Appendix:Raji-Raute comparative vocabulary list

The following comparative word list of Raji-Raute languages (Raji, Raute, and Raute) is from Fortier (2019).

List

Gloss	Part of speech	Rawat	Raute	Dadeldhura Raute	Barabandale Raji
able	v.		hak
above, up, upwards	dir.	tha-tha	tà-tya	tà-tya	ta-ki
add, put in	v.		oratha
adze	n.	kutya	tohrraya	kutya
afraid	n.	hwarta		hwarta
afternoon	n.	dinitay	da´tay
alcohol, beer (rice)	n.		daruw	daruw
alive	n.		na-shi
all, whole	adj., dem.	ǰamala	diki; hwari; tokaya	ǰamala	bharju; na-k’hnu
all together	adv.	ḥaŋgal	ḥaŋgal
alone	n.	-ha; hunu	-ha; a’tara
also	conj.		le	pai
American	n.		Americanya
ancestor	n.		ǰiǰyu
ancestral deity	n.	picha
and	conj.	lya, yae, le; te, ta	te, ta	lya, yae, le
and then	n.		toniy
animal	n.	pusheriya; syå	shya
animal, living being	n.		hway
animal print	n.	nishån
anklets (iron ankle rings)	n.		newar
another, other, whoever	n.	hutiya	b’guna
ant	n.	s-ruk	kara		dzi-ta
antler, horn	n.	shigåŋ	shiŋga	shigåŋ
antlers, horns (pair of)	n.	hnih haḍḍa
April-May	n.		bisa
arise	v.		sow
arrive, come	v.	hwa-bey
arm	n.	håk	håk; wãw		baku; biêm; yak
armpit	n.		kalya
around	adv.		kwa
arrange, put together	v.		tàr
arrive, reach	v.	hwa-bey	phå
arrow	n.			mla
ashes	n.	bohōyogo			blaka, bluak
ashy color	color.		agåra
ask	v.		taka
ask for, request	v.		kudyaw
aunt (father’s sister)	n.	pwidzi	kaya; niya; waka		niy-niy
aunt (father’s elder sister, paternal)	n.	tyiyha	yu-kuwa, ´i-kuwa, wå-kuw	yu-kuwa, ´i-kuwa, wå-kuw
aunt (father’s brother’s wife, mother’s sister)	n.	chima	chima; chiniy, siyma	chima	kaki; yukuw
aunt (mother’s brother’s wife)	n.		dur-kuw; ´ik-kaya		niy-niy
axe, maul	n.	bå´o; godo	goro	godo
baby	n.		dzàyna; twiy-piya	thåth-ka geda	cho yoka
baby, newborn	n.	lameriya
bachelor	n.		nãta maw daya
back, behind	n., dir.		tsut	chetha
bad (= not good; = ridiculous; = full of hatred)	adj.	dola; gheda; niko-ha	gwåta	dola	aŋ-saŋ
bag, holder, basket	n.		kiya; yål
bamboo	n.	niŋgal
banana	n.	kosh		kosh
bangle	n.	dåku
bank, edge (of a river)	n.	råo		råo
barbet	n.	teho b’wa
bark (of tree)	n.	bakwor; shing khàllaw	thapã		boklao; phik
bark (of dog)	v., n.	kuk(h)
barley	n.	khåhe	khatsa	khåhe
battle	n./v.		mak
be, copula (equative)	v.	h[V]; k[V]; r[V]	h[V]; k[V]; r[V]	h[V]; k[V]; r[V]
be, copula	v.	du-sh[V]	du-sh[V]	du-sh[V]
be, copula (may)	v.	gw[V]	gw[V]
be, copula (existential)	v.	gu-ha; ha-rey; k’n[V]; na; t[V]	gu-ha; ha-rey; k’n[V]; na; t[V]	ha-rey; k’n[V]; na
be, copula, negative	neg. v.		h’rey; h’ri; h’wey
be, copula (possessed, locative)	v.	hwå; w[V]; y[V]	hwå; w[V]; y[V]	hwå
bear (animal)	n.	gindiya; toka	doŋ, duŋ	toka
beard	n.		dâŋgu
beat (a drum)	v.		ḥab, ḥabåw
beat, swell	v./n.	dun
beautiful, good looking	adj.	bariya		bariya
because	conj.	ḥaŋ-ka	ḥaŋ-ka		ang-khàyiã-ki
bed, bedding	n.		khåtya	dasheyawko
bee (Apis sp.)	n.	buke	biyha; buke; dzyumchuro	gohe
beer, juice	n.		dzår	sarab
beg, be given	v.		muh; hwå-bay; kay-nyow; shì-bày-ka
behind	adv.	chêtå	tsutåb	tsheta
believe, think	v.	yu	yu
belly	n.	buk; g’duŋ	duŋ; g’duŋ		daŋ
below, downward	dir.	dehe	dzi-ta; gi-ta; ´owla	dhî-te
berry, black (Ardisia elliptica, inkberry, shoebutton)	n.		halyune
big	n.	bayna	baghår; ghar	bayna	bwaraŋ
bird	n.	bwåh	bà'biya; bwåh	bwåh	bwåh
bird-call	n.			phakaw
bite	v.	kay	kay	kay; ti-kay	kay
bite, suck	n.	chap
bitter, bilious	adj.	kha	khit	kha
black/blue/dark	adj., n.	tokån-	tokån-	tokån-	kwaŋ
blackbird	n.		kal-b’ya
blood	n.	phwuiyu	kwan; shwuiy	kxwuiy	swiy
blow	v.	hmut	hmut	hmut	hmut
bloom, flower	v., n.	bål; phul	åre	åre; phul
blue	adj., n.		ka-diy; ka-liy; ka-pay
boar (Sus scrofa)	n.	buna	buna		påku’
boat	n.		nawa
body	n.				haraŋ
bone	n.	hadaŋ, haduŋ	hareŋ	hadaŋ, haduŋ	hadduŋ
book	n.		patru
born	v.		siyå
borrow	v.		kiy-tu
bovine	n.	dzåbu
bowl	n.	puro; koshi; påthi	puro; bila, payal; koshi; påthi	puro
bowl (small)	n.	kuna	måna	kuna
box (storage)	n.		thauwka sãdhush
boy	n.	paya	låka; yuŋ
brain	n.		buderi
break open, burst, broken	vi.		pharaŋ; ghwiy		ghwoy-ka
break, bust, burst apart	vt.		khwiy
break (not in pieces)	v.	bek	bek
breast, heart	n.	båt-e	påti
breast (female)	n.	shêka	tsyusi
breast, milk	n.	dudaŋ	chuwche; dudhuŋ-ha	dudaŋ; tsuwtsa	dudaŋ
breath	n.	ha-ha	ha-ha	ha-ha
breath (expiration)	n.	bak-bak
breathe	v.	ha	ha	ha
bright	adj.			rahoŋ
bring, carry	v.	la´; piyta	la´	piyta
broom	n., v.				batliŋ
brother	n.	bula; dådå	dådå
brother (elder)	n.	bwahi	bhan
brother (younger)	n.	båw; yow	du; nåw
