User:Gilgamesh~enwiktionary/English words by phonological interest

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Notes on weak vowel metaphonemes used on this page

Since neither Wiktionary nor Wikipedia's conventional IPA for English permits these anymore.

• /ᵻ/ = /ə ~ ɪ/
• /ᵻl/ = /əl (~ ɪl)/
• /ɨ/ = /ə ~ ɪ ~ iː/
• /ɵ/ = /ə ~ ɒ ~ oʊ/
• /ᵿ/ = /ə ~ ʊ ~ uː/

Assorted nondeterministic pronunciations

• any /ˈɛni/ (also /ˈæni/) • blood /ˈblʌd/ • both /ˈboʊlθ/ (also /ˈboʊθ/) • broad /ˈbrɔːd/ • broaden /ˈbrɔːdən/ • bunion /ˈbʌnjən/ • bury /ˈbɛri/ • business /ˈbɪznᵻs/ • busy /ˈbɪzi/ • butte /ˈbjuːt, ˈbɪut/ • cay /ˈkiː/ (also /ˈkeɪ/) • choir /ˈkwaɪ(ə)r/ • clerk /ˈklɑː(r)k, ˈklærk/ (also /ˈklɜː(r)k, ˈklɛrk/) • colonel /ˈkɜː(r)nəl, ˈkʌrn-/ • comfortable /ˈkʌmftərbəl/ (also /ˈkʌmf(ə(r))təbəl/) • coupon /ˈkjuːpɒn, ˈkɪup-/ (also /ˈkuːpɒn/) • debt /ˈdɛt/ • doubt /ˈdaʊt/ • drawer (compartment) /ˈdrɔː(r)/ • England /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ • English /ˈɪŋɡlᵻʃ/ • flaccid /ˈflæsᵻd/ • flood /ˈflʌd/ • fount (font) /ˈfɒnt/ (also /ˈfaʊnt/) • friend /ˈfrɛnd/ • gaol /ˈdʒeɪl/ • heart /ˈhɑː(r)t, ˈhært/ • hearth /ˈhɑː(r)θ, ˈhærθ/ • hiccough /ˈhɪkʌp, -kəp/ • hough (hock) /ˈhɒk/ • Houston (Texas) /ˈhjuːstən, ˈhɪust-/ • iron /ˈaɪə(r)n/ • lieutenant /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ (also /ljuːˈtɛnənt, lɪu-/) • many /ˈmɛni/ (also /ˈmæni/) • mayor /ˈmɛə(r), ˈmeɪr/ (also /ˈmeɪə(r)/) • once /ˈwʌns, ˈwɒns/ • one /ˈwʌn, ˈwɒn/ • people /ˈpiːpəl/ • plaid /ˈplæd/ • prayer (petition) /ˈprɛə(r), ˈpreɪr/ • pretty /ˈprɪti/ • quay /ˈkiː/ (also /ˈkeɪ, ˈkweɪ/) • receipt /rɨˈsiːt/ • Sean /ˈʃɔːn/ • sergeant /ˈsɑː(r)dʒənt, ˈsærdʒ-/ • sew /ˈsoʊ/ • sewn /ˈsoʊn/ • sieve /ˈsɪv/ • subtle /ˈsʌtəl/ • trough /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/ (also /ˈtrɒf, ˈtrɔːf/) • twenty /ˈtwʌnti, ˈtwʊnti/ (also /ˈtwɛnti/) • victual /ˈvɪtəl/ • women /ˈwɪmən/

Alternate pronunciations with /ʌ/

This list does not include:

• Words where the only pronunciations involve either /ʌ/ or /ʊ/.

• anybody /ˈɛnibʌdi, ˈæn-/ (also /ˈɛnibɒdi, ˈæn-/) • because /bɨˈkʌz/ (also /bɨˈkɒz, -ˈkɔːz/) • 'cause /ˈkʌz/ (also /ˈkɒz, ˈkɔːz/) • coney, cony /ˈkʌni/ (also /ˈkoʊni/) • coven /ˈkʌvən/ (also /ˈkoʊvən/) • donjon /ˈdʌndʒən/ (also /ˈdɒndʒən/) • donkey /ˈdʌŋki/ (also /ˈdɒŋki, ˈdɔːŋki/) • everybody /ˈɛv(ə)ribʌdi/ (also /ˈɛv(ə)ribɒdi/) • from /ˈfrʌm/ (also /ˈfrɒm/) • grovel /ˈɡrʌvəl/ (also /ˈɡrɒvəl/) • hovel /ˈhʌvəl/ (also /ˈhɒvəl/) • hover /ˈhʌvə(r)/ (also /ˈhɒvə(r)/) • nobody /ˈnoʊbʌdi/ (also /ˈnoʊbɒdi, -bədi/) • of /ˈʌv/ (also /ˈɒv/) • once /ˈwʌns/ (also /ˈwɒns/) • one /ˈwʌn/ (also /ˈwɒn/) • somebody /ˈsʌmbʌdi/ (also /ˈsʌmbɒdi, -bədi/) • southerly /ˈsʌðə(r)li/ (also /ˈsaʊðə(r)li/) • southern /ˈsʌðə(r)n/ (also /ˈsaʊðə(r)n/) • sovereign /ˈsʌv(ə)rᵻn/ (also /ˈsɒv(ə)rᵻn/) • tournament /ˈtɜː(r)nəmənt, ˈtʌrn-/ (also /ˈtʊə(r)nəmənt, ˈtuːrn-/) • tourney /ˈtɜː(r)ni, ˈtʌrni/ (also /ˈtʊə(r)ni, ˈtuːrni/) • twenty /ˈtwʌnti/ (also /ˈtwɛnti, ˈtwʊnti/) • was /ˈwʌz/ (also /ˈwɒz/) • wast /ˈwʌst/ (also /ˈwɒst/) • what /ˈ(h)wʌt/ (also /ˈ(h)wɒt/) • won /ˈwʌn/ (also /ˈwɒn/) • wont /ˈwʌnt/ (also /ˈwɒnt, ˈwɔːnt/)

Centering diphthong without /r/

• Graham, graham, Graeme /ˈɡrɛəm/ (also /ˈɡreɪəm, ˈɡræm/) • Leah /ˈlɪə/ (also /ˈliːə/) • mayonnaise /ˈmɛəneɪz/ (also /ˈmeɪəˈneɪz, ˈmæneɪz/) • real /ˈrɪəl/ (also /ˈriː(ə)l/) • Rhea, rhea /ˈrɪə/ (also /ˈriːə/) • theater, theatre /ˈθɪətə(r)/ (also /ˈθiː(ə)tə(r), ˈθiːæt-, ˈθiːeɪt-/) • yeah /ˈjɛə/ (also /ˈjæ/)

Fricative and silent plosive before lateral or nasal

• apostle /əˈpɒsəl/ • bristle /ˈbrɪsəl/ • bustle /ˈbʌsəl/ • castle /ˈkæsəl, ˈkɑːs-/ • chasten /ˈtʃeɪsən/ • chestnut /ˈtʃɛsnʌt/ (also /ˈtʃɛstnʌt/) • christen /ˈkrɪsən/ • Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/ • fasten /ˈfæsən, ˈfɑːs-/ • glisten /ˈɡlɪsən/ • gristle /ˈɡrɪsəl/ • hasten /ˈheɪsən/ • hustle /ˈhʌsəl/ • jostle /ˈdʒɒsəl/ • listen /ˈlɪsən/ • mistletoe /ˈmɪsəltoʊ/ • moisten /ˈmɔɪsən/ • muscle /ˈmʌsəl/ • mustn't /ˈmʌsənt/ • nestle /ˈnɛsəl/ • often /ˈɒfən, ˈɔːf-/ (also /ˈɒftən, ˈɔːft-/) • pestle /ˈpɛsəl/ (also /ˈpɛstəl/) • rastle, wrastle /ræsəl/ • rustle /ˈrʌsəl/ • soften /ˈsɒfən, ˈsɔːf-/ • thistle /ˈθɪsəl/ • throstle /ˈθrɒsəl/ • whistle /ˈ(h)wɪsəl/ • wrestle /ˈrɛsəl/

⟨a⟩ as /ɒ/ or /ɔː/

Most such words have the spelling combinations ⟨wa⟩, ⟨ua⟩ or ⟨wha⟩.

This list does not include:

• Words only pronounced with /ɑː/, such as qualm or suave.
• Words pronounced with /ɔː(l)/ from L-vocalization, such as squall or walk.

• Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl, bɛn-/ (also /ˈbɛŋɡəl, ˈbɛn-, bɛŋˈɡɑːl, bɛn-/) • Bengali /bɛŋˈɡɔːli, bɛn-/ (also /bɛŋˈɡɑːli, bɛn-/) • bulwark /ˈbʊlwɔː(r)k, ˈbʌl-, -wɒrk/ (also /ˈbʊlwə(r)k, ˈbʌl-/) • dwarf /ˈdwɔː(r)f, ˈdwɒrf/ • dwarves /ˈdwɔː(r)vz, ˈdwɒrvz/ • Malta /ˈmɒltə/ (also /ˈmɔːltə/) • Lancelot /ˈlɔːns(ə)lɒt, -lət/ (also /ˈlæns(ə)lɒt, ˈlɑːns-, -lət/) • quaff /ˈkwɒf, ˈkwɔːf/ (also /ˈkwæf, ˈkwɑːf/) • quag /ˈkwɒɡ/ (also /ˈkwæɡ/) • quagmire /ˈkwɒɡmaɪ(ə)r/ (also /ˈkwæɡmaɪ(ə)r/) • quantum /ˈkwɒntəm/ • quarantine /ˈkwɒrəntiːn, ˈkwɔːr-/ • quark /ˈkwɔː(r)k, ˈkwɒrk/ (also /ˈkwɑː(r)k, ˈkwærk/) • quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl, ˈkwɔːr-/ • quarry /ˈkwɒri, ˈkwɔːri/ • quart /ˈkwɔː(r)t, ˈkwɒrt/ • quarter /ˈkwɔː(r)tə(r), ˈkwɒrt-/ • quarts, quartz /ˈkwɔː(r)ts, ˈkwɒrts/ • quash /ˈkwɒʃ/ • sasquatch /ˈsæskwɒtʃ/ (also /ˈsæskwætʃ/) • scallop /ˈskɒləp/ (also /ˈskæləp/) • Sean /ˈʃɔːn/ • Siobhan /ʃɨˈvɔːn/ • squabble /ˈskwɒbəl/ • squad /ˈskwɒd/ • squadron /ˈskwɒdrən/ • squalid /ˈskwɒlᵻd/ • squalor /ˈskwɒlə(r)/ • squander /ˈskwɒndə(r)/ • Squanto /ˈskwɒntoʊ/ • squash /ˈskwɒʃ, ˈskwɔːʃ/ • squat /ˈskwɒt/ • squatch /ˈskwɒtʃ/ (also /ˈskwætʃ/) • stanch /ˈstɔːntʃ/ (also /ˈstæntʃ, ˈstɑːntʃ/) • swab /ˈswɒb/ • swaddle /ˈswɒdəl/ • swallow /ˈswɒloʊ/ • swamp /ˈswɒmp/ • swan /ˈswɒn/ • swap /ˈswɒp/ • swarm /ˈswɔː(r)m, ˈswɒrm/ • swart /ˈswɔː(r)t, ˈswɒrt/ • swarthy /ˈswɔː(r)ði, ˈswɒrði, ˈswɔː(r)θi, ˈswɒrθi/ • swash /ˈswɒʃ, ˈswɔːʃ/ • swat /ˈswɒt/ • swatch /ˈswɒtʃ/ • swath /ˈswɒθ, ˈswɔːθ/ • swaths /ˈswɒðz, ˈswɔːðz/ • twat /ˈtwɒt/ • wabble /ˈwɒbəl/ • wad /ˈwɒd/ • waddle /ˈwɒdəl/ • waffle /ˈwɒfəl, ˈwɔːf-/ • Wallace /ˈwɒlᵻs/ • wallow /ˈwɒloʊ/ • Wally /ˈwɒli, ˈwɔːli/ • Walsh /ˈwɒlʃ/ • wan (pallid) /ˈwɒn/ • wand /ˈwɒnd/ • wander /ˈwɒndə(r)/ • wanna /ˈwɒnə, ˈwɔːnə/ • want /ˈwɒnt, ˈwɔːnt/ • wanton /ˈwɒntən/ • war /ˈwɔː(r), ˈwɒr/ • warble /ˈwɔː(r)bəl, ˈwɒrb-/ • ward, warred /ˈwɔː(r)d, ˈwɒrd/ • warden /ˈwɔː(r)dən, ˈwɒrd-/ • warm /ˈwɔː(r)m, ˈwɒrm/ • warmth /ˈwɔː(r)mθ, ˈwɒrmθ/ • warn /ˈwɔː(r)n, ˈwɒrn/ • warp /ˈwɔː(r)p, ˈwɒrp/ • warrant /ˈwɒrənt, ˈwɔːr-/ • warranty /ˈwɒrənti, ˈwɔːr-/ • Warren, warren /ˈwɒrən, ˈwɔːr-/ • warrior /ˈwɒriə(r), ˈwɔːri-, ˈwɒrjər, ˈwɔː(r)jə(r), ˈwɔɪə(r)/ • Warsaw /ˈwɔː(r)sɔː, ˈwɒrs-/ • wart /ˈwɔː(r)t, ˈwɒrt/ • Warwick /ˈwɒrᵻk, ˈwɔːr-, ˈwɔː(r)wᵻk, ˈwɒr-/ • was /ˈwɒz/ (also /ˈwʌz/) • Wash, wash /ˈwɒʃ, ˈwɔːʃ/ • Washington /ˈwɒʃᵻŋtən, ˈwɔːʃ-/ • wasp /ˈwɒsp/ • wassail /ˈwɒsᵻl, -seɪl, wɒˈseɪl/ (also /ˈwæsᵻl, -seɪl, wæˈseɪl/) • wast /ˈwɒst/ (also /ˈwʌst/) • watch /ˈwɒtʃ/ • water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ • watt /ˈwɒt/ • whap /ˈ(h)wɒp/ (also /ˈ(h)wæp/) • wharf /ˈ(h)wɔː(r)f, ˈ(h)wɒrf/ • wharves /ˈ(h)wɔː(r)vz, ˈ(h)wɒrvz/ • what /ˈ(h)wɒt/ (also /ˈ(h)wʌt/) • wrath /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/ (also /ˈræθ, ˈrɑːθ/) • yacht /ˈjɒt/

⟨aCC⟩ as /eɪCC/ and final ⟨aC⟩ as /eɪC/

This list does not include:

• Words where the consonant cluster sequence is only /Cl/ (as in table) or only /Cr/ (as in sabre), since vowels are expected to be long in these spellings.
• Words where the spelling ⟨agC⟩ is pronounced /eɪC/ from older /æjC/.
• Words pronounced with /eɪŋ(ɡ)/ or /eɪŋk/, as this is specific and regular to certain dialects of North American English.

Before /mb/

• Cambridge /ˈkeɪmbrᵻdʒ/ • chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/ • chamberlain /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)lᵻn/

Before /ndʒ/

• angel /ˈeɪndʒəl/ • change /ˈtʃeɪndʒ/ • danger /ˈdeɪndʒə(r)/ • grange /ˈɡreɪndʒ/ • mange /ˈmeɪndʒ/ • range /ˈreɪndʒ/ • strange /ˈstreɪndʒ/

Before /st/

• baste /ˈbeɪst/ • chaste /ˈtʃeɪst/ • haste /ˈheɪst/ • paste /ˈpeɪst/ • pastry /ˈpeɪstri/ • taste /ˈteɪst/ • waste /ˈweɪst/ • wastrel /ˈweɪstrəl/

Influenced

• chasten /ˈtʃeɪsən/ • hasten /ˈheɪsən/

Other

• ancient /ˈeɪn(t)ʃənt/ • bass (clef) /ˈbeɪs/ • Halley /ˈheɪli/ (also /ˈhæli/) • nascent /ˈneɪsənt/ (also /ˈnæsənt/) • Ralph /ˈreɪf/ (also /ˈrælf, ˈrɑː(l)f/) • scarce /ˈskɛə(r)s, ˈskeɪrs/

⟨ai⟩ and ⟨ay⟩ as /aɪ/

• aisle /ˈaɪl/ • ay, aye /ˈaɪ/ (also /ˈeɪ/) • banzai /ˈbɑːnˈzaɪ/ • bonsai /ˈbɒnˈsaɪ, ˈboʊn-, -ˈzaɪ/ • Cairo (Egypt) /ˈkaɪroʊ/ • Dubai /duːˈbaɪ/ • Gaia /ˈɡaɪə/ (also /ˈɡeɪə/) • Gaius /ˈɡaɪəs/ (also /ˈɡeɪəs/) • Hawaii /həˈwaɪi, -ˈvaɪʔi, -ˈwaɪə/ (also /həˈwɑːi, -ˈvɑːʔi/) • Isaiah /aɪˈzaɪə/ (also /aɪˈzeɪə/) • kaiser /ˈkaɪzə(r)/ • Mordecai /ˈmɔː(r)dəˈkaɪ, ˈmɒrd-/ (also /mɔː(r)dəˈkeɪaɪ, mɒrd-/) • Lorelai /ˈlɒrəlaɪ, ˈlɔːr-/ • samurai /ˈsæm(j)ᵿraɪ/ • sempai /ˈsɛmpaɪ/ • senpai /ˈsɛmpaɪ, ˈsɛn-/ • Shanghai /ˈʃæŋˈhaɪ/ • Taipei /ˈtaɪˈpeɪ/ • Taiwan /ˈtaɪˈwɑːn/ • Thai /ˈtaɪ/ • Thailand /ˈtaɪlænd/

⟨ai⟩ and ⟨ay⟩ as /ɛ/

• again /əˈɡɛn/ (also /əˈɡeɪn/) • against /əˈɡɛnst/ (also /əˈɡeɪnst/) • Craig /ˈkrɛɡ/ (also /ˈkreɪɡ/) • said /ˈsɛd/ • sayeth /ˈsɛθ/ (also /ˈseɪəθ/) • says /ˈsɛz/

/æŋ/

These words mostly have /eɪŋ/ in North American English, though certain words may still retain /æŋ/.

• anchor /ˈæŋkə(r)/ • anger /ˈæŋɡə(r)/ • Angle, angle /ˈæŋɡəl/ • Anglia /ˈæŋɡliə/ • angry /ˈæŋɡri/ • angst /ˈæŋst/ • anguish /ˈæŋɡwᵻʃ/ • angular /ˈæŋɡjᵿlə(r)/ • Angus /ˈæŋɡəs/ • ankh /ˈæŋk/ • ankle /ˈæŋkəl/ • anxious /ˈæŋ(k)ʃəs/ • bang /ˈbæŋ/ • Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔə(r), -loʊr/ • Bangkok /ˈbæŋˈkɒk/ • Bangladesh /ˈbæŋɡlədɛʃ/ (also /ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/) • bangle /ˈbæŋɡəl/ • Bangor /ˈbæŋɡɔː(r), -ɡɒr, -ɡə(r)/ • bank /ˈbæŋk/ • blank /ˈblæŋk/ • brang /ˈbræŋ/ • cankle /ˈkæŋkəl/ • chank /ˈtʃæŋk/ • clang /ˈklæŋ/ • clank /ˈklæŋk/ • crank /ˈkræŋk/ • dang /ˈdæŋ/ • dangle /ˈdæŋɡəl/ • dank /ˈdæŋk/ • doppelganger /ˈdɒpəlɡæŋə(r)/ • drank /ˈdræŋk/ • fang /ˈfæŋ/ • fangle /ˈfæŋɡəl/ • flank /ˈflæŋk/ • franc, Frank, frank /ˈfræŋk/ • gang /ˈɡæŋ/ • handkerchief /ˈhæŋkə(r)tʃiːf, -tʃᵻf/ (also /ˈhændkə(r)tʃiːf, -tʃᵻf/) • hang /ˈhæŋ/ • hangar, hanger /ˈhæŋə(r)/ • Hank /ˈhæŋk/ • hanker /ˈhæŋkə(r)/ • jangle /ˈdʒæŋɡəl/ • Lang /ˈlæŋ/ • language /ˈlæŋɡwᵻdʒ/ • languid /ˈlæŋɡwᵻd/ • languish /ˈlæŋɡwᵻʃ/ • lank /ˈlæŋk/ • mangle /ˈmæŋɡəl/ • Manx /ˈmæŋks/ • meringue /məˈræŋ/ • orangutan /ɵˈræŋᵿtæn, -tæŋ/ • pang /ˈpæŋ/ • plank /ˈplæŋk/ • prank /ˈpræŋk/ • rancor, rancour, ranker /ˈræŋkə(r)/ • rang /ˈræŋ/ • rank /ˈræŋk/ • rankle /ˈræŋkəl/ • sang /ˈsæŋ/ • sanguine /ˈsæŋɡwᵻn/ • sank /ˈsæŋk/ • Shanghai /ˈʃæŋˈhaɪ/ • shank /ˈʃæŋk/ • shrank /ˈʃræŋk/ • skank /ˈskæŋk/ • slang /ˈslæŋ/ • slank /ˈslæŋk/ • spangle /ˈspæŋɡəl/ • spank /ˈspæŋk/ • sprang /ˈspræŋ/ • stang /ˈstæŋ/ • stank /ˈstæŋk/ • strangle /ˈstræŋɡəl/ • swang /ˈswæŋ/ • swank /ˈswæŋk/ • Tang, tang /ˈtæŋ/ • tangle /ˈtæŋɡəl/ • tank /ˈtæŋk/ • thank /ˈθæŋk/ • trank, tranq /ˈtræŋk/ • tranquil /ˈtræŋkwᵻl/ • twang /ˈtwæŋ/ • wang /ˈwæŋ/ • wank /ˈwæŋk/ • whang /ˈ(h)wæŋ/ • Wrangel, Wrangell, wrangle /ˈræŋɡəl/ • yang /ˈjæŋ/ • Yank, yank /ˈjæŋk/ • Yankee /ˈjæŋki/

