭar | štɑ | ăsħāb | xita |
| 152 | river | nahr | šɑṭṭ | nɑhɑr, sɑ̄b (small) | nɑhr | šɑṭṭ, nahar | šɑṭṭ | nahr | nɑhɑ̄r, sāqiya (more brook) | paθpun | nɑhr | baħr, gēf | bahar, batah (temporary/small river) | wēd | wad | bħɑr (also sea), năhăr | xmara |
| 153 | lake | buħayra, birka (more pond), ġadīr (more pool) | birka, ġadīr (more pond) | berča (also pond) | bħeyrɑ | buħayṛɑ | bŭħăyṛɑ | ġadīr (more pond), buħayreh | gābiya (also trough, pond) | ʕɑyn-purke | berka, boħēra | mōya, berka | bahar | sabxa | ḍayɑ | bħayrɑ | għadira |
| 154 | sea (as in ocean) |
yamm, baħr | baħar | baħar | bɑħr | bɑħɑr | bɑħiġ | baħr | baħr, ðarbe (stormy), kazzī (rough), qɑlħɑ (calm, flat) | paxr | bɑħr | baħr (elmāliħ) | bahar el māleh | bħar | bħɑr | bħɑr | baħar |
| 155 | salt | milħ | melħ | melħ | malħ | meleħ | miliħ | milħ | milħ | milx | malħ | milħ | melh | milħ | məlħ | məlħ | melħ |
| 156 | stone | ħajɑrɑ, ṣɑxɑr | ħajɑr, ṣəḷbūx (more pebble), rð̣umah | ħiyɑr | ħɑžrɑ | ħjɑ̄ṛa, ṣaḷbūx (more pebbe), ṣɑxrɑ | ħăjɑġ | ħiğɑ̄rɑh, miğʕār, ṣɑxr | dilf, ħagāra | xažra | ṭūbɑ, ħɑgɑrɑ | ħɑğɑr | hajarāy | ħɑžrɑ | ħəžra, kurd | ħăžra | ġebla, ħaġra |
| 157 | sand | raml | ṛɑməl | ṛɑmel | rɑml | rɑmuḷ | ġɑməl | nays, rɑml | bɑṭɑħ, rɑmɑl | rɑmlɑ | rɑmlɑ | ramla | rmal | rəmlɑ | trāb, ləħaṣ | ramel | |
| 158 | dust | ġubɑ̄r, turɑ̄b | ʕɑjɑ̄j, ġbɑ̄r | ʕɑỵɑ̄y, ġbɑ̄r, ṭōz (also dust storm) | ġɑbrɑ | ʕɑjɑ̄j, ṭōz | ṭăwz | ʕağāğ, ġbɑ̄r | ġubār, ṣqārīt | trap | ʕofɑ̄rɑ, torɑ̄b | ʕağāğ, turɑ̄b, ġobār | turāb, ʔojāj | ġabra, ʕžēž | ġobrɑ | qăbṛa, ġabṛa | trab, għabra |
| 159 | earth (as in soil) |
ʔarḍ, θarɑ̄, ṭīn (more clay) | ɑrð̣ | ɑrð̣, ʕɑ̄fūr (also dust) | trɑ̄b, ʔɑreḍ | trɑ̄b, gāʕ (more ground) | ṭəġāb | turbah, ğirbah (unfertile), gāʕ (more ground) | ṭīn, lqāʕ (more ground) | ɑrt | ʔɑrd, ratš (stony soil), torɑ̄b (more dust) | wɑṭɑ, ɑrḍ, turɑ̄b | ard, turāb | ʔɑrð̣, trāb | arəḍ | ătrāb (also sand), ṭīn (clay) | art, ħamrija |
IX
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 160 | cloud | saħāba, ġamāma, ġɑym (more rain cloud) | saħābah, ġēm (usu. rain clouds) | saħāb, ġēm (usu. rain clouds) | ġeyme ~ ġēma | ġìema | ġīm | saħāb, ġamām | ġēm, natal (more rain cloud) | ʕayára | saħāba, ġēma (usu. rain cloud) | ġēm, ġamām | sahābāy | sħāba (s), sħāb (p), ġima | sħaba, ġmama (usu. rain cloud) | məzna, noww (rain clouds) | sħaba |