brother-in-law, sister’s husband	n.	piy-tow	gåniy		gring
brow	n.	nik
buck (animal)	adj.		bokiya
bud, bloom	v.			gophlo
bug, insect	n.		kalyu
bull (male)	n.	diŋko
bundle (of cloth)	n.		tala-tubi
burn, scorch	v.		ul
burn	v.	hmut	hmut	hmut
burnt	v.i.	ḥåbateko
burst	v.		ghwiy
burr	n.		kwålu
butter	v., n.		wa-saha
buttocks, hip	n.		silli
calf (of leg)	n.			machalyu
calf	n.			thârow
camp, collection of tents	n.	naw-lå, naw-na	naw-lå, naw-na
can mod	v.	la; te	la; te
can not be (realis)	fn., neg. cop.	phrey	phrey
can not be (irrealis)	v.neg.	phriy	phriy
cap, hat	n.		nêriya
cape	n.		dzina
carry	v.		båk
carrying net	n.	ǰåbo	ǰåbo
carve, dig out	v.		ga
carve	v.	bawt
catch, hunt, kill	v.		man
cave (shelter)	n.	udår		udår
cave home	n.	´uga		´uga
cauliflower	n.	kaulo-ko-gula
center, hearth, cook circle	n.		galuŋ
centipede	n.		ghayu
chant, word, recite	v.	bår
cheater	n.		hlepa
cheek	n.		nuwari
cheer pheasant	n.	chiriya-b’wa
chest cavity ~ liver area	n.	b’rã	b’rã
chew, bite	v., n.	kay	kay
chick, small bird	n.		bagaro		chi-gà-na
chicken	n.	båy; bwåh, b’wåh; påyo	båy; bwåh, b’wåh	bwåh, b’wåh; påyo	bwåh, b’wåh
child, baby	n., adj.	dzo	dzo
child, girl	n.	gedi
child, youngster	n.	geda		geda	balhu; trontiya
child, small, toddler (~3-5 years old)	n.		dzày-na		baraŋ yoka
child, boy	n.		piyå
childbirth	n.				tsa-o dar-ko
children	n.	gumaŋ
chin	n.	chiũr	chiũr	chiũr	chiũr
choose, take	v.		´ot
circular	n.	gur-guråno
claw	n.	hnihao	dzyên	nihåŋ	dzinu
climb, go up	v.		haw
cloak, shawl	n.		dåya
cloth (sack)	n.	chipa
cloth (bag)	adj.		tåpa
clothing, cloth	n.	latta	ghaya	latta	latta
cloud	n.	deho	dewa	deho
coin, rupee	n.		pantchã, paya
cold (weather, person)	adj.	dzuŋ	dzuŋ		dzuŋ
collect	v.		vit
color, dye	n.		tswi-så
comb	v.		korsa; ´kiy
come	v.	lå; piy	lå; piy	loh	waŋ
come back, return	v.		kir
come out, emerge	v.		ḥak
come, go	v.	biy ~ piy; -ka	biy ~ piy
come, look, hey	v.	loh, lho	loh, lho	loh, lho
come near	adv.	ata-bey
container, jar, vat	n.		phaka
continue, keep, remain, am (doing something)	mod. v.	dzyå
cooking place, fireplace	n.		gerå
corn	n.	ghoga	ghoga
corpse, dead person	n.	syipa	syipa
cough, cold	v., n.	kãh; kãho (n.)
couple, two people	pron.	hnim	hnim
cover	n., v.	mit
cover	v.	dåk
cover (for a box)	n.		ǰhåpa
cover, covering	n.		khåyito; peŋgo
cow	n.	guru, goru	guru, goru		gaya
crack, opening, tear, split	n.	dzyi´ke	dzyi´ke
cradle (a baby)	v.			doy
crane (Grus sp.)	n.		tsikali	malyau
crawl	v.		gadu
crime, sin, fault	n.		gachiy
criminal, bad	adj.		pata-gachiy
crow	n.	kãku	kãku
cry	v.	´å	khanyå-ki
crush, grind	v.	kek, yakek	gwãĩ´-gwãĩ´; kek, yakek
cubit, forearm	n.		hwayn, ḥrroyn
cucurbit	n.	budzow	bodzow	budzow
cup, drinking bowl	n.		daruw	daruw
cup	n.		kore
custom, old story	n.		giŋ
cut	v.		swå
cut, chop	v.		chya´t; pat-, patch	tup
cut, hurt	v.	bekh	bak
cut, process, clean (fish)	v.		gra
cutting board	n.		choki
daar, ramie tree	n.		gethi	gethi
dance	v., n.		shyå		shyå
dance (athletic)	n.		guruw
dance (“enemy fight”)	n.		khadow
dance (circle)	n.	khele	payshåri
dance (knife)	n.		ǰårpa
dance (stick fighting)	n.		sarange
dance-wear	n.		ghangår
dance, opening	n.		saŋga
dancing	v., n.		chakaver; dzoke
dark reddish, purplish	color.		gaǰmi
dark, black, blue	color.	tokaña	tokaña	tokaña
dark, evening	n.	tepe
daughter	n.	g’rõwg	g’rõwg		gramuwg
daughter (eldest)	n.				dri-maŋ
daughter (youngest)	n.				no-maŋ
date, date palm tree (Phoenix sp.)	n.			håtey
day after tomorrow, in two days	n., adv.	kali tà kali	hnih-bya	hnih-bya; kudun
day before yesterday, two days ago	adv., n.		khadzeywa
day	n.	d’yeŋ; dayum; deya		deya	tuníŋ
dead, death	n.	het; ishye	syiyda
deer (in general; Axis)	n.	ǰhåk; ǰoreyo; syå, shya, siya; tita	hlå; syå, shya, siya	syå, shya, siya	syå, shya, siya
deer (barking, Muntiacus)	n.	giyda; kakera	kakera	kakera
deer (musk, Moschus)	n.			kakera
deep	adj.		ba-ghår-e
delicious	adj.	hawadi	hwàyt
descend, pour, go down	v.		baŋ
descend	v.	yu´	yu´
died, dead	vi., n.	ishye	phiy
die	v.	syiy, shyiy	syiy, shyiy		siy
different	adj.	ǰoube			da nasku ma
difficult	adj.		´athå-pa
dig	v.	daw; law	daw	daw	daw
digging stick	n.	hadi	hadi
dirt, excrement	n.				pampo
dirty	adj.		duti
distant, afar, a little ways away	adv.	nåwte
divided box, seat	n.		pêti
do not live; am not	neg. v.		h’ya
do, give	v.		ga
do, really (augmentative)	v., asp., adv.		pu
do	v.		´ut
dog	n.	kuiy	kuiy	kuiy	kuiy
don’t (prohibitive)	fn.	tå	tå
door	n.	phirkiya
door (screen, mesh)	n.	´okal
door, entrance	n.		dwara; dzera		doraŋ