⟨au⟩ as /ɑː/

This pronunciation mainly occurs before a cluster of /n/ and another consonant, and most such words also have alternate pronunciations with /ɔː/.

• aunt /ˈɑːnt/ (also /ˈænt/) • daunt /ˈdɑːnt/ (also /ˈdɔːnt/) • Gaunt /ˈɡɑːnt/ (also /ˈɡɔːnt/) • gauntlet /ˈɡɑːntlᵻt/ (also /ˈɡɔːntlᵻt/) • haunch /ˈhɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈhɔːntʃ/) • haunt /ˈhɑːnt/ (also /ˈhɔːnt, ˈhænt/) • jaundice /ˈdʒɑːndᵻs/ (also /ˈdʒɔːndᵻs/) • jaunt /ˈdʒɑːnt/ (also /ˈdʒɔːnt/) • Launcelot /ˈlɑːns(ə)lɒt, -lət/ (also /ˈlæns(ə)lɒt, ˈlɔːns-, -lət/) • launch /ˈlɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈlɔːntʃ/) • launder /ˈlɑːndə(r)/ (also /ˈlɔːndə(r)/) • laundry /ˈlɑːndri/ (also /ˈlɔːndri/) • paunch /ˈpɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈpɔːntʃ/) • raunch /ˈrɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈrɔːntʃ/) • Saunders /ˈsɑːndə(r)z/ (also /ˈsɔːndə(r)z/) • saunter /ˈsɑːntə(r)/ (also /ˈsɔːntə(r)/) • staunch /ˈstɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈstɔːntʃ/) • taunt /ˈtɑːnt/ (also /ˈtɔːnt/) • vaunt /ˈvɑːnt/ (also /ˈvɔːnt/)

⟨au⟩ and ⟨aw⟩ as /ɒ/

• because /bɨˈkɒz/ (also /bɨˈkɔːz, -ˈkʌz/) • 'cause /ˈkɒz/ (also /ˈkɔːz, ˈkʌz/) • laurel /ˈlɒrəl/ (also /ˈlɔːrəl/) • Laurence, Lawrence /ˈlɒrəns/ (also /ˈlɔːrəns/) • Maurice /ˈmɒrᵻs/ (also /ˈmɔːrᵻs, mɔːˈriːs/) • sausage /ˈsɒsᵻdʒ/ (also /ˈsɔːsᵻdʒ/)

/aʊl/

This sound tends to merge with /æl/ in certain accents of North American English.

• bowel /ˈbaʊl/ (also /ˈbaʊəl/) • Cowell /ˈkaʊl/ (also /ˈkaʊəl/) • cowl /ˈkaʊl/ • foul, fowl /ˈfaʊl/ • growl /ˈɡraʊl/ • howl /ˈhaʊl/ • owl /ˈaʊl/ (also /ˈaʊəl/) • Powell /ˈpaʊl/ (also /ˈpaʊəl, ˈpoʊəl/) • prowl /ˈpraʊl/ • scowl /ˈskaʊl/ • towel /ˈtaʊl/ (also /ˈtaʊəl/) • trowel /ˈtraʊl/ (also /ˈtraʊəl/) • vowel /ˈvaʊl/ (also /ˈvaʊəl/)

⟨augh⟩ and ⟨ough⟩ as /ɔː/

• aught, ought /ˈɔːt/ • besought /bɨˈsɔːt/ • bought /ˈbɔːt/ • brought /ˈbrɔːt/ • caught /ˈkɔːt/ • daughter /ˈdɔːtə(r)/ • distraught /dᵻˈstrɔːt/ • fought /ˈfɔːt/ • fraught /ˈfrɔːt/ • haughty /ˈhɔːti/ • naught, nought /ˈnɔːt/ • onslaught /ˈɒnslɔːt, ˈɔːn-/ • slaughter /ˈslɔːtə(r)/ • sought /ˈsɔːt/ • taught /ˈtɔːt/ • thought /ˈθɔːt/ • Vaughan, Vaughn /ˈvɔːn/ • wrought /ˈrɔːt/ • Youghal /ˈjɔːl/

BATH lexical set

These words tend to have /æ ~ ɛə/ in North American English and /ɑː/ in Received Pronunciation. Some accents have both sounds, but varying word by word.

Before /f/

• aft /ˈæft, ˈɑːft/ • after /ˈæftə(r), ˈɑːft-/ • chaff /ˈtʃæf, ˈtʃɑːf/ • craft /ˈkræft, ˈkrɑːft/ • daft /ˈdæft, ˈdɑːft/ • draft, draught /ˈdræft, ˈdrɑːft/ • giraffe /dʒᵻˈræf, -ˈrɑːf/ • graft, graphed /ˈɡræft, ˈɡrɑːft/ • graph /ˈɡræf, ˈɡrɑːf/ • gratis /ˈɡrætᵻs, ˈɡrɑːtᵻs/ • laugh /ˈlæf, ˈlɑːf/ • laughter /ˈlæftə(r), ˈlɑːft-/ • quaff /ˈkwæf, ˈkwɑːf/ (also /ˈkwɒf, ˈkwɔːf/) • raft /ˈræft, ˈrɑːft/ • shaft /ˈʃæft, ˈʃɑːft/ • staff /ˈstæf, ˈstɑːf/

Before final /l/

• corral /kɵˈræl, -ˈrɑːl/ • locale /loʊˈkæl, -ˈkɑːl/ • morale /mɵˈræl, -ˈrɑːl/

Before /(l)f/ or /(l)v/

• calf /ˈkæ(l)f, ˈkɑː(l)f/ • calves /ˈkæ(l)vz, ˈkɑː(l)vz/ • calve /ˈkæ(l)v, ˈkɑː(l)v/ • half /ˈhæ(l)f, ˈhɑː(l)f/ • halves /ˈhæ(l)vz, ˈhɑː(l)vz/ • halve /ˈhæ(l)v, ˈhɑː(l)v/ • Ralph /ˈrælf, ˈrɑː(l)f/ (also /ˈreɪf/) • salve /ˈsæ(l)v, ˈsɑː(l)v/

Before /mp(ə)l/

• example /ᵻɡˈzæmpəl, ɛɡ-, -ˈzɑːmp-/ • sample /ˈsæmpəl, ˈsɑːmp-/

Before /nd(ə)r/

• Alexander /ælᵻɡˈzændə(r), -ˈzɑːnd-/ • Alexandra /ælᵻɡˈzændrə, -ˈzɑːnd-/ • Alexandretta /ælᵻɡzænˈdrɛtə, -zɑːnd-/ • Alexandria /ælᵻɡˈzændriə, -ˈzɑːnd-/ • commander /kəˈmændə(r), -ˈmɑːnd/ • Flanders /ˈflændə(r)z, ˈflɑːnd-/ • Sanders /ˈsændə(r)z, ˈsɑːnd-/ • Sandra /ˈsændrə, ˈsɑːnd-/ • slander /ˈslændə(r), ˈslɑːnd-/

Influenced

• chandler /ˈtʃændlə(r), ˈtʃɑːnd-/ • command /kəˈmænd, -ˈmɑːnd/ • countermand /ˈkaʊntə(r)ˈmænd, -ˈmɑːnd/ • demand /dɨˈmænd, -ˈmɑːnd/ • remand /rɨˈmænd, -ˈmɑːnd/

Before /ns/

• advance /ædˈvæns, -ˈvɑːns/ • answer /ˈænsə(r), ˈɑːns-/ • chance /ˈtʃæns, ˈtʃɑːns/ • chancellor /ˈtʃæns(ə)lə(r), ˈtʃɑːns-/ • chancery /ˈtʃænsəri, ˈtʃɑːns-/ • dance /ˈdæns, ˈdɑːns/ • enhance /ᵻnˈhæns, ɛn-, -ˈhɑːns/ • France /ˈfræns, ˈfrɑːns/ • Frances (name), Francis /ˈfrænsᵻs, ˈfrɑːns-/ • glance /ˈɡlæns, ˈɡlɑːns/ • lance /ˈlæns, ˈlɑːns/ • Lancelot, Launcelot /ˈlæns(ə)lɒt, ˈlɑːns-, -lət/ (also /ˈlɔːns(ə)lɒt, -lət/) • prance /ˈpræns, ˈprɑːns/ • Romance, romance /rɵˈmæns, ˈroʊˈmæns, -ˈmɑːns/ • stance /ˈstæns, ˈstɑːns/ • trance /ˈtræns, ˈtrɑːns/ • trans- (stressed) /ˈtrænz-, ˈtrɑːnz-, ˈtræns-, ˈtrɑːns-/