| 161 | fog | ḍɑbāb | ġammah, ð̣ɑbāb | ṭɑḷḷ, ð̣ɑbɑ̄b | ġṭayṭɑ, ḍɑbɑ̄b | ð̣uḅɑ̄ḅ | ð̣bāb | ð̣ɑbāb, ħiğāb | ġɑllēt, ð̣bāb | šɑbbūrɑ, ḍɑbɑ̄bɑ | ḍɑbɑ̄b | xamām, dubāb | ḍbēb | ḍbab | teleṃayt, (l)ġmām | ċpar | |
| 162 | sky | samāʔ | sema | sama | samɑ, žow (more weather) | sema, denyɑ (more atmosphere) | sama | samēʔ | smā | sama | sama, denya (more world) | sama | sama | smē | smɑ | sma | sema |
| 163 | wind (as in breeze) |
rīħ, hawāʔ (air) | rīħ | hbūb, rīħ (wind gust), šɑmɑ̄l (northerly), šɑ̄mi (from the northwest), tɑ̄res (strong) | hɑwɑ | hɑwɑ, nesīm (more breeze) | ġīħ | rīħ, hawa | habu | xava | hawa | rīħ | rīh | rīḥ, hwē | riħ | rīħ, aryāħ | riħ |
| 164 | snow | θalj | θalj | talž, žlīd | θalej | θalij | θalğ | talg | telğ | talj | θilž | təlž | (dgīg) glāṣ | borra | |||
| 165 | ice | jalīd, θalj (more snow) | θalj | θalj | talž | θalej | θalij, jălīd, māy jīməd | θalğ | falg | talg, galīd | telğ, ğamad | jamad, alme jamad | θilž | təlž | glāṣ | silġ | |
| 166 | smoke | duxxān | dəxxɑ̄n | dexxɑ̄n | doxxān | duxxɑ̄n | dixxān | duxxān | duxxān, duxxīn, ħaylūq | tixxán | doxxān | duxxān | duxxān | duxxān | duxxan | dəxxān | duħħan |
| 167 | fire | nār, ħarīq (blaze) | ð̣ɑẉ, nār | ð̣ɑẉ (also light), ħarīja (blaze), nār | nɑ̄r, ħarīʔ (blaze) | ṇār, ħarīq, ħarīg (blaze) | nɑ̄ġ | nār, ħarīg (blaze) | nār, ħarīq (blaze), sargīga (large), mahgīga, madhīra (very large) | okít | nɑ̄r, ħarīʔa (blaze) | nɑ̄r | nār | nār, ħriqɑ (blaze) | ʕafyɑ, ħriqɑ (blaze) | nɑ̄r | nar |
| 168 | ash | rɑmād | remɑ̄d | rmɑ̄d | rimēd | rṃɑ̄d | ġɑmɑ̄d | rɑmād | rīd | rmat | rɑmɑ̄d | ṛɑmɑ̄ḍ | rumād | rmēd | rmɑḍ | rmɑ̄d | rmied |
| 169 | to burn (intransitive) |
šaʕala, ħarɑqa | ənħarag | ħarag | ħɑrɑʔ | čuwɑ, ħ(t)erag, šeʕal | ħaġăq | ħarag, dazz | ħrāq, šaħšaħ | xɑrɑk | ħaraʔ | ħarag | harag | ħraq | ħrəq | ħrăg, ħma | ħaraq |
| 170 | road | ṭɑrīq, darb (more path) | darəb, ṭɑrīg | dareb, ṭɑrīg | tɑrīʔ, darb | dareb | ṭrīq, daġib | darb | ṭɑrīq | tɑrp, trīk | sekka, tɑrīʔ (more way) | ṭɑrīg, sikka | dirib, tarīg (more way) | kayyās, θnēyya (more way) | ṭriq, karrətēra | ṭrīg | triq |
| 171 | mountain | jabal | jebal, ð̣ilāʕ | yebal | žabal | jebal | jabal | ğabal, ṣabir | ʕaqaba, gabīl | žipel | gabal | ğabal | (ras) hajar | žbal | žbal | kǝdya | muntanja, għolja |
| 172 | red | ʔaħmɑr | ħɑmɑṛ | ħɑmɑṛ | ʔɑħmɑr | ʔɑħmɑr, damawi | ăħmɑġ, qĕrmĕziyy | ʔaħmɑr | ħmār, xumrī (deep) | ɑxmɑr | ɑħmɑr | aħmɑr | ah(a)mar | aħmer | ħmər | ăħmɑr | aħmar |
