Appendix:Ainu Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Ainu, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Ainu Latin alphabet |
Ainu katakana |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | kuani/kani | クアニ/カニ |
| 2 | you (singular) | eani | エアニ |
| 3 | he | sinuma | シヌマ |
| 4 | we | aoka/coka | アオカ/チョカ |
| 5 | you (plural) | ecioka | エチオカ |
| 6 | they | oka | オカ |
| 7 | this | taanpe | タアンペ |
| 8 | that | toanpe | トアンぺ |
| 9 | here | te | テ |
| 10 | there | toan uske | トアン ウㇱケ |
| 11 | who | hunna | フンナ |
| 12 | what | hemanta | ヘマンタ |
| 13 | where | hunak | フナㇰ |
| 14 | when | henpara | ヘンパラ |
| 15 | how | mak/makanak | マㇰ/マカナㇰ |
| 16 | not | somo | ソモ |
| 17 | all | opitta | オピッタ |
| 18 | many | poro | ポロ |
| 19 | some | pon | ポン |
| 20 | few | pon | ポン |
| 21 | other | oya | オヤ |
| 22 | one | sinep | シネㇷ゚ |
| 23 | two | tup | トゥㇷ゚ |
| 24 | three | rep | レㇷ゚ |
| 25 | four | inep | イネㇷ゚ |
| 26 | five | asiknep | アシㇰネㇷ゚ |
| 27 | big | poro | ポロ |
| 28 | long | tanne | タンネ |
| 29 | wide | sep | セㇷ゚ |
| 30 | thick | ironne | イロンネ |
| 31 | heavy | pase | パセ |
| 32 | small | pon | ポン |
| 33 | short | takne | タㇰネ |
| 34 | narrow | hutne | フッネ |
| 35 | thin | ane | アネ |
| 36 | woman | menoko | メノコ |
| 37 | man (male) | okkayo | オッカヨ |
| 38 | man (human) | aynu | アイヌ |
| 39 | child | hekaci | ヘカチ |
| 40 | wife | mat | マッ |
| 41 | husband | hoku | ホク |
| 42 | mother | unu | ウヌ |
| 43 | father | ona | オナ |
| 44 | animal | cikoykip | チコイキㇷ゚ |
| 45 | fish | cep | チェㇷ゚ |
| 46 | bird | cikap | チカㇷ゚ |
| 47 | dog | seta | セタ |
| 48 | louse | ki | キ |
| 49 | snake | tannekamuy | タンネカムイ |
| 50 | worm | kikir | キキㇼ |
| 51 | tree | cikuni | チクニ |
| 52 | forest | nitay | ニタイ |
| 53 | stick | nitek | ニテㇰ |
| 54 | fruit | nikaop | ニカオㇷ゚ |
| 55 | seed | tane/pi | タネ/ピ |
| 56 | leaf | ham | ハㇺ |
| 57 | root | sinrit | シンリッ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | nikap | ニカㇷ゚ |
| 59 | flower | nonno | ノンノ |
| 60 | grass | mun/kina | ムン/キナ |
| 61 | rope | tus | トゥㇱ |
| 62 | skin | kap/kamka | カㇷ゚/カㇺカ |
| 63 | meat | kam | カㇺ |
| 64 | blood | kem | ケㇺ |
| 65 | bone | pone | ポネ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | kirpu | キㇼプ |
| 67 | egg | nok | ノㇰ |
| 68 | horn | kiraw | キラウ |
| 69 | tail | sar | サㇻ |
| 70 | feather | rap | ラㇷ゚ |
| 71 | hair | otop | オトㇷ゚ |
| 72 | head | sapa | サパ |
| 73 | ear | kisar | キサㇻ |
| 74 | eye | sik | シㇰ |
| 75 | nose | etu | エトゥ |
| 76 | mouth | par | パㇻ |
| 77 | tooth | nimak | ニマㇰ |
| 78 | tongue | parunpe | パルンペ |
| 79 | fingernail | am | アㇺ |
| 80 | foot | ure | ウレ |
| 81 | leg | kema | ケマ |
| 82 | knee | kokkasapa | コッカサパ |
| 83 | hand | tek | テㇰ |
| 84 | wing | tekkup | テックㇷ゚ |
| 85 | belly | hon | ホン |
| 86 | guts | kankan | カンカン |
| 87 | neck | rekut | レクッ |
| 88 | back | setur | セトゥㇽ |
| 89 | breast | penram | ペンラㇺ |
| 90 | heart | sanpe | サンペ |
| 91 | liver | kinop | キノㇷ゚ |
| 92 | to drink | ku | ク |
| 93 | to eat | e/ipe | エ/イペ |
| 94 | to bite | kupa | クパ |
| 95 | to suck | ni | ニ |
| 96 | to spit | topse | トㇷ゚セ |
| 97 | to vomit | atu | アトゥ |
| 98 | to blow | as | アㇱ |
| 99 | to breathe | hese | ヘセ |
| 100 | to laugh | mina | ミナ |
| 101 | to see | nukar/inkar | ヌカㇻ/インカㇻ |
| 102 | to hear | nu | ヌ |
| 103 | to know | eramuan/eramuoka | エラムアン/エラムオカ |
| 104 | to think | ramu/yaynu | ラム/ヤイヌ |
| 105 | to smell | nu | ヌ |
| 106 | to fear | sitoma | シトマ |