Before /nt/

• advantage /ædˈvæntᵻdʒ, -ˈvɑːnt-/ • aunt /ˈænt, ˈɑːnt/ • can't /ˈkænt, ˈkɑːnt/ • chant /ˈtʃænt, ˈtʃɑːnt/ • Grant, grant /ˈɡrænt, ˈɡrɑːnt/ • plant /ˈplænt, ˈplɑːnt/ • rant /ˈrænt, ˈrɑːnt/ • shan't /ˈʃænt, ˈʃɑːnt/

Before /ntʃ/

• blanch, Blanche /ˈblæntʃ, ˈblɑːntʃ/ • branch /ˈbræntʃ, ˈbrɑːntʃ/ • panch /ˈpæntʃ, ˈpɑːntʃ/ • ranch /ˈræntʃ, ˈrɑːntʃ/ • stanch /ˈstæntʃ, ˈstɑːntʃ/ (also /ˈstɔːntʃ/)

Before /s/

• alas /əˈlæs, əˈlɑːs/ • ask /ˈæsk, ˈɑːsk/ • ass (arse) /ˈæs, ˈɑːs/ • bask, Basque, basque /ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ • basket /ˈbæskᵻt, ˈbɑːsk-/ • bastard /ˈbæstə(r)d, ˈbɑːst-/ • Belfast /ˈbɛlfæst, -fɑːst/ • blast /ˈblæst, ˈblɑːst/ • brass /ˈbræs, ˈbrɑːs/ • cask /ˈkæsk, ˈkɑːsk/ • casket /ˈkæskᵻt, ˈkɑːsk-/ • cast, caste /ˈkæst, ˈkɑːst/ • caster, castor /ˈkæstə(r), ˈkɑːst-/ • castle /ˈkæsəl, ˈkɑːs-/ • clasp /ˈklæsp, ˈklɑːsp/ • class /ˈklæs, ˈklɑːs/ • contrast (noun) /ˈkɒntræst, -trɑːst/ • contrast (verb) /kənˈtræst, -ˈtrɑːst/ • disaster /dᵻˈzæstə(r), -ˈzɑːst-/ • drastic /ˈdræstᵻk, ˈdrɑːst-/ • fast /ˈfæst, ˈfɑːst/ • fasten /ˈfæsən, ˈfɑːs-/ • flask /ˈflæsk, ˈflɑːsk/ • gasp /ˈɡæsp, ˈɡɑːsp/ • gast, ghast /ˈɡæst, ˈɡɑːst/ • Glasgow /ˈɡlæsɡoʊ, ˈɡlɑːs-, -koʊ/ • glass /ˈɡlæs, ˈɡlɑːs/ • grasp /ˈɡræsp, ˈɡrɑːsp/ • grass /ˈɡræs, ˈɡrɑːs/ • last /ˈlæst, ˈlɑːst/ • mask, masque /ˈmæsk, ˈmɑːsk/ • mast /ˈmæst, ˈmɑːst/ • master /ˈmæstə(r), ˈmɑːst-/ • nasty /ˈnæsti, ˈnɑːsti/ • pass /ˈpæs, ˈpɑːs/ • passed, past /ˈpæst, ˈpɑːst/ • pastor /ˈpæstə(r), ˈpɑːst-/ • pasture /ˈpæstʃə(r), ˈpɑːst-/ • plaster /ˈplæstə(r), ˈplɑːst-/ • plastic /ˈplæstᵻk, ˈplɑːst-/ • rasp /ˈræsp, ˈrɑːsp/ • task /ˈtæsk, ˈtɑːsk/ • vast /ˈvæst, ˈvɑːst/

Influenced

• raspberry /ˈræzb(ɛ)ri, ˈrɑːz-/

Before /θ/ or /ð/

• Bath, bath /ˈbæθ, ˈbɑːθ/ • baths /ˈbæðz, ˈbɑːðz, ˈbæθs, ˈbɑːθs/ • lather /ˈlæðə(r), ˈlɑːð-/ • path /ˈpæθ, ˈpɑːθ/ • paths /ˈpæðz, ˈpɑːðz, ˈpæθs, ˈpɑːθs/ • rather /ˈræðə(r), ˈrɑːð-/ • wrath /ˈræθ, ˈrɑːθ/ (also /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/)

Other

• banana /bəˈnænə, -ˈnɑːnə/ • data /ˈdætə, ˈdɑːtə/ (also /ˈdeɪtə/) • moustache, mustache /ˈmʌstæʃ, -stɑːʃ, məˈstæʃ, -ˈstɑːʃ/ • plaque /ˈplæk, ˈplɑːk/ • soprano /sɵˈprænoʊ, -ˈprɑːn-/ • stache /ˈstæʃ, ˈstɑːʃ/

⟨c⟩ as /k/ before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨y⟩ or Latinate ⟨ae⟩, ⟨oe⟩

• Celt /ˈkɛlt/ (also /ˈsɛlt/) • sceptic /ˈskɛptᵻk/ • soccer /ˈsɒkə(r)/

⟨ch⟩ as /ʃ/

• bouche /ˈbuːʃ/ • cache /ˈkæʃ/ • caroche /kəˈrɒʃ, -ˈroʊʃ/ (also /kəˈroʊtʃ/) • chagrin /ʃəˈɡrɪn/ • Champagne, champagne /ʃæmˈpeɪn/ • charade /ʃəˈrɑːd, -ˈreɪd/ • Charlene /ʃɑː(r)ˈliːn, ʃær-/ • Charlotte /ˈʃɑː(r)lət, ˈʃær-/ • Charmaine /ʃɑː(r)ˈmeɪn, ʃær-/ • chef /ˈʃɛf/ • Cher, cher /ˈʃɛə(r), ˈʃeɪr/ • Cheryl /ˈʃɛrᵻl/ • chevron /ˈʃɛvrɒn, -rən/ • chic /ˈʃiːk/ • chiv /ˈʃɪv/ (also /ˈtʃɪv/) • chivalrous /ˈʃɪvəlrəs/ • chivalry /ˈʃɪvəlri/ • chute /ˈʃuːt, ˈʃɪut/ • douche /ˈduːʃ/ • ganache /ɡəˈnæʃ, -ˈnɑːʃ/ • gauche /ˈɡoʊʃ/ • machine /məˈʃiːn/ • Michelle /mᵻˈʃɛl/ • moustache, mustache /ˈmʌstæʃ, -stɑːʃ, məˈstæʃ, -ˈstɑːʃ/ • niche /ˈniːʃ/ (also /ˈnɪtʃ/) • panache /pəˈnæʃ, -ˈnɑːʃ/ • parachute /ˈpærəʃuːt, -ʃɪut/ • pastiche /pæˈstiːʃ, pɑː-/ • quiche /ˈkiːʃ/ • stache /ˈstæʃ, ˈstɑːʃ/ • Welch /ˈwɛlʃ/ (also /ˈwɛltʃ/)

CLOTH lexical set

These words tend to have /ɔː/ in North American English and /ɒ/ in Australian English and Received Pronunciation. Some accents have both sounds, but varying word by word.

Before /f/

• coffee /ˈkɒfi, ˈkɔːfi/ • coffer /ˈkɒfə(r), ˈkɔːf-/ • coffin /ˈkɒfᵻn, ˈkɔːf-/ • cough /ˈkɒf, ˈkɔːf/ • croft /ˈkrɒft, ˈkrɔːft/ • dolphin /ˈdɒlfᵻn, ˈdɔːlf-/ • golf /ˈɡɒ(l)f, ˈɡɔː(l)f/ • loft /ˈlɒft, ˈlɔːft/ • off /ˈɒf, ˈɔːf/ • offal /ˈɒfəl, ˈɔːf-/ • Offaly /ˈɒfəli, ˈɔːf-/ • offence, offense /ˈɒfɛns, ˈɔːfɛns/ (also /ɵˈfɛns/) • offer /ˈɒfə(r), ˈɔːf-/ • office /ˈɒfᵻs, ˈɔːf-/ • oft /ˈɒft, ˈɔːft/ • often /ˈɒf(t)ən, ˈɔːf(t)-/ • quaff /ˈkwɒf, ˈkwɔːf/ (also /ˈkwæf, ˈkwɑːf/) • soft /ˈsɒft, ˈsɔːft/ • soften /ˈsɒfən, ˈsɔːf-/ • toffee, toffy /ˈtɒfi, ˈtɔːfi/ • trough /ˈtrɒf, ˈtrɔːf/ (also /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/) • waffle /ˈwɒfəl, ˈwɔːf-/

Before /ɡ/

• blog /ˈblɒɡ, ˈblɔːɡ/ • bog /ˈbɒɡ, ˈbɔːɡ/ • clog /ˈklɒɡ, ˈklɔːɡ/ • cog /ˈkɒɡ, ˈkɔːɡ/ • demagog, demagogue /ˈdɛməɡɒɡ, -ɡɔːɡ/ • dog /ˈdɒɡ, ˈdɔːɡ/ • flog /ˈflɒɡ, ˈflɔːɡ/ • fog /ˈfɒɡ, ˈfɔːɡ/ • frog /ˈfrɒɡ, ˈfrɔːɡ/ • hog /ˈhɒɡ, ˈhɔːɡ/ • log /ˈlɒɡ, ˈlɔːɡ/ • -log, -logue /-lɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • smog /ˈsmɒɡ, ˈsmɔːɡ/ • synagog, synagogue /ˈsɪnəɡɒɡ, -ɡɔːɡ/ • vlog /ˈvlɒɡ, ˈvlɔːɡ/ • vog /ˈvɒɡ, ˈvɔːɡ/

Before /n/

• gone /ˈɡɒn, ˈɡɔːn/ • gonna /ˈɡɒnə, ˈɡɔːnə/ (also /ˈɡʌnə/) • on /ˈɒn, ˈɔːn/ • shone /ˈʃɒn, ˈʃɔːn/ (also /ˈʃoʊn/) • wanna /ˈwɒnə, ˈwɔːnə/ (also /ˈwʌnə/) • want /ˈwɒnt, ˈwɔːnt/ • wont /ˈwɒnt, ˈwɔːnt/ (also /ˈwʌnt/)