door post	n.	kåm
doorway	n.	talåwan
dove, pigeon	n.	purguti	ghuwgati
down, come down	v., prep.	di	di
dream	n.	höy-ney	duga	höy-ney
drink	v.		hàm; tsuŋ	tiy-dzå; tuŋ	tuŋ
drinking, snacking	n.		yìn-do
drip	v.		dzi
drongo (Dicrurus sp.)	n.	ǰaspiyo b’wa
drop	v.	jharo; dzyo´	jharo
drop, wither, fall	v.	gruk
drum	n.	då; damwa	mådaro
drummer	n.	daṅkåriya
dry	adj.	kàraw; pak	kàraw; khotå; patuwa	kàraw	pak
dung, excrement	n.	phåriy	påriy
dust, sweepings	n.		torå
dust	n.	kukunde		kukunde
eagle	n.		kwow, dalu
ear	n.	gunåh	gunåh	gunåh	g’rã
earth, soil, brown, dust	n.	matiya, matyê	matiya, matyê		matiya, matyê
earthworm	n.		ganegola
earwax	n.		gilo
easy forest	n.		sadzow
eat	v.	dzå, dzå´	dzå, dzå´	dzå, dzå´	dzå, dzå´
edge, side, railing	n.	kåm-la	kåm-la
egg	n.	ãrre, ãrre-wa	ãrre, ãrre-wa	ãrre, ãrre-wa	driy
egg (bird’s)	n.		bà-biya
egg, seed	n.		g’row
eight	num.	åth	gat	åth	åth-tou
eighteen	num.		khadra
elbow	n.	g’ru	g’ru	g’ru	g’ruŋ
elder (brother, man)	adj.		bhan
eleven	num.				igåra-tou
elder sister	n.		titi
elopement	n.				mitsa phàkau-henang
endure, survive, stay, live	v.		dzena
enter, come, walk onto	n.		öŋ
envelope	n.		dorya
evening	n.	b’yår		b’yår
evening, evening star	n.		berr-ko to-kã
evening star	n.	bin tara
every, all	adv./adj.	kuna
everybody, everyone, all of us	pron.	ḥaŋgal
everyone	adv.		loti
evil, very bad	adj./n.		dushiy
excrement, faeces	n.	hniy; k’riy, kriy; khày-na	påriy	hniy; k’riy, kriy	k’riy, kriy
extinguish, put out	v.		a-thã
eye	n.	hmik	hmik	hmik	mik
eyeball, sclera	n.		phliŋ-kya		mik dràu
eyebrow(s)	n.	nikela phuwa	dzêbru	dzêbru; nikela phuwa	mik tshia’
eyelash	n.				tedhaw
face	n.		hnwari		mukhung
face, mouth	n.	hmaŋ		hmaŋ
fairies	n.	pari
falcon	n.	syål towa b’wa
fall	v.	dzyow	ban
fall down	v.	de
family	n.	dzeshi
far, afar	adv.		håto
farmers/people of the soil	n./ethnic name.		B’ley
fat	n., adj.		ghela
father	n.	bå, båu n.	bå, båu n.; bayala (pl.); paksa, pakal		àbå n.; bå, båu n.
father-in-law	n.		båra-dzuw; kuwat, gwat
fawn	n.		hlå-piyå
fear	v.	hwårta; parey	b’riy	hwårta
feather	n.	phakha; rowhã	phakha		mul
feel	v.		m’râŋ; såy	shi-man-dê
fern (fiddlehead, Dryopteris cochleata)	n.		nuŋ-ga
few	adv.	ithuke		thōko	aichiyda
field	n.	gadi
fifteen	num.		wanto
fig tree (Ficus auriculata, Eve’s apron, Roxburgh fig)	n.	timila, tima	timila, tima
fig fruit	n.	kho	kho
fight, frighten	v.	råk		råk
finger	n.	ãguliya	ãguliya; hyubela	ãguliya	blêk
finger (second, pointing, forefinger)	n.	tilya ãguliya	tilya ãguliya	tuicha ãguliya
finger (middle)	n.	madde ãguliya	madde ãguliya	madde ãguliya
finger (third, ring)	n.	raŋgya ãguliya	raŋgya ãguliya	shai ãguliya
finger (little finger, pinkie finger)	n.	titiya ãguliya	titiya ãguliya	titiya ãguliya
fingernail	n.	hnihaŋ	dzên, dzin; hlim, hliŋ	hnihaŋ	dzên, dzin
finish	fn., mod. v.	shi	shi
fire	n.	hmày; muy	hmày	hmày	hmày
firewood	n.	goḍo; tsiŋ	tsiŋ	tsiŋ	tsiŋ
first	adj.		paylo
fish	n.	bora	’ngich; bora; gåt; ŋga	bora	hã'
five	num.	paŋa	paŋa; pã	paŋa
flame	n.			dhirat
flesh, meat	n.		ya´
float	v.	baw; hlu	baw
flood	n.			´ndhêr
flow (of a river)	v.	bag
flower	n.	bålya; phulaŋ	åre	åre; phulaŋ	phulaŋ
flower	v.	bål
fly, flutter	v.	ud-	par		ud-
fly	n.	buw	b’wa
fog, mist	n.	hawlo		hawlo
food processor	n.		barå	barå
food	n.	dzåku	dzåku; si-dzå
foot	n.	mbå, bhå	mbå, bhå	mbå, bhå	mbå, bhå
ford, cross (a river)	v.	rap
forehead, brow	n.	hãhu	dzêpri
foreigner, outsider	n.		bwata
forest	n.	m’nàŋ	d’mår; m’lam; m’lìn; m’nåm	m’nàŋ
forget	v.			bol-
four	num.	pariy	pariy	pariy
fourth born (child)	n.		giyli
friend	pron.		g’luŋ
frog	n.	gugucha	khaku
from	prep., qw.	bata; komba, gomba	bata; komba, gomba
front	dir.	ganta
fruit	n.	pharey; guliyao
full	adj.	bharóh; da; hun-tå	dwi, dz(y)e; iwãp; kare
garment, dress	n.		gådi
gather, get, forage, obtain	v.	dzip; nya	vit
get	v.		ne	darra
ghost	n.	Betål
gift or offering of flowers	n.	hneyǰa
gift, present, sacrifice	n.	dzesaley; beyko
girl	n.	gedi	pun; yuŋ-yu		tranti
girl-friend	n.	g’rõwg	g’rõwg		gramuŋg
give	v.	bày, ba´	bày, ba´	bày, ba´	bày, ba´
give, get	v.	bey	bey
go	v.	gå, kå	bê-kår; gå, kå; khil
goat	n.	båkka	båkka		chalya
goat (tahr, Hemitragus jemlahicus)	n.	thår
goat (goral, Naemorhedus goral)	n.	dhåra			pushera
goat-hair blanket	n.		råri
god (ancestral, family)	n.	Baruwal; Churmal; Ganenath; Hunskår; Kedår; Koday; Samaji; Surumal		Baruwal; Churmal; Ganenath; Hunskår; Kedår; Koday; Samaji; Surumal
god and goddess of community	n.	Himsikar; Bhumiyal Devi
