User:Eishiya/Displaced English words

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This is a list of Germanic (mostly Old) English words that have been displaced by non-Germanic loanwords from other languages (mostly Latinate words), organized by the displacing words. Germanic words that were borrowed from non-Germanic languages, such as helmet, are not included, even if they include non-Germanic affixes. Such words are worthy of their own list, but I will leave that up to someone else. Very old borrowings (Old English and earlier) are counted as "Germanic" for the purposes of this list.

All of the data is from Wiktionary etymologies unless otherwise noted; it is not independently verified. Some, but not all, ME spellings checked with the Middle English Dictionary.

I add words as I come across them in my free time. If you know of some words that would make good additions to the table, feel free to add them! Just make sure they fit stylistically:

  • One spelling per word, please don't crowd the table with alternate spellings. The relevant Wiktionary pages should have those.
  • Keep the table in alphabetical order
  • Make sure you put each piece of information in the right column.
  • When adding families of words (an OE word, an ME descendant, and a (presumably rare) modern English descendant), please space them with line breaks so that they line up, it makes the table much more readable.

If you're not sure how to do the above, you can add your suggestions to the Talk page and I will add them.

Table of displaced words[edit]

The "Descendants" column lists modern descendants of displaced words, in those cases where the displaced words still survive, typically in different or limited senses, or otherwise limited in use (dialectal, rare, etc).

General A-C[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
abandon abandounen
forleten
forleven
forsaken


forlesen

forlǣtan
forlǣfan
forsacan
ofġiefan
oferlēoran
forlēosan
Old French abandoner
forlet
forleave
forsake



Old French abandoner is originally from a Germanic loan.
age age
elde



ieldu
aldor, ealdor
aldhād
Latin aetātem via Old French aage
eld

oldhood
agree agreen














ġecwēman
ġemōdsumian
ġerisnian
ġeþwǣrian
ġeþafian
ġeþwǣrlǣċan
sehtan
þæslǣċan
ġeemnettan
ġecweþan
ġesprecan
efencuman
sēman
acordan
Old French agreer, ultimately from Latin ad + gratum












OE acordan was a word borrowed from Latin accordō.
agreeable agreable










cwēme
cinelīċ
ġecwēmlīċ
ġecwēmsum
ġedafenlīċ
ġedēfe
ġemēde
þwǣre, ġeþwǣre
wynsumlīċ
līcwyrþe
Old French agreable







winsome
likeworthy
air air
luft, lift
loft

lyft
 
Latin āēr via Old French aire
lift
loft
ME loft is from Old Norse lopt.
animal animal
deor
neet



dēor
nēat
nīeten
wilddēor, wildēor
Latin animal via Old French animal
deer
neat

wilderness
annoy annoien
grillen
drecchen
tenen
irken

grillan
dreċċan
tēonian, tȳnan

Latin inodiō via Old French enuier
grill
dretch
teen, tine
irk




ME irken was borrowed from Old Norse yrkja
appearance wlite





wlite, wlitu
andwlita
hiw
mǣġwlite
onwlāt
ansīen
Latin apparentia via French apparence?
army armee
here
ferde

here
fyrd
Medieval Latin armāta via Old French armee
here
ferd, fyrd
art art
craft, creft
liste

cræft
list
Latin artem via Old French art
craft
list
artificial artificiel cræftlīċ Latin artificialis via Old French artificiel craftly OE cræftlīċ may be a calque of Latin artificialis.
aunt aunte
modrie
mome
 

mōdriġe
*mōme
faþufaþe
Latin amita via Old French ante
battle batel









 

beadu, beadulāc
hild
orrest
gūþ
camp, campwīġ
bilġesleht
cumbelġehnād
cumbolġehnāst
feoht, ġefeoht
wīġ
Latin via Old French bataille







fight
beautiful beautefull
schene
wliti

feier, fager
cumly, cumlich


 

scīene
wlitiġ
cyrten
fæġer
cymelīċ
lēoflīċ
hīwe

Latin bellus via Old French beauté
sheen


fair
comely


 
Although beauty derives from Old French, beautiful is a purely internal English formation
boil boillen
sethen
wellen
plaȝen, plawen



sēoþan
wiellan
plagian
æþmian
āweallan
Latin bullīre via Old French boillir
seethe