| 173 | green | ʔaxḍɑr | xɑð̣ɑṛ | xɑð̣ɑṛ | ʔɑxḍɑr | ʔɑxð̣ɑr | ăxð̣ɑġ | ʔaxð̣ɑr | xðɑ̄r | prásino, xoðer | ɑġdɑr | gɑrɑmɑ̄nī, ɑxḍɑr (dark green to dark grey) | ʔaxadar | axḍir | xḍər | ăxð̣ɑr neʕnāʕ | aħdar |
| 174 | yellow | ʔaṣfar | ɑṣfɑr | ɑṣfɑr | ʔɑṣfɑr | ʔɑṣfɑr | ăṣfɑġ | ʔaṣfɑr | ħɑnṭī, ṣfɑ̄r | sítrino, asfar | ɑsfɑr | asfɑr | ʔasfar | aṣfir | ṣfər | ăṣvɑr | isfar |
| 175 | white | ʔabyɑḍ | ɑbyɑð̣ | ɑbyɑð̣ | ʔɑbyɑḍ | ʔɑbyɑð̣, šakari (creamy) | ăbyɑð̣ | ʔabyɑð̣ | byɑ̄ð̣ | ápkyað | ɑbyɑd | ɑbyeḍ | ʔabyet | abyiḍ | byəḍ | ăbyɑð̣ | abjad |
| 176 | black | ʔaswad | aswad | aswad, abrag (usu. for animals, black and blue) | ʔɑswɑd | ʔaswad, hendes (pitch black) | ăswad | ʔaswad | swād | ísvet | eswed | azrag, aswɑd (more pitch black) | ʔazrag | akħil | kħɘl | ăkħal | iswed |
| 177 | night | layla | lēl | lēl | leyle ~ lēla | lìel | lĭl | laylih | lēl | layl | lēla | lēla | llēl | līl | lil | leyl | lejl |
| 178 | day (daytime) |
yawm, nahār (daytime) | yōṃ | yōṃ | yowm ~ yōm, nhɑ̄r | yōṃ | nəhɑ̄ġ | yawm | yōm | xar | yōm, nɑhɑ̄r (daytime) | yōm, nɑhɑ̄r (daytime) | yōm | nhār | nhɑr | ănhār | jum, ġurnata, nhar (daytime) |
| 179 | year | ʕām, sana | sanah | sana | sene | sana | sani | sanah | sana, ʕām | sine | sana | sana, ʕām, ħōl | sana | ʕām, snē (this year) | ʕam | ʕām, sna (this year) | sena |
X
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 180 | warm (as in weather) |
dāfiʔ | dāfi | dɑ̄fi | defyēn (bodies), soxn (food) | ħɑ̄mi, dɑ̄fi | dīfi | dāfi, ħāmi (more hot) | xɑrr, sxun | dāfi | dāfi | hāmi | dēfi, sxūn (more hot) | dafi | ħāmi, dāfi (more lukewarm) | sħun | |
| 181 | cold (as in weather) |
bārid | bāred | bɑ̄ṛed | bēred | bɑ̄ṛed | ṣqīʕ | bārid | bārid, karaʕ | peret | sāʔeʕ | bārid | bārid | bērid | bared | bārəd | kiesaħ, biered |
| 182 | full | malān, mumtaliʔ, kāmil | mənteli | matrūs, mamzūr | malyān, metlēn, mʕabbē | matrūs, mqɑppaṭ | kāməl | malyān, matrūs, kāmil | mʕabbī, matrūs | mplan | malyān | malyɑ̄n | melān | mʕebbi, melyān | ʕamər | mlān | mimli |
| 183 | new | jadīd | jədīd | yadīd | ždīd | jedīd | jdīd | ğadīd | gadīd | žtīt | gedīd | ğadīd | jedīd | ždīd | ždid | ždīd | ġdid |