Before /ŋ/

• bong /ˈbɒŋ, ˈbɔːŋ/ • bonk /ˈbɒŋk, ˈbɔːŋk/ • conk /ˈkɒŋk, ˈkɔːŋk/ • dong /ˈdɒŋ, ˈdɔːŋ/ • dongle /ˈdɒŋɡəl, ˈdɔːŋɡ-/ • donkey /ˈdɒŋki, ˈdɔːŋki/ (also /ˈdʌŋki/) • gong /ˈɡɒŋ, ˈɡɔːŋ/ • honk /ˈhɒŋk, ˈhɔːŋk/ • long /ˈlɒŋ, ˈlɔːŋ/ • longer /ˈlɒŋɡə(r), ˈlɔːŋɡ-/ • pong /ˈpɒŋ, ˈpɔːŋ/ • prong /ˈprɒŋ, ˈprɔːŋ/ • song /ˈsɒŋ, ˈsɔːŋ/ • strong /ˈstrɒŋ, ˈstrɔːŋ/ • stronger /ˈstrɒŋɡə(r), ˈstrɔːŋɡ-/ • thong /ˈθɒŋ, ˈθɔːŋ/ • throng /ˈθrɒŋ, ˈθrɔːŋ/ • tong /ˈtɒŋ, ˈtɔːŋ/ • wonk /ˈwɒŋk, ˈwɔːŋk/ • wrong /ˈrɒŋ, ˈrɔːŋ/

Influenced

• longevity /lɒnˈdʒɛvᵻti, lɔːn-/ • longitude /ˈlɒndʒᵻtjuːd, ˈlɔːndʒ-, -tɪud/

Before /s/

• albatross /ˈælbətrɒs, -trɔːs/ • boss /ˈbɒs, ˈbɔːs/ • Boston /ˈbɒstən, ˈbɔːst-/ • cost /ˈkɒst, ˈkɔːst/ • cross /ˈkrɒs, ˈkrɔːs/ • floss /ˈflɒs, ˈflɔːs/ • foster /ˈfɒstə(r), ˈfɔːst-/ • frost /ˈfrɒst, ˈfrɔːst/ • gloss /ˈɡlɒs, ˈɡlɔːs/ • Gloster, Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstə(r), ˈɡlɔːst-/ • hoss /ˈhɒs, ˈhɔːs/ • loss /ˈlɒs, ˈlɔːs/ • lost /ˈlɒst, ˈlɔːst/ • mosque /ˈmɒsk, ˈmɔːsk/ • moss /ˈmɒs, ˈmɔːs/ • ostrich /ˈɒstrᵻtʃ, ˈɔːst-, -rᵻdʒ/ • Ross /ˈrɒs, ˈrɔːs/ • sausage /ˈsɒsᵻdʒ, ˈsɔːs-/ • toss /ˈtɒs, ˈtɔːs/

Before /θ/ or /ð/

• betroth /bɨˈtrɒθ, -ˈtrɔːθ/ (also /bɨˈtroʊð/) • bothy /ˈbɒθi, ˈbɔːθi/ • broth /ˈbrɒθ, ˈbrɔːθ/ • brothel /ˈbrɒθəl, ˈbrɔːθ-, ˈbrɒð-, ˈbrɔːð-/ • cloth /ˈklɒθ, ˈklɔːθ/ • cloths /ˈklɒðz, ˈklɔːðz, ˈklɒθs, ˈklɔːθs/ • froth /ˈfrɒθ, ˈfrɔːθ/ • moth /ˈmɒθ, ˈmɔːθ/ • mother (moth) /ˈmɒðə(r), ˈmɔːð-, ˈmɒθ-, ˈmɔːθ-/ • moths /ˈmɒðz, ˈmɔːðz, ˈmɒθs, ˈmɔːθs/ • Roth /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/ • sloth /ˈslɒθ, ˈslɔːθ/ (also /ˈsloʊθ/) • swath /ˈswɒθ, ˈswɔːθ/ • swaths /ˈswɒðz, ˈswɔːðz/ • troth /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/ (also /ˈtroʊθ/) • trough /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/ (also /ˈtrɒf, ˈtrɔːf/) • wrath /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/ (also /ˈræθ, ˈrɑːθ/) • wroth /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/ (also /ˈroʊθ/)

After /w/ and before /ʃ/

• squash /ˈskwɒʃ, ˈskwɔːʃ/ • swash /ˈswɒʃ, ˈswɔːʃ/ • Wash, wash /ˈwɒʃ, ˈwɔːʃ/ • Washington /ˈwɒʃᵻŋtən, ˈwɔːʃ-/

Other

• because /bɨˈkɒz, bɨˈkɔːz/ (also /bɨˈkʌz/) • 'cause /ˈkɒz, ˈkɔːz/ (also /ˈkʌz/) • chocolate /ˈtʃɒk(ɵ)lᵻt, ˈtʃɔːk-/

Initial /dw/

• Duane /ˈdweɪn/ (also /duːˈeɪn/) • dwarf /ˈdwɔː(r)f, ˈdwɒrf/ • dwarves /ˈdwɔː(r)vz, ˈdwɒrvz/ • Dwayne /ˈdweɪn/ • dweeb /ˈdwiːb/ • dwell /ˈdwɛl/ • dwelt /ˈdwɛlt/ • Dwight /ˈdwaɪt/

Initial /ð/

• than /ˈðæn/ • that /ˈðæt/ • the /ˈðiː, ðə, ði/ • thee /ˈðiː/ • their, there, they're /ˈðɛə(r), ˈðeɪr/ • theirs, there's /ˈðɛə(r)z, ˈðeɪrz/ • them /ˈðɛm/ • then /ˈðɛn/ • thence /ˈðɛns/ • these /ˈðiːz/ • they /ˈðeɪ/ • thine /ˈðaɪn/ • this /ˈðɪs/ • thither /ˈðɪðə(r)/ (also /ˈθɪðə(r)/) • those /ˈðoʊz/ • thou (pronoun) /ˈðaʊ/ • though /ˈðoʊ/ • thus /ˈðʌs/ • thy /ˈðaɪ/

Interchangeable /ð/ and /θ/

• baths /ˈbæðz, ˈbɑːðz, ˈbæθs, ˈbɑːθs/ • blithe /ˈblaɪð, ˈblaɪθ/ • Blyth /ˈblaɪð, ˈblaɪθ/ (also /ˈblaɪ/) • Booth, booth /ˈbuːð, ˈbuːθ/ • cloths /ˈklɒðz, ˈklɔːðz, ˈklɒθs, ˈklɔːθs/ • loath /ˈloʊð, ˈloʊθ/ • mother (moth) /ˈmɒðə(r), ˈmɔːð-, ˈmɒθ-, ˈmɔːθ-/ • moths /ˈmɒðz, ˈmɔːðz, ˈmɒθs, ˈmɔːθs/ • oaths /ˈoʊðz, ˈoʊθs/ • paths /ˈpæðz, ˈpɑːðz, ˈpæθs, ˈpɑːθs/ • scythe /ˈsaɪð, ˈsaɪθ/ • Smithee, smithy /ˈsmɪði, ˈsmɪθi/ • Smyth /ˈsmaɪð, ˈsmaɪθ/ (also /ˈsmɪθ/) • swarthy /ˈswɔː(r)ði, ˈswɒrði, ˈswɔː(r)θi, ˈswɒrθi/ • thither /ˈðɪðə(r), ˈθɪð-/ • truths /ˈtruːðz, ˈtrɪuðz, ˈtruːθs, ˈtrɪuθs/ • with /ˈwɪð, ˈwɪθ/ • wreaths /ˈriːðz, ˈriːθs/ • youths /ˈjuːðz, ˈjuːθs/ • zither /ˈzɪðə(r), ˈzɪθ-/

⟨e⟩ as /eɪ/

• beta /ˈbeɪtə/ (also /ˈbiːtə/) • dengue /ˈdɛŋɡeɪ/ (also /ˈdɛŋɡi/) • eh /ˈeɪ/ (also /ˈɛ/) • ere /ˈɛə(r), ˈeɪr/ • eta /ˈeɪtə/ (also /ˈiːtə/) • mega- /meɪɡə-/ (also /mɛɡə-/) • Megan /ˈmeɪɡən/ (also /ˈmɛɡən/) • omega /oʊˈmeɪɡə/ (also /oʊˈmɛɡə, -ˈmiːɡə, ˈoʊmɨɡə/) • Peking /ˈpeɪˈkɪŋ/ (also /ˈpiːˈkɪŋ/) • re /ˈreɪ/ • suede /ˈsweɪd/ • there /ˈðɛə(r), ˈðeɪr/ • theta /ˈθeɪtə/ (also /ˈθiːtə/) • Vega /ˈveɪɡə/ (also /ˈviːɡə/) • where /ˈ(h)wɛə(r), ˈ(h)weɪr/ • zeta /ˈzeɪtə/ (also /ˈziːtə/)