plaw

 
cabbage caboche cawel
brassica
Anglo-Norman caboche kale, colewort OE cawel and brassica are from Latin.
caesar cesar
caiser, kaiser
keiser
cāsere Latin Caesar
OE cāsere is also from Latin.
Middle English keiser is from Old Norse keisari.
carrot more moru Latin carōta via Middle French carotte more Cognate to morel.
catch cacchen
fangen
lacchen
henden

fōn
læċċan
ġehendan
Latin captare via Anglo-Norman cachier
fang
latch
cause cause
andwork
sake

andweorc
sacu
Latin causa via Old French cause
endwork
sake
certain certain

wis, iwis


cūþlīċ
ġewiss
sicor
Latin certus via Old French certain

wis, iwis
sicker
chair chaire
stool
settle
sete



stōl
setl

set

Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra) via Latin cathēdra via Old French chaiere
stool
settle
seat



ME sete was borrowed from Old Norse sæti.
city cite
burgh, borough
sted, stede




burh
stede
burgsteal
burhstede
byriġ
Latin cīvitās via Old French cité
borough
stead



clear clere
schir
skere
smolt

scīr
scǣre
smolt
Latin clarus via Old French cler


smolt
colour colour
blee
hewe

lit 

blēo
hīew
færbu

Latin color via Old French colour
blee
hue

lit 




ME lit was borrowed from Old Norse litr.
common comun
imene, ȝemǣne

ġemǣne
Latin commūnis via Old Frencgh comun
mean
compel compellen
fordriven









 

fordrīfan
ġeþrafian
ānȳdan
ġenēadian
ġeþēowan
drǣfan
ābǣdan
ġeþrēatnian
ġebǣdan
bedrīfan
wrecan
Latin compellere via Old French compellir
fordrive




dreave

threaten

bedrive
wreak 
confess confessen
andetten
kithen



knowlechen

andettan
ġecȳþan
ġecennan
ġesecgan
cȳþlǣċan
*cnāwelǣċan
Latin confessus via Medieval Latin confessō via Old French confesser

kithe



acknowledge
corpse lich



līċ
hrǣw
nēo
wæl
Latin corpus via Old French cors lich



Lich survives in fantasy works as a term for a type of undead.
courteous curteis
hende






ġehende
fremsum
mannþwǣre
mǣþfull
ārcræftiġ
glædmōd
Old French curteis, ultimately from Latin cors
cover coveren
thecchenbethecchen
helen
wrien








dekken
þeċċeanbeþeccan
helan
wrēon
behelian
behlīdan
āhwylfan
behelman
beteldan
forbreġdan
beþennan
beweġan
Latin cooperio via Old French covrir
thatch, bethatch
hele
wry








deck 











ME dekken was borrowed from Middle Dutch dekken, and is cognate with thatch.
cream creme
reme
fleten (verb)

rēam
flīete
Old French creme
ream
fleet (verb)


Survives in Modern English fleet (to skim (milk))
creature creature
ȝesceafte, schafte
schepþe


ġesceaft, sceaft
ġesceap

Latin creare via Late Latin creatura via Old French creature

shape
custom custume
cure
side
wune

cyre
sidu
wuna
Latin cōnsuētūdinem via Old French coustume


wone

General D-F[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
delicious delicious
este
wunlic


ēste
wynlīċ
ārlīċ
Latin deliciō via Late Latin dēliciōsu via Old French delicious
destiny destiny
dome

werde 

dōm
orlæġ
wyrd
Latin dēstinō via Old French destinee
doom
orlay
weird, wyrd
Modern orlay and wyrd were borrowed from OE.
destroy destroyen
diliȝen
shenden

dīlġian
scendan
Latin dēstruō via Old French destruire
shend
Dīlġian may ultimately be from dēleō, which would make it cognate to delete.
disease disese
adle
cothe

ādl
coþu
Old French desaise
adle
coath
doctor doctor
leche
lerere
larew


lǣċa, lǣċe
lǣrestre, *lǣra
lārēow
dohter
Latin doctor via Anglo-Norman doctour
leech
 
OE dohter was a borrowing from Latin doctor
dominion rike













rīċe
dōm
rīċedōm
ānweald, ānġeweald
ġeweald, ġewyld
hlāforddōm
āgenung
rīċetere
rīcsung
wealdnes
meaht
bregostōl
cynedōm
cyningdōm
Latin dominium via Medieval Latin dominio via Middle French dominion
rike, -ric, rich
eldritch


wield
lorddom







kingdom

In the noun sense, rīċe completely gave way to other words (including native ones like kingdom), but its descendant rich remains common as an adjective.
eagle egle
earn

earn
Latin aquila via Old French aigle
erne
encourage encoragen
beldenbealden
herten
 

bieldanbealdian
hiertan
elnian
Old French encoragier, ultimately from Latin cor
endure enduren
dreghen