| 184 | old | qɑdīm, ʕatīq (ancient), šayb (old age), šayx (old age), ʕajūz (unable; by ext. elderly) | gədīm, šāyeb (people) | qɑdīm, kabīṛ (people), ʕōd (usu. big but also old; objects & people) | ʔadīm (objects), xetyɑ̄r, šeyb (people, more attributive noun), ʕatīʔ (more ancient) | ʕatīg, qɑdīm, šāyeb (only people) | qădīm, ʕătīq, šīb (only people) | gadīm, kabīr (more big), ʕağūz (people) | qɑdīm (objects), dawīl (objects, people), šēb (people, abstract), dāθir (ancient) | ʕɑtīk | ʔadīm (objects), ʕagūz (people) | gadīm (objects), ʕaṭīg (ancient), ʕağūz (people) | gedīm, šēb (people) | qdīm (objects), kbīr (people) | qdim, kbir (people) | adras, akhal (people), kbīr (people) | xiħ (people), qadim (objects), antik (objects) |
| 185 | good | jayyid, ħasan, ṭɑyyib (more well) | zíen | zēn, xōš | mnīħ, ṭɑyyɪb (more well) | zíen, xōš | mlīħ, xōš | nāhi, kwayyis, ʕīs (very good) | zēn, ħašama | kaes, taep | k(u)wayyes, ħelʷ (more sweet, beautiful) | samiħ, kuwayyis, šadīd (more well) | sēme, zēn | bēhi | mɘzyan, ḍrif | zayn, măʕlūm | tajjeb |
| 186 | bad | sayyiʔ, radīʔ | šēn, rədiyy | šēn | ʕɑ̄ṭel | mu zíen, čuruk | mâ mlīħ, čirik, mâ xōš | šūʕ, bɑṭṭɑ̄l | xɑ̄yis, bɑ̄ṭil | vešex | waħeš | bɑṭṭɑ̄l, waħiš | hawān, mā sēme | xāyib, dūni | xayb, qbiħ | māhu zayn, šayn, rāx, mmăhli (more for people), ffɑnṭi (also noun) | ħażin |
| 187 | rotten (as a log) |
fāsid, ʕafn (putrid), musawwas (decayed) | xɑ̄yes, maħawħaw | mɑnzūʕ, msowwes (wood) | xɑ̄yes | məxănbaq, xăyyiṣ | xɑ̄yis, mnattin, sawwas (wood) | dhent, zaham | ʕefen | meʕaffen | maxawrɑn, ʕafen | ʕafin | xāmiž | xaməž, msuwwəs (wood) | xāmǝr, mŭxnəz | immuffat, mħassar | |
| 188 | dirty | wasix, najas (unclean) | waṣəx | wesex (dirt), mižwē (unclean regardless of material) | waṣix, nages, zafer | wiṣix | wasix, ṭeṣel | ħatak, šaxal | măʕaθθi | wesex | wasxān, wasix | wasix | mmassix | mmʷssəx | ṃṃʷassəx | maħmuġ | |
| 189 | straight | mustaqīm, ʕala ṭūl (more straight away) | ṭawwālī, bajd | sīdɑ | doġri | ʕadel, guḅɑḷ | ṭăwlāni, ʕadil | sāni | sīdɑ, (ʕala) ṭūl | iša | ʕedel, ʕɑlɑṭūl (also straight away) | ʕadīl, ṭɑwwɑ̄lī | ʔadīl | mestwī, ṭūl (more straight away) | mʕewweṭ, nišan | msaggam | dritt |
| 190 | round | mustadīr | mdawwɑr | mdawwɑr | mdowwer | mdawwar, mdaʕbal | (ə)mdawwiġ | mdawwɑr, mukawwɑr | strondžilí | medɑwwɑr | muḍawwɑr, mudardam | mudawwar, girgīt (more stout) | mdawwir, mkaʕbir | mḍuwwər | mzăgnən | tond | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) |
ħādd | ħādd | ħādd | ħādd | ħādd | ħādd | ħāmi | ħādd | tarīn, mutarrag | māḍi | mɑḍi | mṭaṛṛag, ħādd, māð̣i, mtīn (also severe) | qawwi, penetranti | |||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) |