⟨ea⟩ as /ɛ/

• already /ɔːlˈrɛdi/ • bread /ˈbrɛd/ • breadth /ˈbrɛ(d)θ/ • breakfast /ˈbrɛkfəst/ • breast /ˈbrɛst/ • breath /ˈbrɛθ/ • cleanly /ˈklɛnli/ • cleanse /ˈklɛnz/ • dead /ˈdɛd/ • deaden /ˈdɛdən/ • deaf /ˈdɛf/ • deafen /ˈdɛfən/ • dealt /ˈdɛlt/ • dearth /ˈdɜː(r)θ, ˈdɛrθ/ • death /ˈdɛθ/ • dread /ˈdrɛd/ • dreamt /ˈdrɛmt/ • Earl, earl /ˈɜː(r)l, ˈɛrl/ • early /ˈɜː(r)li, ˈɛrli/ • earn /ˈɜː(r)n, ˈɛrn/ • earnest /ˈɜː(r)nᵻst, ˈɛrn-/ • Earp /ˈɜː(r)p, ˈɛrp/ • earth /ˈɜː(r)θ, ˈɛrθ/ • earthen /ˈɜː(r)θən, ˈɛrθ-/ • endeavor, endeavour /ᵻnˈdɛvə(r), ɛn-/ • feather /ˈfɛðə(r)/ • health /ˈhɛlθ/ • heard /ˈhɜː(r)d, ˈhɛrd/ • hearse /ˈhɜː(r)s, ˈhɛrs/ • Hearst /ˈhɜː(r)st, ˈhɛrst/ • Heather, heather /ˈhɛðə(r)/ • heaven /ˈhɛvən/ • heavy /ˈhɛvi/ • jealous /ˈdʒɛləs/ • Kearney /ˈkɜː(r)ni, ˈkɛrni/ • Kearns /ˈkɜː(r)nz, ˈkɛrnz/ • lead (metal) /ˈlɛd/ • leant /ˈlɛnt/ • leapt /ˈlɛpt/ • learn /ˈlɜː(r)n, ˈlɛrn/ • learned /ˈlɜː(r)nᵻd, ˈlɛrn-/ (also /ˈlɜː(r)nd, ˈlɛrnd/) • learnt /ˈlɜː(r)nt, ˈlɛrnt/ • leather /ˈlɛðə(r)/ • leaven /ˈlɛvən/ • meadow /ˈmɛdoʊ/ • meant /ˈmɛnt/ • measure /ˈmɛʒə(r)/ • pearl /ˈpɜː(r)l, ˈpɛrl/ • peasant /ˈpɛzənt/ • pheasant /ˈfɛzənt/ • pleasant /ˈplɛzənt/ • pleasure /ˈplɛʒə(r)/ • read (past) /ˈrɛd/ • Reading /ˈrɛdᵻŋ/ • ready /ˈrɛdi/ • realm /ˈrɛlm/ • search /ˈsɜː(r)tʃ, ˈsɛrtʃ/ • spread /ˈsprɛd/ • stead /ˈstɛd/ • steady /ˈstɛdi/ • stealth /ˈstɛlθ/ • sweat /ˈswɛt/ • thread /ˈθrɛd/ • threat /ˈθrɛt/ • threaten /ˈθrɛtən/ • treacherous /ˈtrɛtʃərəs/ • treachery /ˈtrɛtʃəri/ • tread /ˈtrɛd/ • treasure /ˈtrɛʒə(r)/ • wealth /ˈwɛlθ/ • weapon /ˈwɛpən/ • weather /ˈwɛðə(r)/ • yearn /ˈjɜː(r)n, ˈjɛrn/ • zealot /ˈzɛlət/ • zealous /ˈzɛləs/

⟨ea⟩ as /eɪ/

• bear /ˈbɛə(r), ˈbeɪr/ • break /ˈbreɪk/ • great /ˈɡreɪt/ • lea /ˈleɪ/ (also /ˈliː/) • pear /ˈpɛə(r), ˈpeɪr/ • steak /ˈsteɪk/ • swear /ˈswɛə(r), ˈsweɪr/ • tear (rip) /ˈtɛə(r), ˈteɪr/ • wear, were (man) /ˈwɛə(r), ˈweɪr/ • yea /ˈjeɪ/ • Yeager /ˈjeɪɡə(r)/ • Yeats, Yeates /ˈjeɪts/

⟨ed⟩ as irregular /ᵻd/

• Alfred /ˈælfrᵻd/ (also /ˈælfrɛd/) • beloved /bɨˈlʌvᵻd/ (also /bɨˈlʌvd/) • crooked /ˈkrʊkᵻd/ (also /ˈkrʊkt/) • hatred /ˈheɪtrᵻd/ • hundred /ˈhʌndrᵻd/ • jagged /ˈdʒæɡᵻd/ (also /ˈdʒæɡd/) • Jared /ˈdʒærᵻd/ • kindred /ˈkɪndrᵻd/ • learned /ˈlɜː(r)nᵻd, ˈlɛrn-/ (also /ˈlɜː(r)nd, ˈlɛrnd/) • legged /ˈlɛɡᵻd/ (also /ˈlɛɡd/) • naked /ˈneɪkᵻd/ • ragged /ˈræɡᵻd/ (also /ˈræɡd/) • rugged /ˈrʌɡᵻd/ • sacred /ˈseɪkrᵻd/ • wicked /ˈwɪkᵻd/ (also /ˈwɪkt/) • wretched /ˈrɛtʃᵻd/

⟨ei⟩ and ⟨ey⟩ as /aɪ/

• Ebeye /ˈiːbaɪ/ • either /ˈaɪðə(r)/ (also /ˈiːðə(r)/) • eye /ˈaɪ/ • eyrie, eyry /ˈaɪ(ə)ri/ (also /ˈɪəri, ˈiːri, ˈɛəri, ˈeɪri/) • feist /ˈfaɪst/ • geyser /ˈɡaɪzə(r)/ (also /ˈɡiːzə(r)/) • gneiss /ˈnaɪs/ • heigh /ˈhaɪ/ (also /ˈheɪ/) • height /ˈhaɪt/ • heighten /ˈhaɪtən/ • heist /ˈhaɪst/ • leitmotif /ˈlaɪtmoʊtiːf/ • Lorelei /ˈlɒrəlaɪ, ˈlɔːr-/ • meister /ˈmaɪstə(r)/ • neither /ˈnaɪðə(r)/ (also /ˈniːðə(r)/) • poltergeist /ˈpoʊltə(r)ɡaɪst, ˈpɒlt-/ • Poseidon /pɵˈsaɪdən/ • sleight /ˈslaɪt/ • zeitgeist /ˈtsaɪtɡaɪst, ˈzaɪt-/

⟨ei⟩ and ⟨ey⟩ as /ɛ/

• Leicester /ˈlɛstə(r)/ • leisure /ˈlɛʒə(r)/ (also /ˈliːʒə(r)/) • Reynold /ˈrɛnəld/

⟨ei⟩ and ⟨ey⟩ as /eɪ/

• beige /ˈbeɪʒ/ • Beijing /ˈbeɪˈ(d)ʒɪŋ/ • convey /kənˈveɪ/ • deign /ˈdeɪn/ • eight /ˈeɪt/ • eighteen /ˈeɪˈtiːn/ • eighth /ˈeɪ(t)θ/ • eighty /ˈeɪti/ • Eyre, eyre, heir /ˈɛə(r), ˈeɪr/ • eyrie, eyry /ˈɛəri, ˈeɪri/ (also /ˈɪəri, ˈiːri, ˈaɪ(ə)ri/) • feign /ˈfeɪn/ • feint /ˈfeɪnt/ • fey /ˈfeɪ/ • freight /ˈfreɪt/ • Grey, grey /ˈɡreɪ/ • heigh /ˈheɪ/ (also /ˈhaɪ/) • heinous /ˈheɪnəs/ • heiress /ˈɛərᵻs, ˈeɪr-/ • hey /ˈheɪ/ • lei /ˈleɪ/ • ley /ˈleɪ/ (also /ˈliː/) • neigh /ˈneɪ/ • neighbour /ˈneɪbə(r)/ • obey /oʊˈbeɪ/ • osprey /ˈɒspreɪ/ (also /ˈɒspri/) • prey /ˈpreɪ/ • reign, rein /ˈreɪn/ • sheik /ˈʃeɪk/ (also /ˈʃiːk/) • sleigh /ˈsleɪ/ • survey /ˈsɜː(r)veɪ, ˈsʌr-/ • Taipei /ˈtaɪˈpeɪ/ • their, they're /ˈðɛə(r), ˈðeɪr/ • theirs /ˈðɛə(r)z, ˈðeɪrz/ • they /ˈðeɪ/ • Trey, trey /ˈtreɪ/ • veil /ˈveɪl/ • vein /ˈveɪn/ • weigh /ˈweɪ/ • weight /ˈweɪt/ • whey /ˈ(h)weɪ/

⟨ei⟩ and ⟨ey⟩ as /iː/

This list does not include:

• Words where ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨ey⟩ only represents the HAPPY vowel /i/.

• ceil /ˈsiːl/ • conceit /kənˈsiːt/ • conceive /kənˈsiːv/ • deceit /dɨˈsiːt/ • deceive /dɨˈsiːv/ • either /ˈiːðə(r)/ (also /ˈaɪðə(r)/) • eyrie, eyry /ˈɪəri, ˈiːri/ (also /ˈɛəri, ˈeɪri, ˈaɪ(ə)ri/) • geyser /ˈɡiːzə(r)/ (also /ˈɡaɪzə(r)/) • Keighley /ˈkiːθli/ • keister /ˈkiːstə(r)/ • Keith /ˈkiːθ/ • key /ˈkiː/ • leisure /ˈliːʒə(r)/ (also /ˈlɛʒə(r)/) • ley /ˈliː/ (also /ˈleɪ/) • Neil /ˈniːl/ • neither /ˈniːðə(r)/ (also /ˈnaɪðə(r)/) • perceive /pə(r)ˈsiːv/ • receipt /rɨˈsiːt/ • receive /rɨˈsiːv/ • Reid /ˈriːd/ • seize /ˈsiːz/ • sheik /ˈʃiːk/ (also /ˈʃeɪk/) • transceive /trænˈsiːv/ • weir /ˈwɪə(r), ˈwiːr/ • weird /ˈwɪə(r)d, ˈwiːrd/

