Appendix:Erzya Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Erzya, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Erzya эрзянь кель (erźań keľ) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | мон (mon) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тон (ton) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | сон (son) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | минь (miń) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | тынь (tiń) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | сынь (siń) |
| 7 | this | те (ťe) |
| 8 | that | се (śe), тона (tona) |
| 9 | here | тесэ (ťese), тия (ťija) (rare or obsolete) |
| 10 | there | тосо (toso), сия (śija) (rare or obsolete) |
| 11 | who | кие (kije), ки (ki) |
| 12 | what | мезе (meźe), мее (meje) (colloquial) |
| 13 | where | косо (koso), мейсэ (mejse) (rare or obsolete) |
| 14 | when | зярдо (źardo), зяросто (źarosto) |
| 15 | how | кода (koda) |
| 16 | not | а (a), аволь (avoľ), эзь (eź) |
| 17 | all | весе (veśe) |
| 18 | many | ламо (lamo) |
| 19 | some | зярыя (źarija), конат-конат (konat-konat) |
| 20 | few | аламо (alamo) |
| 21 | other | лия (ľija) |
| 22 | one | вейке (vejke) |
| 23 | two | кавто (kavto) |
| 24 | three | колмо (kolmo) |
| 25 | four | ниле (ńiľe) |
| 26 | five | вете (veťe) |
| 27 | big | покш (pokš), ине (ińe) |
| 28 | long | кувака (kuvaka) |
| 29 | wide | келей (keľej) |
| 30 | thick | эчке (ečke) |
| 31 | heavy | стака (staka) |
| 32 | small | вишкине (viškińe), вишка (viška) |
| 33 | short | нурькине (nuŕkińe), нурька (nuŕka) |
| 34 | narrow | теине (ťejińe), тея (ťeja) |
| 35 | thin | човине (čovińe), чова (čova) |
| 36 | woman | ава (ava), аваломань (avalomań) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | цёра (ćora), цёраломань (ćoralomań), аля (aľa) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ломань (lomań) |
| 39 | child | эйкакш (ejkakš), эйде (ejďe) |
| 40 | wife | ни (ńi) |
| 41 | husband | мирде (mirďe) |
| 42 | mother | ава (ava), тиринь ава (ťiŕiń ava) |
| 43 | father | тетя (ťeťa) |
| 44 | animal | ракша (rakša) |
| 45 | fish | кал (kal) |
| 46 | bird | нармунь (narmuń) |
| 47 | dog | киска (kiska), пине (pińe) |
| 48 | louse | сий (śij) |
| 49 | snake | гуй (guj), ёзнэ (jozne) |
| 50 | worm | сукс (suks) |
| 51 | tree | чувто (čuvto) |
| 52 | forest | вирь (viŕ) |
| 53 | stick | мандо (mando) |
| 54 | fruit | фрукта (frukta), марь (maŕ) |
| 55 | seed | видьме (viďme) |
| 56 | leaf | лопа (lopa) |
| 57 | root | ундовкс (undovks), юр (jur) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | керь (keŕ), суд (sud) |
| 59 | flower | цеця (ćeća) |
| 60 | grass | тикше (ťikše) |
| 61 | rope | пикс (piks) |
| 62 | skin | кедь (keď), киське (kiśke) |
| 63 | meat | сывель (siveľ) |
| 64 | blood | верь (veŕ) |
| 65 | bone | ловажа (lovaža), пакарь (pakaŕ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | куя (kuja) |
| 67 | egg | ал (al) |
| 68 | horn | сюро (śuro) |
| 69 | tail | пуло (pulo) |
| 70 | feather | толга (tolga) |
| 71 | hair | черь (čeŕ), черть (čerť) |
| 72 | head | пря (pŕa) |
| 73 | ear | пиле (piľe) |
| 74 | eye | сельме (śeľme) |
| 75 | nose | судо (sudo) |
| 76 | mouth | курго (kurgo) |
| 77 | tooth | пей (pej) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | кель (keľ) |
| 79 | fingernail | кенже (kenže) |
| 80 | foot | пильге (piľge) |
| 81 | leg | пильге (piľge) |
| 82 | knee | кумажа (kumaža), пуляза (puľaza) (archaic) |
| 83 | hand | кедь (keď) |
| 84 | wing | сёлмо (śolmo) |
| 85 | belly | пеке (peke) |
| 86 | guts | сюлот (śulot) |
| 87 | neck | кирьга (kiŕga) |
| 88 | back | копорь (kopoŕ), кутьмере (kuťmeŕe) |
| 89 | breast | меште (mešťe) |
| 90 | heart | седей (śeďej) |
| 91 | liver | максо (makso) |
| 92 | to drink | симемс (śimems) |
| 93 | to eat | ярсамс (jarsams), сэвемс (sevems) |
| 94 | to bite | сускомс (suskoms), поремс (poŕems) |
| 95 | to suck | потямс (poťams) |
| 96 | to spit | сельгемс (śeľgems) |
| 97 | to vomit | уксномс (uksnoms) |
| 98 | to blow | пувамс (puvams) |
| 99 | to breathe | лексемс (ľekśems) |
| 100 | to laugh | ракамс (rakams) |
| 101 | to see | неемс (ńejems) |
| 102 | to hear | марямс (maŕams) |
| 103 | to know | содамс (sodams) |