 

drēogan
þolian
beran
Latin indūrō via Old French endurer
dree
thole
bear
enemy enemy
feend




 

fēond
unwine
wiþersaca
hettend
sceaþa
andsaca
Latin inimīcus via Old French enemi
fiend




 
envy envie
ande
nith

anda
nīþ
Latin invidia via Old French envie
exchange eschaungen
wrixlen

wrixlan
Late Latin ex- + cambiō via Old French eschanger
wrixle
explain explanen
arecchen
irecchen

āreccan
ġereccan
Latin explanō via Old French explaner
face face
anlet

neb
leer

andwlita
ansīen
nebb
hlēor
Latin facies via Old French face


neb
leer
fate dome

werde 
dōm
orlæġ
wyrd
Latin fata doom
orlay
weird, wyrd
Modern orlay and wyrd were borrowed from OE.
fault faulte


lak
last
schuld
gilt

forsceap/forscapung
afūl

læst
scyld
gylt
Latin falsus via Old French faute


lack

shild, shildy
guilt
OE læst is from Old Norse lǫstr
foreign forein
elendish
eltheodish
fremede

elelendiscellende
elþēodiġelþēodisc
fremde, fremeþe
Latin forās via Old French forain


fremd
fruit fruit
blede
ovet
wastum

blēd
ofett
wæstm
Latin fructus via Old French fruit

ovest
 
future future tōweard Latin futūrus via Old French futur toward

General G-L[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
giant geant
ettin
eont
thurs

ēoten
ent
þyrs
Latin gigās via Old French geant
ettin
ent
thurse
Ent resurrected by J. R. R. Tolkien.
glorious wuldrig




 
wuldrig
brēme
hrēþiġ
hrēdēadiġ
mǣrlīċ
þrymlīċ
Latin glōriōsus via Old French glorius
grace grace
held
este
athmede
are

held
ēste
ēadmēdu
ār
Latin grātia via Old French grace
gracious gracious hold Latin grātiōsus via Old French gracieus
hero haleth hæleþ Latin hērōs via Old French heroes
honor honour
menske











 

ār, āre
ārweorþnes
ārwurþung
ġeþingþu
mēdumnes
weorþmynd
ēstfulnes
indryhto
weorþscipe
wuldor
tīr
Latin honor via Old French honor
menskmense








worship


 
ME menske, mensk is from Old Norse menska.
hospitality hospitalite giest-līþnys Latin hospitālitās via Old French hospitalité OE giest-līþnys is equivalent to guestlitheness, guest + litheness. Compare guestfriendship; guestfriendliness
human ? guma
wer
Latin hūmānus via Middle French humain groom
 
Modern groom is a shortened from bridegroom. A modern descendant of wer is still found in werewolf.
immaculate immaculat
unwemmed

 
unwemme
unġewemmed
unāwemmedlīċ
unmǣle
Latin immaculātus
interpreter interpreter




wealhstod
ǣrynde
reccere
trahtere
wendere
Latin interpretor
irritate ? ābelgan Latin irritare
joy joye
wunne
hught
 

wynn
hyht
ġefēa
Latin gaudium via Late Latin gaudia via Old French joie
juice jus
wos

wōs
Latin jūs via Old French jus
ooze
justice justice
rightwisnes

fæȝernesse 

rihtwīsnes
ġerihte
fæġernes
Latin iustitia via Old French justise
righteousness
right
fairness
language
language
londspreche
rearde

leden, lede
speche
tonge 


*landsprǣċ
reord
þēodisc
lēoden
sprǣċ
tunge
Latin lingua via Old French language


reard

leid
speech
tongue 
large large
stour
muchel
gret

stōr
miċel
grēat
Latin larga via Old French large
stour
much, mickle
great
leisure leisir
lethe
tom

liþian
 
Latin licēre via Old French loisir ME tom is from Old Norse tóm (leisure), not from OE tōm (empty, free).
letter letter
bocstaff
bocrune
writrune

 

bōcstæf
bōc + rūn
writ + rūn
ǣrendbōc
ǣrendġewrit
Latin littera via Old French letre
bookstaff