Final ⟨el⟩ and ⟨ell⟩ as /əl/

• Abel /ˈeɪbəl/ • angel /ˈeɪndʒəl/ • Ariel, ariel /ˈɛəriəl/ • Axel /ˈæksəl/ • Babel /ˈbeɪbəl, ˈbæb-/ • bagel /ˈbeɪɡəl/ • barrel /ˈbærəl/ • Bethel /ˈbɛθəl/ (also /ˈbɛθˈɛl/) • bevel /ˈbɛvəl/ • bowel /ˈbaʊəl/ (also /ˈbaʊl/) • camel /ˈkæməl/ • channel /ˈtʃænəl/ • chapel /ˈtʃæpəl/ • chattel /ˈtʃætəl/ • chisel /ˈtʃɪzəl/ • Connell /ˈkɒnəl/ • Daniel /ˈdænjəl/ • diesel /ˈdiːzəl/ • dishevel /ðᵻˈʃɛvəl/ • Donnell /ˈdɒnəl/ • drivel /ˈdrɪvəl/ • duel /ˈdjuːəl, ˈdɪu-/ (also /ˈdjuːl/) • easel /ˈiːzəl/ • Farrell /ˈfærəl/ • flannel /ˈflænəl/ • fuel /ˈfjuːəl, ˈfɪu-/ (also /ˈfjuːl/) • funnel /ˈfʌnəl/ • Gabriel /ˈɡeɪbriəl/ • gavel /ˈɡævəl/ • gimel /ˈɡɪməl/ • gospel /ˈɡɒspəl/ • gravel /ˈɡrævəl/ • grovel /ˈɡrɒvəl, ˈɡrʌv-/ • gruel /ˈɡruːəl, ˈɡrɪu-/ (also /ˈɡruːl/) • Handel /ˈhændəl/ • hostel /ˈhɒstəl/ • hovel /ˈhɒvəl, ˈhʌv-/ • Israel /ˈɪzriəl, -reɪ-/ • jewel /ˈdʒuːəl, ˈdʒɪu-/ (also /ˈdʒuːl/) • Joel /ˈdʒoʊəl/ (also /ˈdʒoʊl/) • kennel /ˈkɛnəl/ • kernel /ˈkɜː(r)nəl, ˈkɛrn-/ • label /ˈleɪbəl/ • level /ˈlɛvəl/ • Lowell /ˈloʊəl/ (also /ˈloʊl/) • Mabel /ˈmeɪbəl/ • marvel /ˈmɑː(r)vəl, ˈmærv-/ • Mendel /ˈmɛndəl/ • Mitchell /ˈmɪtʃəl/ • model /ˈmɒdəl/ • Muriel /ˈmjʊəriəl, ˈmjuːr-, ˈmɪʊər-/ • mussel /ˈmʌsəl/ • navel /ˈneɪvəl/ • nickel /ˈnɪkəl/ • Noel /ˈnoʊəl/ (also /ˈnoʊl, noʊˈɛl, nɵˈwɛl/) • novel /ˈnɒvəl/ • Orel /ˈɔərəl/ • panel /ˈpænəl/ • pixel /ˈpɪksəl/ (also /ˈpɪksɛl/) • pommel /ˈpɒməl/ • Powell /ˈpaʊəl, ˈpoʊ-/ (also /ˈpaʊl/) • pummel /ˈpʌməl/ • Rachel /ˈreɪtʃəl/ • ravel /ˈrævəl/ • rebel (noun) /ˈrɛbəl/ • Russell /ˈrʌsəl/ • Samuel /ˈsæmjuəl, -mɪu-/ • satchel /ˈsætʃəl/ • scalpel /ˈskælpəl/ • scoundrel /ˈskaʊndrəl/ • shovel /ˈʃʌvəl/ • shrapnel /ˈʃræpnəl/ • shrivel /ˈʃrɪvəl/ • snivel /ˈsnɪvəl/ • snorkel /ˈsnɔː(r)kəl, ˈsnɒrk-/ • spinel /ˈspɪnəl/ (also /spᵻˈnɛl/) • squirrel /ˈskwɪrəl/ (also /ˈskwɜː(r)l, ˈskwɪrl/) • swivel /ˈswɪvəl/ • towel /ˈtaʊəl/ (also /ˈtaʊl/) • travel /ˈtrævəl/ • trowel /ˈtraʊəl/ (also /ˈtraʊl/) • tunnel /ˈtʌnəl/ • vowel /ˈvaʊəl/ (also /ˈvaʊl/) • wastrel /ˈweɪstrəl/ • weasel /ˈwiːzəl/ • yodel /ˈjoʊdəl/ • yokel /ˈjoʊkəl/

/ɛŋ/

These words mostly have /eɪŋ/ in North American English, though certain words may still retain /ɛŋ/.

• Bengal /ˈbɛŋɡəl, bɛŋˈɡɑːl, -ˈɡɔːl/ (also /ˈbɛnɡəl, bɛnˈɡɑːl, -ˈɡɔːl/) • Bengali /bɛŋˈɡɑːli, -ˈɡɔːli/ (also /bɛnˈɡɑːli, -ˈɡɔːli/) • dengue /ˈdɛŋɡeɪ, ˈdɛŋɡi/ • ginseng /ˈdʒɪnsɛŋ, -sᵻŋ/ • length /ˈlɛŋθ/ (also /ˈlɛnθ/) • penguin /ˈpɛŋɡwᵻn/ • strength /ˈstrɛŋθ/ (also /ˈstrɛnθ/) • wrength /ˈrɛŋθ, ˈrɛnθ/

⟨eo⟩ as one syllable

• Geoffrey /ˈdʒɛfri/ • George /ˈdʒɔː(r)dʒ, ˈdʒɒrdʒ/ • Georgia /ˈdʒɔː(r)dʒə, ˈdʒɒrdʒə/ • jeopardy /ˈdʒɛpə(r)di/ • Leonard /ˈlɛnə(r)d/ • leopard /ˈlɛpə(r)d/ • people /ˈpiːpəl/ • theory /ˈθɪəri/ (also /ˈθiːɵri/) • yeoman, yeomen /ˈjoʊmən/

⟨f⟩ and ⟨ph⟩ as /v/

• nephew /ˈnɛvjuː, -vɪu/ (also /ˈnɛfjuː, -fɪu/) • of /ˈɒv, ˈʌv/ • Stephen /ˈstiːvən/ (also /ˈstɛfən/)

⟨g⟩ as /ɡ/ before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩

This list does not include:

• Common inflections involving -er, -est, -ish, -y and so forth.

• anger /ˈæŋɡə(r)/ • bagel /ˈbeɪɡəl/ • begin /bɨˈɡɪn/ • bogey, bogy /ˈboʊɡi, ˈbʊɡi, ˈbuːɡi/ • booger /ˈbʊɡə(r)/ • boogie /ˈbʊɡi, ˈbuːɡi/ • bugger /ˈbʌɡə(r), ˈbʊɡ-/ • buggy /ˈbʌɡi/ • burger /ˈbɜː(r)ɡə(r), ˈbʌrɡ-/ • dagger /ˈdæɡə(r)/ • doppelganger /ˈdɒpəlɡæŋə(r)/ • eager /ˈiːɡə(r)/ • finger /ˈfɪŋɡə(r)/ • forget /fɔː(r)ˈɡɛt, fɒr-/ • forgive /fɔː(r)ˈɡɪv, fɒr-/ • forgiven /fɔː(r)ˈɡɪvən, fɒr-/ • gear /ˈɡɪə(r), ˈɡiːr/ • gecko /ˈɡɛkoʊ/ • geek /ˈɡiːk/ • geese /ˈɡiːs/ • geezer /ˈɡiːzə(r)/ • gelding /ˈɡɛldᵻŋ/ • Gertrude /ˈɡɜː(r)truːd, ˈɡɛr-, -trɪud/ • get /ˈɡɛt/ • geyser /ˈɡaɪzə(r), ˈɡiːz-/ • gibbon /ˈɡɪbən/ • Gibbs /ˈɡɪbz/ • giddy /ˈɡɪdi/ • Gifford /ˈɡɪfə(r)d/ • gift /ˈɡɪft/ • giga- /ɡɪɡə-, ɡaɪɡə-/ (also /dʒɪɡə-/) • giggle /ˈɡɪɡəl/ • Gil, gill /ˈɡɪl/ • Gilbert /ˈɡɪlbə(r)t/ • gild /ˈɡɪld/ • Gilliam /ˈɡɪliəm/ • gilt /ˈɡɪlt/ • gimp /ˈɡɪmp/ • ginkgo /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/ • gird /ˈɡɜː(r)d, ˈɡɪrd/ • girdle /ˈɡɜː(r)dəl, ˈɡɪrd-/ • girl /ˈɡɜː(r)l, ˈɡɪrl/ • girth /ˈɡɜː(r)θ, ˈɡɪrθ/ • git /ˈɡɪt/ • give /ˈɡɪv/ • given /ˈɡɪvən/ • gizzard /ˈɡɪzə(r)d/ • hamburger /ˈhæmbɜː(r)ɡə(r), -bʌrɡ-/ • hoagie, hoagy /ˈhoʊɡi/ • jagged /ˈdʒæɡᵻd/ (also /ˈdʒæɡd/) • legged /ˈlɛɡᵻd/ (also /ˈlɛɡd/) • liger /ˈlaɪɡə(r)/ • linger /ˈlɪŋɡə(r)/ • meager /ˈmiːɡə(r)/ • nugget /ˈnʌɡᵻt/ • poltergeist /ˈpoʊltə(r)ɡaɪst, ˈpɒlt-/ • ragged /ˈræɡᵻd/ (also /ˈræɡd/) • rugged /ˈrʌɡᵻd/ • stagger /ˈstæɡə(r)/ • target /ˈtɑː(r)ɡᵻt, ˈtærɡ-/ • tiger /ˈtaɪɡə(r)/ • together /tᵿˈɡɛðə(r)/

Lenited ⟨g⟩ and ⟨c⟩

• align /əˈlaɪn/ • arraign /əˈreɪn/ • benign /bɨˈnaɪn/ • campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ • Champagne, champagne /ʃæmˈpeɪn/ • deign /ˈdeɪn/ • design /dɨˈzaɪn/ • feign /ˈfeɪn/ • foreign /ˈfɒrᵻn, ˈfɔːr-/ • impugn /ᵻmˈpjuːn, -ˈpɪun/ • indict /ᵻnˈdaɪt/ • malign /məˈlaɪn/ • paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/ • reign /ˈreɪn/ • repugn /rɨˈpjuːn, -ˈpɪun/ • resign (yield) /rɨˈzaɪn/ • sign /ˈsaɪn/ • sovereign /ˈsɒv(ə)rᵻn, ˈsʌv-/ • Thegn, thegn /ˈθeɪn/

Initial ⟨gn⟩ as /n/

• gnarl /ˈnɑː(r)l, ˈnærl/ • gnash /ˈnæʃ/ • gnat /ˈnæt/ • gneiss /ˈnaɪs/ • gnoll /ˈnoʊl/ • gnome /ˈnoʊm/ • Gnostic /ˈnɒstᵻk/ • gnu /ˈnjuː, ˈnɪu/