| 104 | to think | арсемс (arśems) |
| 105 | to smell | марямс (maŕams), марямс судова (maŕams sudova) |
| 106 | to fear | пелемс (peľems) |
| 107 | to sleep | удомс (udoms) |
| 108 | to live | эрямс (eŕams) |
| 109 | to die | куломс (kuloms) |
| 110 | to kill | куловтомс (kulovtoms), чавомс (čavoms) |
| 111 | to fight | тюремс (ťuŕems) |
| 112 | to hunt | вирдемс (virďems) |
| 113 | to hit | эртемс (erťems), вачкодемс (vačkoďems) |
| 114 | to cut | керямс (keŕams) |
| 115 | to split | лазомс (lazoms) |
| 116 | to stab | сялгомс (śalgoms) |
| 117 | to scratch | раздемс (razďems) |
| 118 | to dig | чувомс (čuvoms), карамс (karams) |
| 119 | to swim | уемс (ujems), экшелямс (ekšeľams) |
| 120 | to fly | ливтямс (ľivťams) |
| 121 | to walk | ютамс (jutams), ютамс ялго (jutams jalgo), яксемс (jakśems) |
| 122 | to come | самс (sams) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | мадезь аштемс (maďeź ašťems) |
| 124 | to sit | аштемс озадо (ašťems ozado) |
| 125 | to stand | аштемс стядо (ašťems sťado) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | велявтомс (veľavtoms), пурдамс (purdams) |
| 127 | to fall | прамс (prams) |
| 128 | to give | максомс (maksoms) |
| 129 | to hold | кирдемс (kirďems) |
| 130 | to squeeze | лепштямс (ľepšťams) |
| 131 | to rub | ёзамс (jozams) |
| 132 | to wash | шлямс (šľams), муськемс (muśkems), пезэмс (pezems) |
| 133 | to wipe | нардамс (nardams) |
| 134 | to pull | ускомс (uskoms) |
| 135 | to push | тулкадемс (tulkaďems) |
| 136 | to throw | ёртомс (jortoms) |
| 137 | to tie | содомс (sodoms), сюлмамс (śulmams) |
| 138 | to sew | стамс (stams) |
| 139 | to count | ловомс (lovoms) |
| 140 | to say | меремс (meŕems) |
| 141 | to sing | морамс (morams) |
| 142 | to play | налксемс (nalkśems) |
| 143 | to float | уемс (ujems), уемс ведь лангсо (ujems veď langso) |
| 144 | to flow | чудемс (čuďems) |
| 145 | to freeze | кельмемс (keľmems), эензамс (ejenzams) |
| 146 | to swell | таргозевемс (targoźevems) |
| 147 | sun | чи (či), чипай (čipaj) (archaic or dialectal outside set expressions) |
| 148 | moon | ков (kov) |
| 149 | star | теште (ťešťe) |
| 150 | water | ведь (veď) |
| 151 | rain | пиземе (piźeme) |
| 152 | river | лей (ľej) |
| 153 | lake | эрьке (eŕke) |
| 154 | sea | иневедь (ińeveď), моря (moŕa) |
| 155 | salt | сал (sal) |
| 156 | stone | кев (kev) |
| 157 | sand | чувар (čuvar) |
| 158 | dust | пуль (puľ) |
| 159 | earth | мода (moda), мастор (mastor) |
| 160 | cloud | пель (peľ) |
| 161 | fog | сув (suv) |
| 162 | sky | менель (meńeľ) |
| 163 | wind | варма (varma) |
| 164 | snow | лов (lov) |
| 165 | ice | эй (ej) |
| 166 | smoke | качамо (kačamo) |
| 167 | fire | тол (tol) |
| 168 | ash | кулов (kulov) |
| 169 | to burn | паломс (paloms), пултамс (pultams) |
| 170 | road | ки (ki) |
| 171 | mountain | пандо (pando) |
| 172 | red | якстере (jaksťeŕe) |
| 173 | green | пиже (piže) |
| 174 | yellow | ожо (ožo) |
| 175 | white | ашо (ašo) |
| 176 | black | раужо (raužo) |
| 177 | night | ве (ve) |
| 178 | day | чи (či) |
| 179 | year | ие (ije) |
| 180 | warm | лембе (ľembe) |
| 181 | cold | кельме (keľme) |
| 182 | full | пешксе (peškśe) |
| 183 | new | од (od) |
| 184 | old | сыре (siŕe), ташто (tašto) |
| 185 | good | вадря (vadŕa), паро (paro) |
| 186 | bad | берянь (beŕań), апаро (aparo) |
| 187 | rotten | наксадо (naksado) |
| 188 | dirty | рудазов (rudazov) |
| 189 | straight | виде (viďe) |
| 190 | round | кеверь (keveŕ), кирксала (kirksala) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | пшти (pšťi) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ношка (noška) |
| 193 | smooth | валаня (valańa) |
| 194 | wet | начко (načko) |
| 195 | dry | коське (kośke) |
| 196 | correct | виде (viďe) |
| 197 | near | маласо (malaso) |
| 198 | far | васоло (vasolo) |
| 199 | right | вить (viť), вить кедь (viť keď) |
| 200 | left | керш (kerš), керш кедь (kerš keď) |
| 201 | at | кедьсэ (keďse) |
| 202 | in | -со (-so), -сэ (-se), потсо (potso) |
| 203 | with | марто (marto) |
| 204 | and | да (da), ды (di), и (i) |
| 205 | if | -ндерь- (-nďeŕ-), бути (buťi) |
| 206 | because | эдь (eď), секс мекс (śeks meks), мекс (meks) |
| 207 | name | лем (ľem) |