User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Wuzhou Wu, also variably classified as part of Jinqu Wu, is a branch of Wu Chinese spoken primarily in and around the modern-day city of Jinhua, as well as some parts of Quzhou and Hangzhou.

Currently Wiktionary supports a pronunciation module for Old-Period Urban Jinhuanese. This references the Jinhuanese spoken by speakers from Jinhua's city centre, born roughly from the 1920s to the 1930s. This system, however, ought to also be compatible with younger or certain older speaker's lects to an extent.

There is no official government-endorsed romanisation system, but Wiktionary's modules will be using Wugniu's romanisation scheme, with some spelling and formatting extensions devised by Wiktionary. The Wu-Chinese Minidict has also developed a romanisation system hereby listed for reference, but is not officially integrated into Wiktionary architecture.

Initials

Syllables are composed of initials and finals, as well as a tone value. Below are all the initials in Jinhuanese. When applicable, colloquial and literary readings will respectively be marked with the subscripts _白 and _文 following the example characters.

Jinhua Initials

	Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA	Examples
Bilabial Series	p	p	/p/	布幫薄
	ph	ph	/pʰ/	派配泡
	b	b	/b/	盆步白
	m	'm	/(ʔ)m/	媽眯貓
		m	/m/	問白門悶
	f	f	/f/	飛弗費
	v	v	/v/	問文馮婺
Labiodental Series	t	t	/t/	到打稻白
	th	th	/tʰ/	天梯太
	d	d	/d/	田度汏
	n	'n	/(ʔ)n/	冷囊
		n	/n/	暖男捼
	l	'l	/(ʔ)l/	拎哩拉
		l	/l/	蘭路連
Alveolar Series	ts	ts	/ts/	追焦早
	tsh	tsh	/tsʰ/	秋粗笡
	dz	dz	/dz/	池罪茶
	s	s	/s/	素先想
	z	z	/z/	牆嚼賊
Palatal Series	c	c	/tɕ/	汁準緊
	ch	ch	/tɕʰ/	超溪川
	j	j	/dʑ/	旗琴舌
	gn	'ny	/(ʔ)n̠ʲ/	扭研鳥
		ny	/n̠ʲ/	疑魚牛
	sh	sh	/ɕ/	書燒善
	zh	zh	/ʑ/	樹蛇夏
Velar and Null Series	k	k	/k/	街歌鋸
	kh	kh	/kʰ/	開箍可
	g	g	/ɡ/	銜隑夾
	ng	'ng	/(ʔ)ŋ/	我文
		ng	/ŋ/	礙文外文額文
	∅	'	/∅/	紅白我白恨
	h	h	/x/	亨歡佝
	gh	gh	/ɦ/	紅文哈"to tickle"

Finals

The finals are hereby divided into two kinds: there are 51 "regular" finals that can occur in most single-character readings, as well as