kalīl, muθlim | aʕma | mtallam, miš ħadd | aʕmi | məθlūm | bāred, telem | mayyit | kalla, mayyit | ħāfi | ħafi | dāvər, dəkăm | ċatt, matt, spuntat | ||||
| 193 | smooth | ʔamlas, nāʕem | ʔamlas | ʔamlas | nēʕem, meles | nāʕem, amlas | ămlas, nīʕim | tāsi, rāxī (also thin) | sabṭ | nāʕem | amlas, mārin | mārin | arṭib | mləs, rṭəb | ămlas | mieles, lixx | |
| 194 | wet | rɑṭb, muballal | mablūl, raṭub | mablūl, rɑṭəb (more humid) | mbɑllɑl | nɑ̄geʕ, mballal | (ə)mnɑqqɑʕ | ɑxð̣ɑr, mablūl | xð̣ɑr, rɑṭb | maplúl | mablūl | mablūl | layyen, mablūl | mablūl | fazəg | măblūl | mxarrab |
| 195 | dry (adjective) |
jāff, yābis | yābis, nāšef | ħāff, nɑ̄šef | nēšef | yɑ̄bis, nɑ̄šef | nīšif | yābis, nāšif | yābis | yepes | nāšef | yābis, nɑ̄šif | yābis | šēyɑħ | yabəs | yābəs | niexef, xott |
| 196 | right (correct) |
ṣɑħīħ, tamāma(n) (more completely), ṣɑ̄ˀib, mɑḍbūṭ (also exactly), ħaqqɑ(n) (also truthfully), ʕādil (also even, just(ly)) | ṣəħīħ, mɑð̣būt | ʕadel, ṣɑħīħ | mɑẓbūt, tamēm, sɑħ(ī)ħ | ṣɑ̄yeb, ṣɑħħ | ṣɑħīħ | ṣɑħ(ī)ħ | ħaqq, ṣɑħħ | ṣɑħħ, mɑẓbūt | ʕadil, ṣɑħ(ī)ħ | sehī, ʔadīl | ṣħīħ | ṣħiħ, hadak (m), hadik (f) | ṣħīħ, ṣɑ̄ləħ | tajjeb, sewwa | |
| 197 | near | qɑrīb, bi-qurb, bi-jānib (more beside) | d͡zərīb, wzān (beside), ʕənd (beside) | gaṛīb, dūni, yamm (more beside) | ʔarīb, ħadd (more beside) | qɑṛīb, yamm (more beside) | qăġīb, yămm (more beside) | garīb, ğamb | qurb, qɑrīb | žump | ʔorɑyyeb (men), gamb (more beside) | garīb | garīb | qrīb, ħðē (more beside) | qrib, ħdɑ (more beside) | grăyyəb, ħða (more beside) | qrib, ħdejn |
| 198 | far | baʕīd | baʕīd | baʕīd | beʕīd | bʕīd | bʕīd | biʕīd | baʕūd, natara | pĕʕīt | beʕīd | baʕīd, ġɑ̄di (very far) | beʔīd | bʕīd | bʕid | bʕīd | bgħid |
| 199 | right (side) |
yamīn | yəmīn | yemīn | yemīn | ʔayman (m), yimna (f) | (ɘ)ymīn | yimān | yamīn | yemīn | yamīn | (ʔīdak) azzenāy | līmīn | əmin | (l-eyd) lʕarbiyya | lemin |
XI
[edit]| № | English | Arabic (MSA) | Najdi (KSA/Riyadh) | Gulf (Emirati) | Levantine (Central/Syro-Lebanese) | Iraqi (Southern Iraq/Baghdad) | Moslawi (Northern Iraq) | Sanaani (Sana'a/Yemeni) | Dhofari (Oman) | Cypriot | Egyptian (Lower Egyptian) | Sudanese | Chadian (Western Sudanic) | Tunisian | Moroccan (Casablanca) | Hassaniya (Mauritanian) | Maltese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | left (side) |