god (grandfather, ethnic group ancestor)	n.		Bugin
god (of forest)	n.	Kayyu	Gwayn
god (of hunting)	n.		Barma
god (of sky)	n.	Dixo	Damu
god (weather)	n.	Barr
goddess	n.		Hune Mithu; Dude Mithu; Vahinta
goiter	n.		killya
gold	color.		gri
good	adj.	nam; hnik	nam; hnik		nok
good, be	adj., v.		namaro
good, loving, be	adj., v.		lagalo
gooseberry, Indian (Phyllanthus emblica)	n.		awrya	awrya
gourd, pumpkin	n.	phuto	pheto	phite
grain husker, grinder	n.		hwå-bara gha	hwå-bara gha
grandchild	n.				nga-ku chuwŋ; mitsa chuwŋ
granddaughter	n.		phyên
grandfather (ultimate, a deity)	n.		Bugin
grandfather(s)	n.		kok(kã)		kuk(ko)
grandmother(s)	n.	oda	bwår; yiya, ’iyå; chaw(riya)		åpi
grandparent	n.		buda pakha
grandson	n.		khandi
grass	n.	gaǰo	ghåḥ		ghamà'
gray	color.		lũwa
grease	n.	bahå, bosa	sau, sahu	bahå, bosa	sau, sahu
great barbet (Megalaima virens)	n.	teho-b’wa
great	adj.	bayna		bayna
green	adj.	hwå’	gågina; hwå’; k’mayti; må-hŋuw
green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)	n.	kotå
grind	v.	gwãĩ´-gwãĩ´; yakek	yakek
groove	n.	koda
ground	n.		dzey
ground meal, toasted grain	n.		tsåtu
group of people	pron.	gada-na
grow out, pull out	v.		tun	tan
gudoŋ	adv.		inside
gum, sap	n.	gil
hail	n.	dår		dår
hair (head)	n.	håm	håm	håm; såm	tshàm, cham
hair (locks)	n.		syaw
hair (of body)	n.		snũ
hammer	n.			töŋgya
hand line (palm line)	n.		khåri
hand, arm, limb	n.	håk	åk; håk	håk	yak
hanger, hook	n.		dzuke
happy	adj., n., v.	ḥyi’	´ay(t); kwiyl	d’gå
have, do modal	v.	le, li	le, li
have	mod. v.	yã, yå, ye; hwa	yã, yå, ye; hwa
he, she	pron.	aiy	aiy; hey		hu
head	n.	g’raŋ	g’raŋ	g’raŋ	kopriŋ, kopari
headstrap, tumpline	n.	siputo
hear, listen	v.	gun	gun	gun	kra
heart	n.	ḍil	påti		mutuŋi
heavy	n., adj., adv.	nåliy	siye	nåliy	gliŋka
heel	n.				paytala
help	n.			chogiga
henna plant	n.		tyuri
here	dem.	-ya; aiy; hwaiya	-ya; aiy; hwaiya; waiya	-ya; aiy
hew, carve out	v.		åkeliy
hey!	excl.		hosh
hiccup	n.	kota
hide	v.	hlupi(y)	hlupi(y)
hill, low mountain	n.	ghat; dãda	dãda
hill man, hill woman	n.		b’liŋ, b’lêŋ		latan
hill, mountain	n.		khare; yêka; duŋ
him, her	dem., pron.	way, waya	way, waya
him	pron.	nav
his, her	pron.		år-ka
his	pron.	hey-wa	hey-wa; te-lya
hit, beat, pound, smack, strike	v.	h(y)ån; syån	h(y)ån; sum; say		tiêm
hoe, mattock, scraper	n.		kotari
hold	v.	hwaŋ, phwöŋ		hwaŋ, phwöŋ
hold, catch	v.				tsum
hole	n.	biwa; dhodha	dhodha	dhulo
honey, sweet	adj., n.			maŋõĩ
hoopoe (Upupa epop)	n.	moniya-toko-b’wa
horn(s)	n.	shigåŋ	shiŋgå	shigåŋ	shiŋgå
hornet	n.		bemda
hot	adj.		chuhnuw
house, dwelling	n.	naw	naw	naw; g’dzyaw; ḥudim	nam
how far?	qw.		ḥã-dure
how many?	qw.	ghai-ya			ge-su’
how?	qw.	ḥai; ḥaŋ-ka	ḥaŋ-ka
hug	v.				blêhe
human, person	n., fn.		kwi	kwi
hundred, a hundred	num.	då-he	sai, då-sai	då-he
hunger, hungry	n., v.		kà-re		reŋ-ka
hunt	v.		dar; syå		n., v.
hunter(s)	n.	manegatha
hurt, cut, pain, angry	n.	båkaiko	båkaiko
husband	n.	gêro(ŋ)	gêro(ŋ); lagalo gwa	giro(ŋ)
I (1sg)	pron.	nå, ŋå	nå, ŋå	nå, ŋå	nå, ŋå
ignite, start, light	v.	hmut, mut	hmut, mut; phara	hmut, mut	hmut, mut
in-laws	n.	iydzu	k’wa sasura	iydzu
in, on, at	abl.	-wa; -ya	-wa; -ya	-wa; -ya
in, into, onto	abl.	-ha	ba, bê; na, nà; -ha		-ha
in, on, from	abl.	mba	mba
insect	n.	buw	kalyuw		gyuŋ
inside	n.	bhiwadi	gudoŋ, gadåw
intestines, guts	n.	phwoto	phwoto	phwoto	duriy
is (present tense, aspect)	fn.	re	re
is not (temporal aspect)	fn.	hwã-ha	reŋ; h’re; h’ri
it	pron.		dà
jaw, cheekbone	n.		pagåro		tshawriyu
jewelry	n.			gìlke
joke	n.			shyaŋ
juicy, tender, soft	adj., n.		kwonow
jungle fowl (Gallus)	n.	mriga b’wa
kalij pheasant	n.		muwa b’wa
kamala dye tree (Mallotus philipensis)	n.		rohinya
kill, hunt	v.	mar; såt	såt	såt	såt
killed	vi.	håt	håt	håt	håt
kiss	n., v.				syu(-ku)
knee	n.	puh	phuch	puh	pusu
knife	n.	kåyyå; tsem	karda; tsiŋ	sheŋ	shidaŋ
know, understand	v.		des; lå		des
knowledge	n.	daho		daho
Kusunda people	n.		Kuchuna
ladder top step	n.	lisi-öw-ni
lance, spear	n.	butiya
language	n.		b’rey; bü’
last year	n.	m’rey-ne		m’rey-ne
late, slow	adv.		dzåy
later, after some time	adv.	tela	tela
laugh	v., n.	dzya-rey; dzya-shê-rey	dzê-ra; nwiy; rya-phul; shê-rey		ray
laurel, Indian (Terminalia elliptica)	n.		såj
leader (of dance)	n.		´aguwa
leader, drummer (at dance)	n.		guraw
leader, headman	n.		råna
leaf, green	adj., n.	hwå’	hwå’; hwoli	hwå’	hwå’; wah
leaf-cover, wrap, screen, robe	n.		hlapa
left (side)			adj., n.; yaba
leg	n.	på	på		bhå
lid	n.	dãka	dãka