 
OE ǣrendbōc, ǣrendġewrit meant a written communication, while bōcstæf, bōcrūn, writrūn meant a symbol of the alphabet.
library librarie
bochous

bōchūs
Latin librarium via Old French librairie
bookhouse

General M-R[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
magic magik
dwimmerdwimmercraft

 

dweomerdweomercræft
galdor
drȳcræft
Latin magicus via Old French magique.
dwimmerdweomercraft

 
The drȳ in drȳcræft is from a Celtic source.
marble marble marma Latin marmor via Old French marbre OE marma is also from Latin.
marry marien
wedden, weddien
iwiven, wiven












weddian
ġewīfian
ġeċeorlian
ǣwnian, beǣwnian
hīwian, ġehīwian
hǣman, ġehǣman
gēmungian
ġemǣnsumian
ġesiniġan
sinhīwian
wōgian
ġebrȳdian
fetian
Latin marītō via Old French marier
wed
wive








woo

fet, fetch
matter mater
andwork
 

andweorc
intinga
Latin materia via Old French materie
medicine medicin
lechecraft



libbe


lǣċecræft
beþing
lǣċedōm
lācnung
lybb
tiriaca
Latin medicīna via Old French medicin leechcraft



lib

OE lǣċecræft is equivalent to leechcraft




OE tiriaca was from Latin tiriaca, theriaca.
member membre
lith

liþ
Latin membrum via Old French membre
lith
Did not displace native limb. The idiom "life and limb" may be an alteration of earlier "lith and limb."
mercy merci
are
mildse

ār
milts
Latin mercēdem via Old French merci

milse
Milts is related to mild.
metal blome
ore

blōma
ōra
andweorc
Latin metallum via Old French metal bloom
ore

monastery monastere
minster

mynster
Latin monastērium via Old French monastere
minster
OE mynster is from the same Latin source.
money moneie
schat
fe
geld

sceatt
feoh
geld
Latin monēta via Old French moneie
sceat
fee
geld
Sceat is a borrowing from OE, referring to Anglo-Saxon coins.
mountain mountain
berwe

beorg
Latin montānus via Old French muntaine
barrow
nation nacion
leode
theode




lēod
þēod
cyn
cynren
dryhtfolc
Latin nationem via Old French nacion
leod, leed
kin, kindred


 
nature nature
cunde
lund
burthe

ġecynd

ġebyrd
Latin nātūra via Old French nature
kind

 
ME lund is from Old Norse lund.
noble noble
athel
hathel

æþele
 
Latin nobilis via Old French noble
athel
 
ME hathel is a merging of OE æþele (noble, splendid) and hæleþ (hero).
onion onyon hramsa
ċipe, ċiepe, ċæpe
efelēac
hwītlēac
ynne, yne
ynnelēac, ennelēac
Latin ūniōnem via Old French oignon, union ramsons





OE ċipe, et al. from Latin cepa
OE ynne from Latin unio
part part
del
dol
sliver

dǣl
dāl
(slīfan)
Latin partem via Old French part
deal
dole
sliver
Latin partem may have been borrowed into OE as part earlier, and reborrowed into ME from Old French.
patience pacience
thuld
thole
bileaving?

þyld

belǣfan
Latin patientia via Old French pacience ME thole is from Old Norse þol
pay payen
yielden

gieldan
Latin pācāre via Old French paier
yield
peace pece
frith
frede
sib
grith
saught

friþ
frēod
sibb
griþ
seht
Latin pax via Old French pais
frith

sib
grith
saught
Frith has been revived by neopagans. OE griþ is from Old Norse grið; grith was revived in the 19th century in historical contexts.
penis pintle
ters, terce, tarse, tearse

pintel
teors
wǣpen
Latin pēnis pintle
tarse
weapon
people peple
leod
folk

lēod
folc
Latin populus via Old French pueple
lede
folk
See also nation.
period periode
tide
elde
fec, fæc

tīd
ieldu
fæc
Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos) via Medieval Latin periodus via Middle French periode
tide
eld
fack
person wight
had, hed, hod
wiht
hād
Latin persōna via Old French persone wight
hade
Wight survives as a word for various supernatural entities.
physician fisicien
leche

lǣċe
Latin physica via Old French fisicïen
leech
place place
lough
sted, stede
stowe

lōh
stede
stōw
Latin platea via Old French place

stead
stow
There were also OE plæse, plætse, plæċe from Latin.
please plesen
quemen
biluvien
liken
lusten, listen