Jinhua Regular Finals

Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA	Examples
y	y	/z̩/	資志池／资志池
i	i	/i/	醫肥底文／医肥底文
u	u	/u/	鼓舞無文／鼓舞无文
iu	iu	/y/	雨書去文／雨书去文
oea	yae	/ɤa/	爬馬八白／爬马八白
iaa	iae	/ia/	借夜白鐵白／借夜白铁白
a	a	/ɑ/	買鞋白減白／买鞋白减白
ia	ia	/iɑ/	畲夏文亞文／畲夏文亚文
ua	ua	/uɑ/	夏白官白塔白
iua	iua	/yɑ/	抓瘸株(agriculture) stubble
o	o	/o/	波文哥文母文
oe	oe	/ɤ/	波白滿白割白／波白满白割白
ie	ie	/ie/	底白編白接白／底白编白接白
uo	uoe	/uɤ/	過河涴／过河涴
ioe	iue	/yɤ/	靴佔白血白／靴占白血白
ou	~	/ɯ/	去白
iei	iea	/ie̞/	社文夜文蛇文
ae	ai	/ɛ/	賠對改／赔对改
iae	iai	/iɛ/	吆文解文鞋文
uae	uai	/uɛ/	塊會拐／块会拐
iuae	iuai	/yɛ/	帥摔衰／帅摔衰
ei	ei	/ei/	碑美隨／碑美随
ui	ui	/ui/	歸桂位／归桂位
au	au	/ɑu/	保泡逃
iau	iau	/iɑu/	條燒瓢／条烧瓢
eu	eu	/eu/	嘔藕候／呕藕候
ieu	ieu	/iu/	畝狗九／亩狗九
oen	yaen	/ɤã/	半文判文伴文
an	aen	/ã/	班文
ian	iaen	/iã/	天文減文／天文减文
uan	uaen	/uã/	官文短文
iuan	iuaen	/yã/	權文佔文／权文占文
aon	ang	/ɑŋ/	黨講白生白／党讲白生白
iaon	iang	/iɑŋ/	良講文／良讲文
uaon	uang	/uɑŋ/	光
iuaon	iuang	/yɑŋ/	床
en	eng	/əŋ/	根燈生文／根灯生文
in	ieng	/iŋ/	林星城
uen	ueng	/uəŋ/	溫昆昏／温昆昏
iuen	iueng	/yəŋ/	雲／云
on	ong	/oŋ/	東風／东风
ion	iong	/ioŋ/	窮中／穷中
eq	eh	/əʔ/	北八文塔文
iq	ieh	/iəʔ/	藥直鐵文／药直铁文
ueq	ueh	/uəʔ/	骨擴說文／骨扩说文
iuq	iueh	/yəʔ/	出術疫／出术疫
oq	oh	/oʔ/	作木鶴／作木鹤
ioq	ioh	/ioʔ/	竹肉約／竹肉约
er	r	/əl/	兒文耳文二文／儿文耳文二文
m	m	/m̩/	無白母白姆白／无白母白姆白
ng	ng	/ŋ̩/	兒白五白二白／儿白五白二白

Erhua-Exclusive Finals

There are 14 finals that are exclusive to erhua forms, listed in the table below. Note that another 5 finals from the "regular final" table above can also occur in erhua readings.

Jinhua Erhua Finals

Wiktionary Extended Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA
ynn	yn	/z̩̃/
inn	in	/ĩ/
unn	un	/ũ/
iunn	iun	/ỹ/
ieunn	ieun	/iũ/
an	aen	/ã/
oen	yaen	/ɤã/
ian	iaen	/iã/
uan	uaen	/uã/
iuan	iuaen	/yã/
oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/
enn	en	/ẽ/
ienn	ien	/iẽ/
uenn	uen	/uẽ/
iuenn	iuen	/yẽ/
aunn	aun	/ɔ̃/
iaunn	iaun	/iɔ̃/
onn	on	/õ/
ionn	ion	/iõ/

See the erhua-diminutive section for more.

Tones

The tone system in Urban Jinhuanese consists of 7 single-character tones (otherwise known as "citation tones") numbered from 1 to 8, as well as a complex tone sandhi system which generate distinct tone contours for different combinations of underlying character tones.

The tone system in Jinhuanese assigns all its tones to one of two distinct registers: the dark (陰／阴) register and the light (陽／阳) register. Dark tones (tones 1, 3, 5, 7) only occur with voiceless initials while light tones (tones 2, 6, 8) only occur with voiced initials. The null initial, on the other hand, can occur in both tone registers.

Tone register	Tones	Can co-occur with
Dark (陰／阴)	1, 3, 5, 7	Voiceless initials
Light (陽／阳)	2, 6, 8	Voiced initials

The 8 tones are numbered according to Middle Chinese tone categories, and the general convention for Wugniu tone-numbering (see here). The tone number 4 is absent in monosyllables due to all historical tone 4 syllables having been merged into tone 3. In fact, historical tone mergers and categorical shifts such as this one, make Jinhuanese tone sandhi behaviour very

To account for this, the {{zh-pron}} module utlises a tone numbering system with additional "underlying tone" inputs that help calculate the exact correct tone value after sandhi. However, the tone numbers that will show up will still be the citation tone numbers. For example, the input 5CX X4 will output the IPA tone sandhi contour based the underlying tones of 5C and 4, however, the Wugniu romanisation display will output 5X X3, merging both of these underlying tones into their respective citation tone category. Consult also the Wiktionary style guide on Wu tone notation for more details.

Table of Tone Values

There are 7 citation tones in Urban Jinhuanese.