lie, lie down	vi.	taw			may
lie, falsehood	n.	phark-	chãchwã
lift, pick up	v.	yåk
light (of weight)	adj.	tsâwŋ-ga		tsâŋ
light, candle	n.	ḥrrüŋ			halu
light, morning	n.	ḥrroŋ
lightening	n.	layde
like	v., converb.		manaŋa, manãm; nam; ´ili
lime	n.	huru		huru
limestone	n.	gangårneko
line, stripe, marks	n.	baren
lip (of mouth)	n.	chiũr	chiũr	chiũr
little	adj.	itushiya
live, be alive	v.	shya	shye, shyê, d(z)u-shya
live, dwell	v.		g’duk
live	n., v.		dzĩ
liver	n.		kharabda; koto
lizard	n.		adziŋer; bora, borasĩ	bireshia; siliphar
lock, door latch	n.	hã´olo
logs (in the fireplace)	n.	totiya
loincloth	n.			mutke
long, stretched out	adj., n.	låŋ-, låŋka	låŋ-, låŋka		låm-biya
look, see	v.	dabbu	dabbu	dabbu	mũ
look down	dir.		matyê-tata
lost, flow away	v.	mah	mah
louse	n.	lik; sir	syur	lik; sir	sir
love, affection	n.	lagalo	lagalo
loving, kindness	n.		dayalo
lower	adj., adv.	dibåb
lung(s)	v.		tsit		sopo
lungs, upper back	n.		tsut
madder (Rubia manjith)	n.		maǰitho
Magar people	n.		g’rung
make, get, have	v.	hney
make	v.	dzab	khay
man	n.	bå	mokya, murka; gwa; bå		yora, wora
mango	n.	abâŋ			braŋ
many, much, a lot	adv.	ǰikala	bo	ǰikala	bardzu
marrow	n.				tshi
mat	n.	phini		phini
mattock, hoe	n.		sudiya
me (dative)	fn.	nå-be	nå-i-ba
meat (sacrificial)	n.		suy
meat, deer, game	n.	syå´, shyå´	syå´, shyå´; pyå; ya´	syå´, shyå´	syå´, shyå´
meat, portion of	n.		bilu
medicine, medicinal seeds	n.	kaharuwa
medicine, tea leaves	n.		larow
memory	n.		sim-byo
menstruate, menstruation	v., n.		shwi
milk	n.	dudhåŋ	dudhuŋ	dudhåŋ	dudhåŋ
milk, breast	n.	tsutsa	chucha	tsutsa
millet (finger, Eleusine corcana)	n.	dalík	koǰi
millet (pearl, Pennisetum glaucum)	n.		narselu
millet (foxtail, Setaria italica; and proso, Panicum miliaceum)	n.	kanya	guni
mine	pron.		niye
mix	v.		dahi
molar tooth	n.				mannà swå
mongoose	n.	kàrod
monitor lizard	n.		adziŋer
monkey, langur	n.	gowdo	guwdu	gowdo	mukra
monkey (Rhesus macaque)	n.	hmåta	chåwrå; hmåta	hmåta
moon	n.	ǰunna, ǰonna; dzila; tiho, tiox	Bayrra; ǰunna, ǰonna	ǰunna, ǰonna	ǰunna, ǰonna
more	adv. determiner	hoy
morning	n.	chakål	chakål	chakål	saŋka
mortar	n.	patu		pate
mortar (a flat place, winnowing tray)	n.		bara	bara
mortar, hearthside	n.		hwå bara
mortar, stone	n.		bara gha	bara gha
mosquito, biting fly	n.	dzowǰiŋa
mosquito	n.	chaparo; låge bhå			pasuw
mother	n.	ayǰa; iǰa	yå	iǰa	mau, maw
mother (one’s own)	n.		dziyå
mother-in-law	n.		wår		dzu
mountain	n.		yêkha
mountain ebony (Phanera sp.)	n.	målu	målu	målu
mouse	n.	muha	muha
mouth	n.	muw; maw; khabero	muw; hmum; maw	khabero	gã
mouth cavity	n.		kuw
mucus, snot	n.		guderi		sapho
mulberry (Morus nigra)	n.		dziya
mushroom	n.	dumba	dumba
musk deer (Moschus spp.)	n.	kasturi
must	v.	kâ
my	pron.	nåå, nå	nåå, nå
my own	adj.	nå-hi		nå-hi
myself	pron.		ḥorât
nail (of hands, feet)	n.		dzyên, dziŋ; dzên, dzin		dzên, dzin
name	n.		miŋ		mriŋ-ga, miriŋ
name of family, clan (jåt-ko nåm)	n.	Barpelo, Dyåkot, Galdiyar (Galyaru), Khanyal, Pachpaya, Pateto (Poteto, Patiyal), Rakhaal, Shipla (Chipla, Tshipla)	Khuwno, Kun, Syàm	Barphaal, Dyåkot, Galdzairo (Galdiyar, Galtyaaro), Pachpaya, Patiyal, Rakhal	Båtkuwa, Budathoki, Damwal, Dungrel, Dzåm (Dzå-bungka), Gajarel, Granwal, Koinyal, Kumyal, Mudel, Rapini, Sultel
name of family deity	n.	Baruwal, Surumal, Churmal, Ganenath, Hunskar, Kedar, Khodai, Samoji
name, ethnic	n.	Båtto, Bhula	Bårrola, Màtou	Boto, Botho	Phån
name, public surname (påriwår-ko nåm)	n.			Raut, Raute, Singh, Sinha
name, public surname (påriwår-ko nåm)	n.		Kalyal (Kailyal), Raskoti, Shahi, Shobangsi, Samal, Satyal
name, surname, public name (påriwår-ko nåm)	n.	Bisht, Chand, Rajwar, Raji, Rawat, Singh, Sinha
nape (of neck)	n.	geynu		geynu
native person	n.		buguna
navel	n.	pute	matåro	pute	pute
near	adv.	lag; huwiy; ata-	ata-	lag
near day, future	adv.		ata-ra
neck	n.	geydada	ghãtu; màn	geydada	tuku
needle	n.	hwi		swiy	suchiŋ
nephew, niece (same sex as ego)	n.	chuw(ng); ŋå kariyeŋ; ŋå kariyen	chyuw
nest	n.	ghol
net (nettle)	n.	ǰal	ǰal
net (hunting)	n.		shi-daruŋ
new	adj.	hnu, hnuŋ	hnu, hnuŋ	hnu, hnuŋ	naula
news	n.		dzenå
night	n.	gadzyir; thepe-pa	gadzyir	gadzyir; gayir; thepe-pa; dzyiri night
nine	num.		paw
nipple, areola	n.		kwöka
nit, louse egg	n.	sirrow	sirrow
no, not	neg.	hå, ha, han	hå, ha, han
noise, hum	onom.		hur
noon	n.	b’kyai
north, northern	n.		khariyao, kharaŋ
nose	n.	shinå	shinå	shinå
nostrils	n.	shinå-´uga
not	neg.		ai, ´ayi
not (cessative)	neg.		wå
not good	adj., n.		pata-gachi
