Appendix:Proto-Jukunoid reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Jukunoid reconstructions is from Shimizu (1980: 312-324).

Classification[edit]

Classification of Jukunoid according to Shimizu (1980: iv):

Proto-Jukunoid
  • Proto-Yukuben-Kutep: Yukuben, Kutep
  • Proto-Central Jukunoid
    • Proto-Kpan-Icen: Kpan, Icen
    • Proto-Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo
      • Proto-Wurbo: Banda/Minda, Chomo, Jiru
      • Proto-Jukun-Mbembe
        • Jukun
        • Proto-Mbembe: Ashuku, Kporo

List[edit]

Gloss Proto-Jukunoid Proto-Yukuben-Kutep Proto-Central Jukunoid Proto-Kpan-Icen Proto-Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo Proto-Wurbo Proto-Jukun-Mbembe Proto-Mbembe see also
abuse *tug
animal, meat *byi (i-/i-)
ant *dan
antelope *fu (i-/i-)
appear see come out
arm, hand *bu (ku-/a-)
armpit *yàŋ (ku-/a-) *kwâp
arrive V *fòP
arrow *bun (ri-/a-)
ashes *tóŋ (u-/i-)
ask (question) V *biP *kat
axe *kàt (ri-/a-)
back *sím̀
back teeth *bâP
bad *baP
bag *bàT (i-)
banana *kwoN *gyàN
bark *foP (ku-/a-); *kòK (u-/a-)
basket *dwá
bat *ŋùm
bathe, swim V *vwog
beans *tìK (ri-/a-)
bear (child) see give birth
beard *suT
beat V *gu *daP
bed *taŋ (ku-/a-) *kutu
bee *ngyuT (ki-/i-) *daN
beer *kin
beg V *buK
begin V *yu
belly *pu *di see stomach, guts
bend V *ŋà
beniseed *sìm (i-/a-)
big *kò *kyòm *kòn-a
bind V, bundle *tìT
bird *nùn (ki-/i-) *nin
bite V *dwàm
bitter *nùn *dzòn
bitter tomato see garden egg
black *byed *pèT
black ant *tùm (ki-/i-)
blacksmithing *fwaŋ (ku-/a-)
blood *yíŋ (ma-) *sà
blow (with mouth) V *ta *vuN-a
body *gî *dìt
bone *kup (ku-/a-) *fu
borrowing, lending *ton
bow *ta (ku-/a-)
branch (of tree) *saŋ (ki-/a-)
breast *byan (ki-/a-)
breath, life *nyaŋ (u-/i-)
breathe V; breath life *ŋùm
bridge; platform *tò
buffalo *yaK (i-/i-) *gît
build (house) V *mwi *ta *po
burn *ton-a * vòN
bury *ndìP
bush see forest
buy V *gyaP *kwun-a
call V *bwaT
canoe *yaT (ku-/a-) *kòt
carry V *tom-a; *yab
carve V *kwaP
catch V *fo *kpoN
chameleon *taŋ
cheek *koT (ku-/a-)
chest *koK
chief *kùt (u-/ba-)
child *ŋu *su
children *gyin
chin, jaw *ndaK (u-/i-)
choose V *tswáP
clay, mud *mbi
clean *kyè
climb V *twù *nin
close *tù
cloud, rain *fwin see rain
coal *kán
cold see damp and cold
colour *tsu
comb V; comb *siP-a
come V *ba
come out, go out, appear V *du
cook by boiling V *tù
corpse *kom (ri-/a-)
cotton, thread *fim
cough V; coughing *kun (?); *kun (u-/i-)
count V *kwè̩n
country, land *ten (u-)
cover V *bùT
cow *ndaK (ki-/i-)
co-wife *pu
cowry shell *ba
crab *kaŋ (ki-/i-)
crocodile *kwúT (i-/i-) *gi
cure (sickness) V *dàb
cut V *geT
damp and cold *tag
dancing see play V
darkness, night *pup (ki-/a-)