All the available underlying tone categories. The underlying tones 4, 5, and 6 have edge-cases where they generate alternative tone sandhi contour, which can be input with

Wugniu Citation tone number	Citation tone name (tone category)	Underlying (Input) tone number	Underlying tone category	Citation tone value	Example characters
1	dark level 陰平／阴平	1	MC dark level	˧˧˦ 334	高安開天三飛／高安开天三飞
2	light level 陽平／阳平	2	MC light level	˧˩˧ 313	窮平神鵝麻文／穷平神鹅麻文
3	dark rising 陰上／阴上	3	MC dark rising	˥˧˥ 535	古紙口草手死／古纸口草手死
		4	MC light rising (vernacular readings)		老買有坐白稻白後白／老买有坐白稻白后白
		4A	Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
5	dark departing 陰去／阴去	5	MC dark departing	˥˥ 55	醉對唱菜送放／醉对唱菜送放
		5A	MC dark departing in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
		5C	MC dark checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		割白鐵白發白／割白铁白发白
6	light departing 陽去／阳去	6	MC light departing + MC light rising (literary readings)	˩˦ 14	大病樹坐文稻文後文／大病树坐文稻文后文
		6A	Tone 6 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
		6C	MC light checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		月白葉白罰白／月白叶白罚白
7	dark checked 陰入／阴入	7	MC dark checked + literary reading of tone 5C characters	˦ʔ 4	一七福割文鐵文發文／一七福割文铁文发文
8	light checked 陽入／阳入	8	MC light checked + literary reading of tone 6C characters	˨˩˨ʔ 212	讀白服月文葉文罰文／读白服月文叶文罚文

The historical

Other than the citation tones, tones also often go through tone sandhi in various occasions.

Tone Sandhi Types

Tone sandhi in Jinhuanese is quite complex. Aside from the influences from, there are also different types of tone sandhi used under different lexical and morphosyntactical contexts. Cao (2002) has classified them into the following four categories, based on their functions and purposes. In the {{zh-pron}} input, all except regular sandhi chains require an extra sandhi-type marker to clarify the sandhi-type applicable to the sandhi unit at hand.

Below are the four sandhi-types recognised by the module and their respective input markers:

• Regular ("Phonetic") Sandhi / 語音變調
  • (default, no alphabetical marking required - e.g. 1cin ua2)
• Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi / 述賓式
  • (marked with a P at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 5chiaon kuo1P, 5Cfoea dzae2P)
• Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi / 實虛式
  • (marked with a T at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 1pau tsy3T, 2gnin tsy3AT)
• Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi / 數量式
  • (marked with a # between the number and the classifier in the input - e.g. 1sa#3ua, 7iq peq7#1ciaon)

Cao (2002) had classified Predicate-Object (PO), Neutralised Tail (NT) and Numeral-Classifier (NC) all under the category of "grammatical sandhi" (語法變調), in opposition to the first sandhi-type which he calls a phonetic sandhi (語音變調).

The sections below will cover more details about each sandhi-type and the sandhi patterns that occur under them.

Regular Tone Sandhi

These sandhi patterns are the most generally applicable to most lexicalised compounds.

Disyllabic

Below are the regular disyllabic tone sandhi patterns in Urban Jinhuanese.

Regular Disyllabic Tone Sandhi in Jinhuanese

Tone of 2nd character Tone of 1st character	1	2	3	4	5	5C	6	7	8
1	33 55	33 55	33 535	33 535	33 55		33 55	33 4	33 212
2	31 55	31 14	33 535	33 535	31 55	33 55	31 14	33 4	33 212
3	55 334	55 313	53 535	53 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
4	55 334	55 313	53 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
4A	53 55
5	33 55	33 14	33 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	33 4	55 212
5A		33 55					33 55
5C	55 0		53 535	53 535
6	53 55	53 14	53 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
6A		53 55	33 535		31 55		31 14
6C		14 0
7	4 55	4 55	4 535	4 535	4 55		4 14	4 4	4 212
8	21 55	21 14	21 535	21 535	21 55		21 14	21 4	21 212

Trisyllabic

For regular trisyllabic sandhi,

Erhua-Diminutive

The erhua-diminuitive (often referred to as 小稱 in the Chinese-language literature) refers to processes historically involving the diminutive suffix 兒／儿, causing vowel umlauts and tone shifts along the way, comparable to the phenomenon of erhua in many Mandarin varieties.