now, today	adv., n.	day, dey	day, dey	day, dey
now, right	adv.		mbhâw-wê
obtained (things)	n.			tonaha
offer	v.		char
oil, fat	n.	bahå	wa-sahå	bahå	thikriyu
old ones	n.	budala
old, ancient	adj., n.		m’lay
on	abl.	ya	ba, mba
one	num., adj., pron.	dã, då	dã, då	dã, då	dã-tou
one, single	num., adj.		yìka
other person	n.		b’guna
otter	n.	odo	tsaråm
our	pron.	nåni	nåå-ku; nåån-we; nåni; nyu; antaraman		nåå-ku; nåni
out of, from	prep.	kodí
out, away	fn.	dzi-	dzi-
owl	n.	sidawli	hwowna
own (one’s family, ethnic group, people)	adj., pron.	pån	pån		phån
palm (of hand)	n.	palo; hate-la	bala; pate-la	håtkoilyu	yakà, glakà
papaya, papaw (Carica papaya)	n.			popta
parenting, carrying (a baby)	n.		båkreko
parrot, parakeet	n.	hũwa b’wa	suwå
partridge (Arborophila)	n.	tiktiri b’wa
path, way, road	n.	yoŋ, yuŋ; bey-gaya	yoŋ, yuŋ; yom; yawn-khånu	yoŋ, yuŋ	yom, iyom
patriclan, family	n.		pacha
paw, palm, hand (span)	n.		wão
peacock	n.	mor b’wa
peanut	n.	gulya
peddle, sell	v.	kal	kal
pellet bow	n.			golial
penis	n.		tawãk
people	n.		g’ruŋ
person, human	n.		swiy-ta; kwi
person, man	n.	sheyår; mãcha	shêylå
people of the fields	n.	b’liŋ	b’lêy; b’liŋ	b’lêŋ
people, related (Raute)	n.		Màtou
people, Raute of Dadeldhura and Dharchula	n.		Boto
people, Raji/Rawat of India	n.		Båtto
people, traders	n.		dzantara
pestle	n.	åphera	shilawra
pheasant	n.	chiriya b’wa; müwa b’wa; moniya tow-ko-b’wa
pick, rock pick	n.	shaŋ	tsin	shaŋ
pierce	v.	lawn
pile (of grass)	n.	gåǰ
pine nuts	n.	hathey
pine	n.			shariy
place	n.		gerå
plant	v.	gop
plaster	v.	gangår
plate, dish	n.		´lyã
play	v.	khoda			tsyå
plead	v.		bày-kay-nyo
plow ~ plough	n.			muwni
poison	n.		ris
pole, house pole	n.	kabaŋ
pond, pool	n.		dhinta
porcupine	n.	måshi	såra	måshi
pot	n.		dzåya
pot (water)	n.			phuylo
precipice, terrace, steep slope	n.	bhitta		bhitta
present, offer, give	v., mod., v.		pow
previous	adj.	agri
pull	v.	koycha
purse	n.	ǰåbi	ǰåbi
put	v.		kiy
put (down)	v.	thya	tha
put (in)	v.		zan; dzàt(-tà)
put (on, arrange clothes)	n.	nil
question markers	qw.	ḥaŋ-; go-; ko-	go-; ko-; kxa-
quickly	adv.		dawna
quill (of porcupine)	n.	håkelow; ḥũda; katåka	kakara
radish	n.		tsa-tsa
rain	n., v.	tsi´iy	s’gya		dew-ruwa-ka
rain (hard)	n.	powaha tiy		powaha tiy
rainbow	n.				dama-duri
Raji (Barabanndale), ethnic group, a people	n.				Phån
Raji, Raute, Raut people	n.	Boto, Botho		Boto, Botho
Raute (nomadic, ethnic name)	n.		Màtou
Raute subjects	n. phrase.			Bot praǰa
Rawat, forest Raji	n.	Batto
ready, freshly cooked, plump (rice or grain)	adj.		hbâw
really	adv.		bho
recite, pray, offer	v.		phun
recognize	v.		shyey
red	color.	tolåyriya	kashey; twi, thwi	tolåyriya; twi, thwi	tswi, tchwi
red (fleshy, blush, dark pink, orangish)	color.		kamaya
red, rose-red	color.	ghulådayo
relative	n.	dawli
relatives	n.		Horrkenuw
religious person	n.	gataki
remember	v.		sim-byo
remove, cut out	v.	ton
rhyme, verbal duel	v.		doko-soko
rice (cooked)	n.	dara-she
rice (husked seed)	n.	d’row	d’row	d’row	drow
rice (unhusked), grain	n.	g’rra	g’rra	g’rra	grra
ridicule	n.		hasa dzyê-ra
right (direction)	adj., n.		åba		dzæk
ring	adj., n.	raŋ
ripe (to be)	adj., n., v.			sin
rise	v.	phyãw	phyuw, phay	phyãw
river	v.	gåda; khori	khori	gåda
roast	adj.	pal	bhar
root	n.	lwã
root, tuber	n.	ǰara	phul; hnyuri	ǰara	ǰara
rope, cord, thong	n.		murili
rotten, stink, smell	adj., n.	hu´		su´ta	su´ta
round	adj., n.	gol	gol	gol	gol
Rumex	n.		almada
run	v.	hår; khwå; thau	bay; khwå; ley; sway	thau
rushes, bamboo, tall grasses	n.	riŋgal
sad	adj., n.			shi-man
saliva, spit	n.	lål			lål
salt	n.	maha	mashå	maha	tsa
salty	adv.		karuwa; tutilo
same	adj., n.	dåtala			da nasku lu
sand	n.	hlu	buliya	balya	balya
say, be, copula	v., mod. v.	ney	ney	ney
say, speak	v.	ghå, khå, ḥå	ghå, khå, ḥå
scab	n.		katchi
scales (of fish)	n.		gop
scalp	n.		hyem
scar	n.		nìmadzu
scarred, maimed, deformed	v., n.		kak
scrape, carve	v.		khuw
scratch, cut	n.	kot	kut
search (hunt for, find)	v.	bå; bhara
seat	n.		dhanka
seated	vi.		su-dzey
second eldest son	n.		maǰilo
second	adj.		adaryo
see	v.	chyey	chyey
see, know, recognize	v.		kày
see, look	v.	dabbũ	bìgay; dabbũ	dabbũ	mũ, mum
seed	n.	mâ; ruw	ruw
seed pods	n.	tàtta
seem, think, can, do	mod. v.	ni	ni
self	pron.		a’tara
selves	pron.		a’tala, a’tale
settle, sit down	vi.	bå
seven	num.	såt	såt		såt-tou
sew, sewn	v., n.	tarp			trup
shade	n.	shêrro
shall	fn.	di	di
shaman	n.	dankariya; gataki	guråw	chena
she	pron.	hwaiy	hwaiy		hu
shed	n.	guthaŋ		guthaŋ