cwēman

līcian
lystan
Latin placēre via Old French plaise



like
list
 
Modern quim may be related to cwēman.
point point
ord
brodd

ord
brord
Latin punctum via Old French point
ord

poison poisoun
ater, atter


ātor, ǣtter
unlybba
Latin potio via Old French poison
atter
poor povre
earm
wantsome
unlede
unwely

earm

unlǣde
unweliġ ‎
Latin pauper via Old French povre
arm


 
popular populer
ledisch
folcisc
lēodisc
Latin populāris
ledish
OE folcisc is equivalent to folkish.
posterity posterite æftercneoreso
fromcynn
ofspring
fæsl
Latin posteritas via Middle French posterité


offspring

aftercomers
praise praisen
loven
heriae
rosen

lofian
herian
 
Latin pretium via Late Latin pretiare via Old French proisier ME rosen is from Old Norse hrósa.
press thringen
thrucchen
thrasten

 
þring, þringan
þryċċan
þrǣstan
þryscan
þēowan
Latin pressāre via Old French presser thring
thrutch



There was also OE press (noun), from Medieval Latin. Thring is cognate to throng.
prince atheling dryhten
æþeling
Latin princeps via Old French prince drighten
atheling
Modern atheling is mostly limited to referring to Anglo-Saxon princes.
promise promis
beheste
hat, forhaten

behǣs
ġehāt, ġehātan
Latin promissum via Old French promesse
behest
 
protect helien, forhelian
berwen
mundien
helian, forhelian
beorgan
mundian
Latin protectus The entry for protect also lists bischilden but this survives in beshield and shield (verb).
prove proven
sothen
prōfian
sōþian
Late Latin probō via Old French prover
soothe
OE prōfian is from the same Latin source.
question question
frainfrainen
soke

fræġnfreġnan
sōcn
Latin quaestiōnem via Old French question
frain
soke
receive receiven
-fon, -fangen
thiggen

fōn
þicgan
Latin recipere via Old French receivre
fang
thig
reign regnen
rixen

rīcsian
Latin rēgnō via Old French regner
rix
Other displacing words of similar meaning: rule, govern, dominate, likely many others. There was just no room left for poor rīcsian/rixen!
reject rejecten
forwerpen
forcasten
skirpen
wernen
withchosen

forweorpan


wiernan
wiþċēosan
Latin rēiectus ME forcasten is from Old Norse forkasta, ME skirpen from ON skirpa.
remain remainen
beliven
abiden
tarien, terien

belīfan
ābīdan
tirġan, terġan
Latin remaneō via Old French remanoir
beleave
abide
tarry
remember remembren
ȝemuneȝen
minnen
munden
ithenchen
manien
*mimmeren

ġemynegian

ġemynd
ġeþencan
manian
mimorian
Late Latin rememorari via Old French remembrer


mind


mimmer
ME minnen is from Old Norse minna.
rest reste
lave

lāf
Latin restare via Old French rester
lave
This is rest in the sense that which is left over.
river river ēa Latin riparia via Old French riviere ea

General S-Z[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
salmon samon
lax

leax
Latin salmō via Old French saumon
lax
season seson
sele
tide

sǣl
tīd
Latin satiōnem via Old French seson
seel
tide
second second
other

oþer
Latin secundus via Old French second
other

other still used in this sense in some cases, such as “every other day/week/month/etc.”
secret secrette
diȝel
derne
roune
hidel

dīegol
dierne
rūn
hȳdels
Latin

derne
round
hiddle
separate scheden
sundren





scēadan
sundrian
bescerian
ġetwǣman
ġetwǣfan
adǣlan
tōscādan
Latin separatus shed
sunder





service servise






þēnest
begang, bigeng
brȳċe
þēnung
þēowot
Latin servitium via Old French servise





size sise
grete, grette
mikelnes, michelnes, muchelnes

grīetu
miċelnes

Old French cise

mickleness, muchness
OE grīetu is cognate to great.
slave slave

thral

esne
þrǣl
Mediaeval Latin sclavus via Old French sclave
esne
thrall

Modern esne is a borrowing from OE, used in historical contexts. It is cognate to earn
OE þrǣl is a borrowing of Old Norse þræll.
stomach stomak
mawe
bouk