dash see give
dawn V *kyà
day see sun
debt *kwaP (ri-/a-)
deep *dùŋ
defecate V *ŋgàn
descend V *si *dzo
dew *min (ri-/a-)
die V *kwu
different *kuŋ
dig (a hole) V *kàp *fù
dirt *dip (a-)
dirt (of body) *dyíǹ
disease *da
divide V *kap *gàb
do V *bu
dog *bu (i-/i-)
doorway *kíǹ
dove, pigeon *ba
draw (line) V *to
dream V *kà
dream *dat (ku-/a-)
drink V *ŋgwam *vwa
drive (away) V *nyad; *dùN *kaN
drizzle *fá
dry up V, dry *ghwam
dust *but see sahd
ear *tóŋ (ku-/a-)
eat V *dyi
egg *kyì (ri-/a-)
elbow *fun
elder sister *màa
elephant *ndìT (i-/i-)
elephant grass *feN *siN
enter V *kàT
entrance porch *suN+kpà
evening *dwo
extinguish V *dim
eye *giP (ri-/a-)
faeces *byíŋ (a-) *nyi
fall V *kò
fall (of rain) V *twa
fall (sick) see sick
far *dwan
farm *kùŋ *dat
farm, work V *tom
father *ta
father (1st, 2nd, pers. sg.) *dàT
fear V *kyéŋ
fear *zin
feed (livestock) V *pyu
fence mat *kàŋ (ku-/a-)
fight (war), war *nu
fill, full V *mòn
fire *da (u-/i-) *pìt
fish *gyá (ki-/i-)
five *ton (i-)
flay V *fwaŋ
flints *kò (ri-/a-)
flour *mbuK
fly *kyíŋ̀ (ki-/i-)
fly V see jump
foam *fón (ku-/a-)
fold V *bwèN
folktale *sùn
follow V *bàg; *du see drive (away)
forge (metal) V *dag *ŋgyò
forest *gyu (ki-/a-); *PCJ *kwáǹ
forget V *mbòm
four *ndin (i-/-a)
fowl *kúǹ (i-/i-, ki-/i-) *fúǹ
friend *dwò/dyi
frog *saŋ (ki-/i-) *bùN
front *pìn *dzùn
fry V *kán
full *fu see fill
garden egg, bitter tomato *fya
gather V *kun; *fùn
get V *ben
give V *na *ndà *ya, *yi
give, dash V *dwe
give birth V *mbàt
goat *bín
go V *yāg̀
go (away) V *dò
go down see descend
go out see come out
good *sìP *saŋ *kyo see sweet
grass *dúm (ki -/i-) *bín
grass hut *pwu
grate V *teN
grind V *kwa
grinding stone *kun *gi
groundnut *pyi (ri-/a-)
guest; journey *kìn (u-/ba-)
Guinea corn *kúǹ *fwam see millet
guineafowl *kit (i-/i-)
guts, stomach, belly *mbiT (ri-/a-)
hair *dzin (u-/i-)
half *kyiT
hand see arm
hare, rabbit *dwam
harmattan *gya (ki-/a-)
hatch V *kyaN
hate V; hatred *zéP
head *ki (ri-/a-)
hear V *pwog
heart *tuP (u-/i-) *kíǹ
heat up V, hot *pog *fwàN
heavy *dob-à
help (N ?) *dza
help V *daŋ
hide V *tàm
hill, mountain *muT
hippopotamus *yèm (i-/i-) *dùm
hoe V
hoe *du (i-) *nàm
hole in ground *wa (u-/i-) *kiT *nà
horn *pyit
horse *nyò *vun
horsetail *tùm (u-/i-)
hot *byaK see heat up
hot (of taste) *nòm
house *tam (ki-/a-) *duŋ
how *ne
how many *pún
hunger *mbud
hyena *tàT+mìn (i-/i-) *dum
in-law *giP (u-/ba-)
iron *kín *ví
island *tsù *tán
jaw see chin
journey see guest
jump, fly V *vwun; *pen
junior sibling *kìndâ
kidney *fi
kill V *bwag *gwaŋ
kneel down V *kú
knife *kún (ri-/a-) *kàN
know V *yi
land see country
laugh V; laughter *swàŋ *vyen
laughter *kyeŋ (i-)