shoes	n.		påwla
short	adj.	tsi-	tsi-; tuna		aichaŋ; mok-ku
shoulder, carry on shoulder	adj., n.		tamilo
show	v.		hamuw
shut, close	n.		hla-gay
siblings (ethnic name)	n.	Bhuliwar
side, middle	n.		wåro
side	adv., n.		-ba	goha
signal (for tracking game)	n.		tå-pa
sing	v.			lay	liy
single, a, an, one	adj.		tan
sister (general)	n.	bhuli			nunu
sister (elder)	adj.		mos
sister (younger)	adj.		m’yow
sister-in-law (brother’s wife)	n.	åyya	åyya; åyyu		yar-gyu
sit, stay	v.		tsun
sit	v.	hwày; pha	dzây; guni; pha; shwiy, tchwiy	hwày	drrây
six	num.	turka, truka	turka, truka		truk-tou
sixteen	num.		torrâ
skin, bark	n.	khala	khala
skin	n.	kartiya	k’ritiya	kartiya	charlaŋ, chalao
skirt (men’s)	n.		petho	poto
skirt (short)	n.	phalo	gunyu	phalo
sky	n.	teho	serga	horga; teho	taki
slap	vt.		hwat
sleep, be asleep	n.	shey, i´sey	shey, i´sey; duga	shey, i´sey	may
slow	adj.		seyta
small	adj.	itu, tu	dzo	itu, tu; thåt	aitshi-aŋ
small and short	adj.	twiy-che
smash, break	v.		tar
smoke	n.	dhukå	dhukå	oba
smoke	v.	thuhå
snake	n.	måbhu	g’ley; måghu	måbhu	måbhu
snipe (Gallinago sp.)	n.	gatuwa bwå
snot	n.		sopcho		sipho
snow	adj., n.	himare
soak	v.		bhån
society	n.		samuday
soft	adj.	kolo	kwalo
some, small amount	adj.	tu-de			aitshi-da
somebody	n.		cheruman
son	adj., n.		chaino		chaŋ, chaw, chuwŋ
son-in-law, daughter’s husband	n.		dzugana
song	adj., n.	ŋåh	maŋ
soon	n.		chiu-taba; dza´bê; hnibha; lote
sound, word	n.	do
south	dir.		boki
span (of hand)	n.		toretho
speak	v.		tså
speak to, address	v.		wan
speak, say	v.	ghå, khå, ḥå	ghå, khå, ḥå
spear	v.	ḥut, hutiya	tsowt
speech	n.		bü’, büya’
speech (of Rawat/Raji people)	n.	Bat-ka		Bat-ka
speech (of Raute people)	n.		Khåma-bü’
speech (of Barabandale Raji people)	n.				tham-ku
speech	v./n.	dêh
spider	n.	korowlya	godzya ḍo	korowlya
spirit (ancestral)	n.	seda	horr
spirit (stone relative, ancestral)	n.	Doliya	Doliykånatho
spirit medium	n.	chena; dhaŋgåria; ghataki
spirit woman	n.		Dude Mithu
split	n.	chi-	chi-		kre
spoiled, old	adv.		yês
spoon, ladle	n.		ghüt-ghüt; panai
spot(s)	n.		buta; hwor
spout	n.		baŋ-ka
spread, open	n.		dal
spread, sow, fly	v.	par	par
spring (of water)	n.		dzep
squeeze, wring, wash	v.	chip			tship
stab, shoot	n., v.	pak			druk
stalk, seek, hunt	v.		sera
stand (firmly in place)	v.		dzây		ta-dey
stand up	v.	phyãwŋ-ŋi; höy(-nih)		phyãwŋ-ŋi; höy(-nih)
star(s) (pl.)	n.	tara	twiy-twiy		trey-hiya
stay, dwell	v.		nyim
stay, live	v.		gun, guhå
stay, sit	v.		hwi
stem, bush	n.		sim
stem, vine	n.	nara
stew	n.	belaw	belaw	belaw
stew, spinach, cooked greens	n.		gargabi
stick (digging)	n.	dawa	dawa		kurpi; pharwa
stick (walking, hitting)	n.		lawa	taŋ
stir	v.		´awåh
stomach, belly	n.	gudu´; lådõ	duŋ; guduŋ	lådõ	bhudiŋ
stone	n.	ba; dhole; dzuga	´ân-, ´ân-åya, ´ân-kana-ba; ba; dhole; gorr-ba; kaw-ba; råko
storage, chest	n.		madush
storm, hurricane spirit	adj., n.	Dåruw		Dåruw
strap	n.	ogyå	seti	ogyå
stream	n.	hluw-gåda
strike	v.		twåk
string, cord, thread	n.	låg
suck	v.		nuw
sugary, sugarcane (Saccharum barberi)	adj., n.		kawr
sun, sun god	n.	Diḥo	Berr; Dåmu	Diḥo	Bêla
sun-dried	adj.	ni-kako
sweat	n.		ṣimìli
sweet	adj.		guliyo
swift (Apus sp. or Tachymarptis sp.)	n.		dhålu
swim	n.	baw	baw	baw	rehu, reohe
tail (ponytail, dreadlock)	n.		dzura		bela
tail	n.	båtuwa	hmuta
take	v.	dzyiga	bày-g/ke	bày-g/ke
take out	v.		hli
take, pick up	v.	khat
talk, news	n.		m’rey
taro (Colocasia esculenta)	n.	gadri
tasty	adj., v.		phwådzi
tasty, sour	adj.		swådzi
tear	v.	dzyi(´)	dzyi(´)
tears	n.				mitriya
ten	num.	dåsa	dåsa; ghos	dåsa	dås-tou
tent, dwelling, home, hut; roof	n.	naw	naw
testicle	n.	budzåw
Tharu people	n.			Bwa	Bwa
that (distal)	dem. pron.	hey; hwaiy	haiya; hey; hwaiy	hwaiy	hun
that, this (medial)	dem. pron.	e	yê-; e
them	pron.	aiy-dhôhoro; n-aiy
there	dem.				hun-ha
these, they (proximal)	dem., pron.	aiyalow; aiyla; ´åthola; iyala	aiyla; iyala	aiyla	hu-la
this, he, she	dem.	aiy, yaiy	aiy, yaiy
this, it		i	i	i	in
this one’s, his, her (proximal)	dem.	aiy-ke	aiy-ku
those yonder (distal)	pron.	håyi, hway; hey-la; hwaiy-la	hey-la	hwaiy-la	hun-la
thin, narrow	adj.	håp
thin, skinny	adj.		shyushi
thin, weak	adj.		tâna
thing, stuff	n.		shichu
third	adj.		phoch’yê
thirst, thirsty	n., adj.	tiy-dzå			dzipi-ka
this	dem.	i, yi, iya	i, yi, iya	i, yi, iya	in
those, these (proximal)	dem.	aiylå
three	num.	suŋ, xuŋ	suŋ, sũ	suŋ, xuŋ	sum-toũ
throat	n.	garda	mani
through	fn.		-ga
throw	v.	chore, tsore		chore, tsore	hor