maga
būc
hrif
wamb

Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos) via Latin stomachus via Old French estomac
maw
bouk
midriff
womb
belly
Modern/ME bouk is cognate with bucket.
strange fremd, frempt, fremmit fremde Latin extraneus via Old French estrange fremd
sulfur sulfre swefel Latin sulfur via Old French sulfre
support support

bistanden
upholden
wreþian
arǣfnian
bīstandan

Latin supportō via Old French supporter

bestand
uphold
sure sure
siker
wis, iwis

sicor
ġewiss
Latin sēcūrus via Old French seür
sicker
wis, iwis
squirrel aquerne ācweorna Latin sciurus via Old French escurel acquerne
taste tasten
smaken
smecchen
buriȝen

smacian
smeccan
byrigan
Latin taxāre via Old French taster
smack (noun)

 
tax tax
gavel

gafol
Latin taxare via Anglo-Norman taxer
gavel
tent tente
tild

teld
Latin tenta via Old French tente
tilt, teld
translate translaten
awenden
irecchen
 

āwendan
ġereccan
ġeþēodan
Latin trānslātus
uncle uncle
eam
 

ēam
fædera
Latin avunculus via Old French oncle
eam
 
urine land


hland
micga, micge
migoþa
Latin ūrīna via Old French urine lant


use use
note
nutte

notu
nytt
Latin usus via Old French us note
vein vein ǣdre Latin vēna via Old French veine
very verray
sor
wel
swith


sār
wel
swīþe
þearle
Latin via Old French verai
sore
well


 
The "very" sense of sore survives in sore afraid, and in "sorely mistaken." Well is still used in this sense in numerous dialects.
vex vexen
grillen
tarien, terien
gramen

grillan
tirġan
gremian
Latin vēxāre via Old French vexer
grill
tarry
grame
victory victory
siȝe

siġe, sigor
Latin victōria via Old French victorie
vinegar vinegre æced Old French vinaigre æced is itself a borrowing from Latin acētum.
voice vois
steven
rouste
rearde

stefn

reord
Latin vōcem via Old French vois
steven

 
ME rouste is from Old Norse raust.

Affixes[edit]

Affix Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
-able -able

 

-endlīċ
-wierþe
-bǣre
-līċ
Latin -ābilis via Old French -able

-worthy
-bearing
-ly
re- ed-
eft-
a-, o-
gain-
with-, wither-
ed-
eft-
a-
geġn-, gēan-
wiþ-, wiþer
Latin re-, sometimes via Old French re-

a-
gain-
with-, wither-
dis- dis-
to-


tō-
te-
Latin dis-

to-
-ize -isen
-ettan
-lǣċan
Ancient Greek -ίζειν (-ízein), through Latin -izāre and Old French -iser
-ic
-ical
-isch
-ish
-isc Latin -icus, through Old French -ique; and -al, ultimately from Latin -ālis -ish
-ess -esse -en Late Latin -issa, through Old French -esse; ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa)
semi-
sam-
half-

sām-
healf-
Latin semi-

half-
anti-
counter-
with-
wiþer-
wiþ-
Ancient Greek ἀντί- (antí-), through Latin anti-
wither-
with-
inter- [Term?]
betweon-
betwux-
Latin inter-

Proper nouns[edit]

Word Middle English Old English Source of displacing word Descendants Notes
France Franc-rice Francrice, Francland Latin Francia via French France
Mediterranean Sea ? Wendelsæ Latin Mare Mediterraneum Wendel Sea The modern Wendel Sea is a borrowing from OE.
Persia ? Persealand Latin Persia The OE name is also from Latin.
Ethiopian ? Sigelhearwa Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía) + either English -an or Latin -ānus

To-add list[edit]

Please add suggestions on the Talk page.

Later (ME+) Germanic indirect borrowings, perhaps to be added as a separate table:

war, wig; helmet, helm; forest, weald/frith; guard/warden/guardian, ward; reward, lean/mede/scipe; cross; cry;

Most of w:Changes to Old English vocabulary would be appropriate for this page.

Month names. Which table should these go under, general or proper nouns, or perhaps a separate one?

January: æfterra geola
February: solmonaþ
March: hreþmonaþ
April: eastermonaþ
May: þrimilce
June: ærra liþa
July: æfterra liþa
August: weodmonaþ
September: haligmonaþ, hærfestmonaþ
October: winterfylleþ
November: blotmonaþ
December: ærra geola

ReordCræft's contributions have quite a few OE translations of modern words, some of them may be appropriate for the list.