lay (egg) V *ta
leaf *tin (ku-/a-) *gi
learn, teach V *kun (?)
left (hand side) *fuT (i-)
leg *pwàn (ku-/a-) *tyuT
lending *baT see borrowing
leopard *kù (?) (i-/i-)
lick V *diN
lie down V *na *ŋgyò see kneel down
lie *kàm
life see breathe, breath
line *sun
lion *tùmú (i-/i-)
lizard
long *koK (ri-/a-) *bwòN; *guŋ
look for V *ka
louse *pìT
lung *fok
mad *ki-u, ki-a
maize *kìm ~ kùm
male *dúm̀ (u-/ba-)
many *fa
market *tuk
marry V; marriage *bàn
mashed food *daŋ (ki-/a-)
mat *kyu (ku-/a-) *kiT
matchet *tswì
measure V *mbwàg
meat see animal
menstruate V *da
message see send
millet *gip (ri-/a-) *za see guinea-corn
mix V *nu
money see iron, cowry shell
monitor lizard *baK (ki-/i-)
monkey *kaN *zùŋ *mo+fyìN/mā+fyiN
moon, month *pyáǹ (u-/i-)
morning, dawn *pun
mortar *tu
mosquito *mun (i-/i-); *ŋu
mother *nan (u-/ba-); *ya (u-/ba-) *zà
mother's brother *kyí (u-/ba-)
mould, build V *mbya
mountain *kùn (ri-/a-) see hill
mouth *ndut (u-/i-)
mud *bwàN *dzwaT see clay
nail V *kem
nail *kin (ki-/a-)
name *gyin (ri-/a-)
nape *kùn
narrow *pa
navel *kóm (u-/i-)
neck *tu (ki-/a-, u-/i-)
net (fish)
new *pi *dzúK
night *tuK see darkness
nose *wíǹ (ri-/a-)
oil *bìT
oil palm tree *gí
okra *dúŋ *kùt
one *yiŋ; *ndo (i-)
open V *pòd
outside *gi
paper, book *fwa
parrot *naŋ (ki-/i-)
pawpaw *gwè
pay V *kwat
penis *twín (ku-/a-) *vyit *búN
person *ŋgiT (u-/ba-)
pierce V *pu
pig *dzùK (ki-/i-); *fu (i-/i-)
pigeon see dove
place *biT
plait see weave; 'see sew, plait (rope)
plant (in hole) V *twò
plaster (house) V *fyèp
platform see bridge
play draughts V; draughts *dàK; *dàK (u-/i-)
play V; dancing *gyaK
pot *ko
pound V *kim
pour V *fwa
poverty *ken (ri-/a-)
praise V *tyo
pull V *vuT
pull out V *ŋwà
purse see drive (away)
push V *tut
quiver *gwèp *te
rabbit see hare
rain *tù see cloud, drizzle, water
rain, cloud
rainy season *fàm (u-) *byin
rat *pyi
read see write
red *ban *gbàN *kpù
reed buck *pùn
refuse V *se *tet *ŋòŋ
remember V *kyeP
resemble V *du
ring *tat
ripe *byeŋ
rise up V *nyin
river *nuŋ
road, way *tyo
roast V *fwaP *ŋù *pin see fry
roll up V *fuT
room see house
root kwàP (u-/i-) *dén
rope *diT, *diK (u-/i-)
rotten *fyàn
round *kòb *ŋà
row V *nyè
rubbish heap *díT
run V *tèt
running *ŋa (u-/i-)
rusty (to become) *da gì
saliva *kyáŋ
salt *ŋwa *ban
sand
sand, dust *búŋ̀ (u-/i-) *sa (i-/a-)
say V *duŋ-a *dzà
scorpion *naǹ (ki-/i-) *did *tàNpó
scratch (body) V *koŋ-a
scratch (ground) V *tyàN
see V *sá *di
seed *tu (ri-/a-) *vwè
seize V *pye
send V; message *tom; *tom (a-)
set (trap) V *tot-a
sew V *kòP-a *sĩ
sew, weave V *dzun
sew, plait (rope) V
shadow *vwúǹ (u-/a-) *dan
sharp (of knife) *dyi
shave V *ŋwi-a
sheath *pi
sheep *tam (i-/i -) *dùŋ
shield