yasār, šimāl (also north) | yesār | yesɑ̄r | šmēl | ʔaysɑr (m), yisra (f) | yăṣɑ̄ġ | yɑsɑ̄r, šimāl | šɑdɑf, yɑsɑ̄r | zărvá | šemāl | šimɑ̄l | (ʔīdak) alʔisrāy | līsār | šmal, əṣri | (l-eyd) lʕaṣriyya | xellug |
| 201 | at | bi, ʕind, ʔilā (more towards) | ʕənd | ʕend | ʕind, eb, bi | ʕe(n)d, eb- | ʕidd | ʕind, fī | ʕind | ʕint | ʕand | ʕind | fī (place), fōg (people) | ʕand | ʕənd | ʕand | għand, fi, sa |
| 202 | in | fī, bi | fī, əb- | fi | bi, eb, fi (fig. only) | əb- | əb- | wɑṣṭ, fī | fī | fi | fe | fi | fī | fī | fi | v | fi, ġo, ġewwa |
| 203 | with (accompanying) |
maʕ, bi | maʕ(ɑ̄), ʕənd- | wiyya, b- | mɑʕɑ, bi, wiyye (only accompanying; somewhat adverbial) | wiyyɑ, eb- | mɑʕɑ | miʕ | maʕ, bi | maʕ- | maʕa, be, wayya (poetic) | maʕa, bi | maʔa, be | mʕā | mʕa | mʕa, bə | ma’, miegħ- |
| 204 | and | wa | w-, wɑ | w-, wɑ | u | we, w- | u, w- | wa, w- | wa | u | wo, w- | wa, u | wa | ū | u- | u, w | u |
| 205 | if | ʔið(ā), law (conditional), ʔin (conditional) | iðā, ən | lo, iðɑ, (ən)čɑ̄n | ʔizɑ, law, enkēn | lō, eðɑ̄ | ăðā | lɑ̄, ʔiðɑ̄ | iðā, lō, bā (conditional) | an, kan | law, en (conditional) | in, lɑw (conditional) | kān | kēn, kūnxi, ʔīðā | ilɑ | ilā, lu (irrealis) | jekk |
| 206 | because | liʔanna, kayy, min ajali (in order that), ʕala šaʔn (as a consequence), bisababi (with that reason) | le(ʔa)nn, ʕašān, lajel (in order that), bəlā- (on account of) | lenn, aʕšɑ̄n, lajel (on account of, so as to) | laʔinno, ʕašēn (more for), kermēl (on account of, so as to) | ʕalamōd, číef | ămbūr, bəjġān (more Christian) | ʕa(la)sibb, min mayd (on account of) | ʕašān | ta, ðyotī | ʕa(la)šān | ʔaʕšɑ̄n | fīšān | ʕlā xāṭer | ħit, ʕla ħqqaš (on account of), ʕla qbal (on account of) | bīh(əlli) | għax |
| 207 | name | ʔism | es(ə)m | asem | ʔesem | esm | isim | ʔism | ism | ism | esm | ism, sammu | ʔus(u)m | ism | səm, smiyyɑ | ism | isem |
See also
[edit]Categories:
- Arabic appendices
- Najdi Arabic appendices
- Gulf Arabic appendices
- North Levantine Arabic appendices
- Iraqi Arabic appendices
- North Mesopotamian Arabic appendices
- Yemeni Arabic appendices
- Dhofari Arabic appendices
- Cypriot Arabic appendices
- Egyptian Arabic appendices
- Sudanese Arabic appendices
- Chadian Arabic appendices
- Tunisian Arabic appendices
- Moroccan Arabic appendices
- Hassaniya Arabic appendices
- Maltese appendices
- Swadesh lists by family