| 107 | to sleep | mokor | モコㇿ |
| 108 | to live | siknu | シㇰヌ |
| 109 | to die | ray | ライ |
| 110 | to kill | rayke/ronnu | ライケ/ロンヌ |
| 111 | to fight | tumikor | トゥミコㇿ |
| 112 | to hunt | ramante | ラマンテ |
| 113 | to hit | kik | キㇰ |
| 114 | to cut | tuye/tuypa | トゥイェ/トゥイパ |
| 115 | to split | perpa | ペㇾパ |
| 116 | to stab | otke | オッケ |
| 117 | to scratch | kerkeri | ケㇾケリ |
| 118 | to dig | ouri/ourpa | オウリ/オウㇽパ |
| 119 | to swim | ma | マ |
| 120 | to fly | hopuni/hopunpa | ホプニ/ホプンパ |
| 121 | to walk | apkas | アㇷ゚カㇱ |
| 122 | to come | ek/arki | エㇰ/アㇻキ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | hotke | ホッケ |
| 124 | to sit | a/rok | ア/ロㇰ |
| 125 | to stand | as/roski | アㇱ/ロㇱキ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | kari | カリ |
| 127 | to fall | hacir | ハチㇼ |
| 128 | to give | kore | コレ |
| 129 | to hold | ani/anpa | アニ/アンパ |
| 130 | to squeeze | nunpa | ヌンパ |
| 131 | to rub | siru | シル |
| 132 | to wash | huraye/huraypa | フライェ/フライパ |
| 133 | to wipe | piru/pirpa | ピル/ピㇼパ |
| 134 | to pull | etaye/etaypa | エタイェ/エタイパ |
| 135 | to push | oputuye/oputuypa | オプトゥイェ/オプトゥイパ |
| 136 | to throw | eyapkir/yapkir | エヤㇷ゚キㇼ/ヤㇷ゚キㇼ |
| 137 | to tie | sina | シナ |
| 138 | to sew | ninninu | ニンニヌ |
| 139 | to count | piski | ピㇱキ |
| 140 | to say | ye/itak | イェ/イタㇰ |
| 141 | to sing | sinotcaki | シノッチャキ |
| 142 | to play | sinot | シノッ |
| 143 | to float | pekanke | ペカンケ |
| 144 | to flow | mom | モㇺ |
| 145 | to freeze | rupus | ルプㇱ |
| 146 | to swell | putke | プッケ |
| 147 | sun | tokap cup | トカㇷ゚ チュㇷ゚ |
| 148 | moon | kunne cup | クンネ チュㇷ゚ |
| 149 | star | nociw | ノチウ |
| 150 | water | wakka | ワッカ |
| 151 | rain | apto | アㇷ゚ト |
| 152 | river | pet | ペッ |
| 153 | lake | to | ト |
| 154 | sea | atuy | アトゥイ |
| 155 | salt | sippo | シッポ |
| 156 | stone | suma | スマ |
| 157 | sand | ota | オタ |
| 158 | dust | pana | パナ |
| 159 | earth | toytoy | トイトイ |
| 160 | cloud | niskur | ニㇱクㇽ |
| 161 | fog | urar | ウラㇻ |
| 162 | sky | nisor | ニソㇿ |
| 163 | wind | rera | レラ |
| 164 | snow | upas | ウパㇱ |
| 165 | ice | konru | コンル |
| 166 | smoke | supuya | スプヤ |
| 167 | fire | ape | アペ |
| 168 | ash | una | ウナ |
| 169 | to burn | uhuy | ウフイ |
| 170 | road | ru | ル |
| 171 | mountain | nupuri/kim | ヌプリ/キㇺ |
| 172 | red | hure | フレ |
| 173 | green | siwnin | シウニン |
| 174 | yellow | siwnin | シウニン |
| 175 | white | retar | レタㇻ |
| 176 | black | kunne | クンネ |
| 177 | night | kunne | クンネ |
| 178 | day | to | ト |
| 179 | year | pa | パ |
| 180 | warm | popke | ポㇷ゚ケ |
| 181 | cold | mean | メアン |
| 182 | full | sik | シㇰ |
| 183 | new | asir | アシㇼ |
| 184 | old | husko | フㇱコ |
| 185 | good | pirka | ピㇼカ |
| 186 | bad | wen | ウェン |
| 187 | rotten | munin | ムニン |
| 188 | dirty | icakkere | イチャッケレ |
| 189 | straight | owpeka | オウペカ |
| 190 | round | sikarinpa/sikannatki | シカリンパ/シカンナッキ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | een | エエン |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | enukar | エヌカㇻ |
| 193 | smooth | rarak | ララㇰ |
| 194 | wet | teyne | テイネ |
| 195 | dry | sat | サッ |
| 196 | correct | pirka | ピㇼカ |
| 197 | near | hanke | ハンケ |
| 198 | far | tuyma | トゥイマ |
| 199 | right | simoysam | シモイサㇺ |
| 200 | left | harkisam | ハㇻキサㇺ |
| 201 | at | ta | タ |
| 202 | in | ta | タ |
| 203 | with | tura | トゥラ |
| 204 | and | wa | ワ |
| 205 | if | yakun | ヤクン |
| 206 | because | kusu | クス |
| 207 | name | re | レ |