shine V, light *fwaN *ka
shoe *tak
shoot see throw
short *kùm *tèN
shoulder *fwà (ku-/a-) *soT
show V, teach *twàg
sick (to fall, be)
sickle *zàN *da
side *ŋye
side (of body) *kwan (ku-/a-) *gò
sing V *tò
sit V *tyi *bi
sky *kwa
skin *kwa (ki-/a-)
slave *pyí (u-/ba-) *fa; *ŋyàm
sleep V *da
small *fyiN *diN *ba
smell (scent) V *vot
smell; stink *kùŋ (?) (ku-/a-)
smoke *kyáŋ̀ (ma-) *fu
snail *tín; *ká *vin
snake *gu (?) *búN
sneeze V *ye *dzo *ŋú
sneezing *ŋyè
soft *nam
song *bom (ku-/a-); *dzuN *taK
sore *kwaN
soup *fiT; *bìT
sour *gwáN; *ŋa
sow V *tà *nyu
spear *ti (u-/i-) *bùN *faT
spider *ta
spin V *ta *fu
split V *taŋ; *tuP; *kìP-a
spoon *piT (ki-/a-)
spread in sun to dry V *pen
squeeze V, wring *kam
squirrel *taK
stab V *tòT *wa
stalk *kùŋ (ku-/a-)
stand, stop *ti
stand up V *ku
star *tuT
steal V *gyíP
stink V *nuŋ see smell
stomach see guts, belly
stone *twom (ku-/a-)
stone, boulder
stop *peN see stand, stop
story see word
stretch V, straight *ndaP
sun *suT (u-/i-) *dúm̀
surpass V *kaP
swallow V *mèn
swear V *faŋ
sweat *tsàm (a-)
sweep V *gyò
sweet *nyaŋ *twa *maŋ *vya
swell V *fùN; *ndi
swim see bathe
tail *kín (u-/i-)
take V *mbu-e
tapeworm *tsuN
tasty
teach *dòT see learn, show
tear V *ŋga
tell V *tsẽ
tell (a tale) V *ta
ten *dub
termite *biT (i-/i-); *byaŋ (i-/i-) *tàn
testicles *pin (u-/i-, ri-/a-)
thin *nyìŋ
thing
thing, word *kiŋa *bi
think V *taŋ; *kaP
thirst *ŋgyuT (u-)
thorn *vyí
thread *tsú see cotton
three *tat (i-)
throw; shoot V *tat
thunder
tired (to get) V *mam (ri-/a-) *nì *vyoN
toad see frog
today
tooth *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) *dyín-á
tongue *déma (ri-/a-)
touch V *gò *bat *dù
tree *kun (ku-/i-)
tribe *tu (u-/ba-)
try V *ŋgaT
tsetse fly *fù
twist V *pìN *fya
two *paŋ̀ (i-) *pin
turn round V
truth *byan (ku-/a-) *kàm
urinate V, urine *pu
vagina *mbúT (ri-/a-) *ní *suT
voice, call, speech *da (u-/i-)
vomit V *kwà
vulture *ndò (i-/i-) *fi
wake up V *fen
walk V; walking *kyàŋ
wall (of town) *kà (u-)
wall (of house) *kwèT (ku-/a-)
want V *dog
war *káǹ (ri-/a-) *gwet see fight (war)
wash, clean V
water *mbyed *dzùm *tu
way see road
weave V *ndwòp *dwòK see sew, weave
weave, plait V *kop
weep V
well (to be) *syàŋ
white *ten *mbùK *to
wife *gúà (u-/ba-)
wind *vwò
witch
woman *ndá (u-/ba-) *nguT+vwâ *kà
word see thing
word, story
work *zíT see farm V
worm *mbu
worship V *kwaN
wound *fó
wring see squeeze
write, read V *bat
yam *kít (i-, u-)
yam heap *mun (ku-/a-)
yawn V; yawning *yam *mbuT
year *gi (u-/i-)
yesterday *dindàŋ (i-/a-)
zinc plate *tán+sa

References[edit]

  • Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.
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