throw stones					tiêm
thumb	n.	botho ãgulihya			biang-tho
Thursday	n.		byepa
tie, bind, knot	v.	hoyt	kàrak; gachiwa	hoyt	ghoi
tiger grass (Thysanolaena maxima)	n.			alsa
tip (of a spear)	n.	tik
tired	v.		galaw
to, for, benefit of (benefactive role marker)	abl.		sha, sha-ne
to, for, toward		kale, gale	abl.; da; kale, gale; ba
tobacco leaf	n.		bera
tobacco	n.	tammaku	tammaku	tammaku
today, now	adv.	bidzìke; day, dey	day, dey	day, dey	taniŋ
toe	n.		b’role		b’lêk
together	adv.	dzå´	khomana
tomorrow	adv., n.	kal-	kal-	kal-	niybu
tongue	n.	laley	laley		lay
tooth, teeth	n.	daru	bhåka; m’yũ; s’wå, swå	daru; tshyåxḥ	s’wå, swå
torch, kindling, log (in fire)	n.	toti
toss out	v.		twa
trail, path	n.		yom, yum
travel, go, walk	v.		ghal
tree	n.	siŋ, shiŋ	siŋ, shiŋ	siŋ, shiŋ
tree bark	n.	bakwor, bakwor-iyo	siŋ khala	bakwor, bakwor-iyo
true, really	mod. v., adv.	tuw	tuw
tuber (round)	n.	parow
turban	n.		mitiyaw
turned over, be	n.	muriwokow
turtle	n.	kuchuw
tusk(s)	n.	lawna
twelve	num.		dåylomuni
two	num.	hnih	hnih	hnih	ni-tou
umbrella	n.		tyatar
uncle (father’s sister’s husband)	n.		pusa		guwg
uncle (maternal, mother’s brother)	n.	kuwa	kuwa		guwg
uncle (mother’s sister’s husband)	n.	dukaya	horrkeni
uncle (paternal, father’s brother)	n.	kuwyo	pamma		kuwyo
underside	n.	puwti
understand, know how	v.		hnöu-lêh, hnöu lêh
up, upwards	dir.	tha-tha	tà-tya	tà-tya	ta-ki
up to	adj.			dzyå
upper arm	n.	båtte	påtti	påtti	båku; biêm
urine, pee, piss	n.	tsyi, chyi	tsyeri	tsyi, chyi	tchi, tshi
vagina	n.		pi
very	adj.	tu; gwãt	gwãt
vessel, jar, pot	n.		dzyum
village	n.	goru			gamaŋ
vomit	v.		mashiy		hmashi
vulture, griffon	n.	gidaha bwå
waist	n.		kir		kir
waistwrap	n.		kira
wake up	v.i.			dzaṛe
walk (go, move, proceed, arrive)	v.	hâ-ko; hwa-ko; phwa, pwa; khwa(-ko)	hwa-ko; phwa, pwa; khwa(-ko)	phwa, pwa; khwa(-ko)	swa
walk (hike, stroll, go)	v.	ḥrrōka; ōka
walk (travel, wander)	v.		ghal, khal, gyal		glo-
want, love	v., adv.		´íli
want, need	v.		manaŋ
warm	adj.	guhnuw	gûhnow	guhnuw	hmàl
wash, bathe, get wet	v.	chip; shil	shil	chip	tshur
wasp	n.		buke
water	n.	tiy, tchiy	tiy, tchiy	tiy, tchiy	tiy, tchiy
water (stream)	n.		chiy
water tap	n.		chiy-ku
waterfall	n.	khori	tiyruha; khori
we (general)	pron.	nåni	nå(å)	nåni	nã; ŋåi
we (exclusive)	pron.	nåni cha-cha-kyå	nå-shi-nā́		nã-ray-ki-ni
we together (inclusive)	pron.		nå diki		na-hĩ
we (three)	pron.		nåi-sũ-na
weave	v.	chyã
weave, braid	v.	pan
weep, cry, cry out	v., n.		khanyå-ki
wet, soaked	adj., n.		pachyo
wet, wash	v.	dzak-ka			dzet-ta; tshur-ka
what?	qw.	ḥaŋ-go	ḥãi	ḥaŋ-go	aŋ(-lai)
wheat	n.	ghumaŋ	gham	ghumaŋ	gumaŋ
when?	qw., conj, adv.	dawåli; ga; ḥaŋ-gai, saŋ-gai	ga; ḥaŋ-gai, saŋ-gai	ga-dzay	kaiya; taniŋ aŋ(-lai)
where? which?	qw.	go, ko; kå, kaw, gaw	go, ko	go, ko; kå, kaw, gaw	go-na, gu-na; gwas-wa-ku
whistle	v.	siti	siti
white	color.	dow+	dow+	dow+	p'laŋ, plaŋ
who	pron.	gu, ḥu	tsu		gun(-lai)
whoever	pron.	ḥu-i; ḥaŋkule	huŋkule
whose?	qw.	håŋko	håŋko; ḥaŋ-a-ko
why? about what?	qw.	ḥaŋ-ki; ḥaŋ-re	ḥã-le; ḥaŋ-re
wife	n.	metey, metiy	hwån	metey, metiy	badiŋ; matkou, matka
will	fut. tns.	ri	ri
wind	n.	bayar; dånow; hawa	bayar; dzånu	dånow	hawa
wing(s)	n.		kåk		bryuwŋ
wipe	v.				pwi
wise man	adj.		pogår
with, and	fn.		-pe; håtê
wok, cooking pot	n.		zalam
woman	n.		bawri; ´umükhala; motiya		mítsa
womb	n.		hlåka
wood	n.	katuŋ	kawra	katuŋ
wood chisel	n.		le´ḥan; liphan
wood, tree trunk, timber, tree	n.		siyũ
woodenware	n.	koshi; kuna; puro	koshi; kuna; madush; måna; payal; peti; puro; sandhush; tåoka	koshi; puro
word	n.	khå	khå	dådi
worker (working caste)	n.	karouwa		karouwa
worm	v.	garphul	ganegola; kol		gyuŋ
wound	n.		gã; katiy
wrap, hold (for hair)	n.		gåkkari
wrap, net	v.		kil
wrap up	v.		ḥwiy
yam tuber (Dioscorea sp.)	n.	githa; koy	githa; hnyuri; koy
yam root	n.	kwiy	kwiy
yard (front)	n.			kharåhe
year	v.	baha
yellow (bright, light brown, color)	color.	peru	hwĩ(ŋ)-pelo; pyãlo; pyero	peru	ladi-lwa; pà-ka; tswi(ŋ)
yes	int.	hŋ
yesterday, earlier, before	n.	byår-	byår-
yogurt	n.		ghola
you (2sg.)	pron.	na, nà; naŋ, nan	na, nà; naŋ, nan
you (2pl.)	pron.	naŋila, nanila	naŋila, nanila
you (polite)	pron.	naŋ khũ che
young	adj., n.	ituriya; bålo
your	pron.	nyã	naŋ, na, nà; nyã

See also

• Appendix:Swadesh lists for Raji-Raute languages

References

• Fortier, Jana. 2019. A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Central Himalayas. Harvard Oriental Series 88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. →ISBN