Initial silent ⟨h⟩

• heir /ˈɛə(r), ˈeɪr/ • herb /ˈɜː(r)b, ˈɛrb/ (also /ˈhɜː(r)b, ˈhɛrb/) • homage /ˈɒmᵻdʒ/ (also /ˈhɒmᵻdʒ/) • honest /ˈɒnᵻst/ • honor, honour /ˈɒnə(r)/ • hour /ˈaʊ(ə)r/

/(h)w/

• Juan /ˈ(h)wɑːn/ • marijuana /mærɨˈ(h)wɑːnə/ • whack /ˈ(h)wæk/ • whale /ˈ(h)weɪl/ • wham /ˈ(h)wæm/ • whang /ˈ(h)wæŋ/ • whap /ˈ(h)wɒp, ˈ(h)wæp/ • wharf /ˈ(h)wɔː(r)f, ˈ(h)wɒrf/ • wharves /ˈ(h)wɔː(r)vz, ˈ(h)wɒrvz/ • what /ˈ(h)wɒt, ˈ(h)wʌt/ • wheat /ˈ(h)wiːt/ • wheel /ˈ(h)wiːl/ • wheeze /ˈ(h)wiːz/ • Whelan /ˈ(h)wiːlən/ • whelk /ˈ(h)wɛlk/ • whelm /ˈ(h)wɛlm/ • whelp /ˈ(h)wɛlp/ • when /ˈ(h)wɛn/ • whence /ˈ(h)wɛns/ • where /ˈ(h)wɛə(r), ˈ(h)weɪr/ • whet /ˈ(h)wɛt/ • whey /ˈ(h)weɪ/ • which /ˈ(h)wɪtʃ/ • whiff /ˈ(h)wɪf/ • whiffle /ˈ(h)wɪfəl/ • whig /ˈ(h)wɪɡ/ • while /ˈ(h)waɪl/ • whilst /ˈ(h)waɪlst/ • whim /ˈ(h)wɪm/ • whimper /ˈ(h)wɪmpə(r)/ • whine /ˈ(h)waɪn/ • whinny /ˈ(h)wɪni/ • whip /ˈ(h)wɪp/ • whir, whirr /ˈ(h)wɜː(r), ˈ(h)wɪr/ • whirl /ˈ(h)wɜː(r)l, ˈ(h)wɪrl/ • whisk /ˈ(h)wɪsk/ • whisker /ˈ(h)wɪskə(r)/ • whisper /ˈ(h)wɪspə(r)/ • whistle /ˈ(h)wɪsəl/ • whit /ˈ(h)wɪt/ • white /ˈ(h)waɪt/ • whiten /ˈ(h)waɪtən/ • whither /ˈ(h)wɪðə(r)/ • Whitney /ˈ(h)wɪtni/ • whittle /ˈ(h)wɪtəl/ • whomp /ˈ(h)wɒmp/ • whoosh /ˈ(h)wuːʃ, ˈ(h)wʊʃ/ • whop /ˈ(h)wɒp/ • why /ˈ(h)waɪ/

/ᵻ/ not spelt ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩

• -ace (unstressed) /-ᵻs/ • -age (unstressed) /-ᵻdʒ/ • -ate (unstressed) /-ᵻt/ • -ave (unstressed) /-ᵻv/ • bargain /ˈbɑː(r)ɡᵻn, ˈbær-/ • captain /ˈkæptᵻn/ • carriage /ˈkærᵻdʒ/ • certain /ˈsɜː(r)tᵻn, ˈsɛrt-/ • chamberlain /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)lᵻn/ • character /ˈkærᵻktə(r)/ • chieftain /ˈtʃiːftᵻn/ • curtain /ˈkɜː(r)tᵻn, ˈkʌrt-/ • foreign /ˈfɒrᵻn, ˈfɔːr-/ • forfeit /ˈfɔː(r)fᵻt, ˈfɒr-/ • fountain /ˈfaʊntᵻn/ • kerchief /ˈkɜː(r)tʃᵻf, ˈkɛr-/ (also /ˈkɜː(r)tʃiːf, ˈkɛr-/) • Kwajalein /ˈkwɑːdʒəlᵻn, ˈkwɒdʒ-/ • lettuce /ˈlɛtᵻs/ • marriage /ˈmærᵻdʒ/ • minute (noun) /ˈmɪnᵻt/ • mischief /ˈmɪstʃᵻf/ (also /ˈmɪstʃiːf/) • mountain /ˈmaʊntᵻn/ • porcelain /ˈpɔə(r)s(ə)lᵻn, ˈpoʊrs-/ • sovereign /ˈsɒv(ə)rᵻn, ˈsʌv-/ • spinach /ˈspɪnᵻtʃ, -nᵻdʒ/ • villain /ˈvɪlᵻn/ • wassail /ˈwɒsᵻl, ˈwæs-/ (also /ˈwɒˈseɪl, ˈwæˈs-/)

⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ as /iː/

This list does not include:

• Words where ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ only represent the HAPPY vowel /i/.

• Camille /kəˈmiːl/ • Cecile /sᵻˈsiːl/ • Cecilia /sᵻˈsiːljə/ • chic /ˈʃiːk/ • Christina /krᵻˈstiːnə/ • Christine /krᵻˈstiːn/ • clique /ˈkliːk/ (also /ˈklɪk/) • Felicia /fᵻˈliːʃə, -ˈliːsiə/ (also /fᵻˈlɪʃə, -ˈlɪsiə/) • intrigue /ˈɪntriːɡ, ᵻnˈtriːɡ/ • Janine /dʒəˈniːn/ • Katrina /kəˈtriːnə/ • Lille /ˈliːl/ • Lima /ˈliːmə/ • Lisa /ˈliːsə, ˈliːzə/ • liter, litre /ˈliːtə(r)/ • Lucille /ljuːˈsiːl, lɪu-/ • machine /məˈʃiːn/ • Maria /məˈriːə/ (also /məˈraɪə/) • Marina, marina /məˈriːnə/ • marine /məˈriːn/ • Maurice /mɔːˈriːs/ (also /ˈmɒrᵻs, ˈmɔːr-/) • Mia /ˈmiːə/ • Nice /ˈniːs/ • Nina /ˈniːnə/ • philia /fiːliə, -ljə/ (also /ˈfɪliə, -ljə/) • pique /ˈpiːk/ • Pisa /ˈpiːzə/ • pita /ˈpiːtə/ • pizza /ˈpiːtsə/ • police /pɵˈliːs, ˈpoʊliːs/ • prestige /prɛˈstiː(d)ʒ/ • quarantine /ˈkwɒrəntiːn, ˈkwɔːr-/ • Rhys /ˈriːs/ • Sikh /ˈsiːk/ • Tina /ˈtiːnə/ • unique /juːˈniːk, ɪu-/ • visa /ˈviːzə/ • viva /ˈviːvə/ (also /ˈvaɪvə/)

⟨iCC⟩ and ⟨yCC⟩ as /aɪCC/ and final ⟨iC⟩ and ⟨yC⟩ as /aɪC/

This list does not include:

• Words where the spelling ⟨igC⟩ is pronounced /aɪC/ from older /iːC/ from previous /ɪjC/.

• bind /ˈbaɪnd/ • blind /ˈblaɪnd/ • Blyth /ˈblaɪð, ˈblaɪθ/ (also /ˈblaɪ/) • child /ˈtʃaɪld/ • Christ /ˈkraɪst/ • climb /ˈklaɪm/ • dissect /daɪˈsɛkt/ (also /dɨˈsɛkt/) • find /ˈfaɪnd/ • grind /ˈɡraɪnd/ • hind /ˈhaɪnd/ • kind /ˈkaɪnd/ • mic /ˈmaɪk/ • mild /ˈmaɪld/ • mind /ˈmaɪnd/ • ninth /ˈnaɪnθ/ • pint /ˈpaɪnt/ • Pisces /ˈpaɪsiːz/ (also /ˈpɪsiːz/) • psych /ˈsaɪk/ • rind /ˈraɪnd/ • shyster /ˈʃaɪstə(r)/ • Smyth /ˈsmaɪð, ˈsmaɪθ/ (also /ˈsmɪθ/) • tryst /ˈtraɪst/ (also /ˈtrɪst/) • whilst /ˈ(h)waɪlst/ • wild, Wilde /ˈwaɪld/ • wind (coil) /ˈwaɪnd/

⟨ie⟩ as /iː/

This list does not include:

• Words where ⟨ie⟩ only represents the HAPPY vowel /i/.

• achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ • belief /bɨˈliːf/ • believe /bɨˈliːv/ • brie /ˈbriː/ • brief /ˈbriːf/ • cashier /kæˈʃɪə(r), -ˈʃiːr/ • cavalier /kævəˈlɪə(r), -ˈliːr/ • chandelier /ʃændᵻˈlɪə(r), -ˈliːr/ • chief /ˈtʃiːf/ • chieftain /ˈtʃiːftᵻn/ • diesel /ˈdiːzəl/ • fief /ˈfiːf/ • field /ˈfiːld/ • fiend /ˈfiːnd/ • fierce /ˈfɪə(r)s, ˈfiːrs/ • frieze /ˈfriːz/ • frontier /frʌnˈtɪə(r), -ˈtiːr/ • Genevieve /ˈdʒɛnᵻviːv/ • grief /ˈɡriːf/ • grieve /ˈɡriːv/ • kerchief /ˈkɜː(r)tʃiːf, ˈkɛr-/ (also /ˈkɜː(r)tʃᵻf, ˈkɛr-/) • liege /ˈliː(d)ʒ/ • lien (claim) /ˈliːn/ (also /ˈliːən/) • Marie /məˈriː/ • mischief /ˈmɪstʃiːf/ (also /ˈmɪstʃᵻf/) • niece /ˈniːs/ • piece /ˈpiːs/ • pier /ˈpɪə(r), ˈpiːr/ • pierce /ˈpɪə(r)s, ˈpiːrs/ • priest /ˈpriːst/ • relief /rɨˈliːf/ • relieve /rɨˈliːv/ • reprieve /rɨˈpriːv/ • retrieve /rɨˈtriːv/ • shield /ˈʃiːld/ • shriek /ˈʃriːk/ • siege /ˈsiːdʒ/ • thief /ˈθiːf/ • thieve /ˈθiːv/ • thieves /ˈθiːvz/ • tier (rank) /ˈtɪə(r), ˈtiːr/ • wield /ˈwiːld/ • yield /ˈjiːld/

⟨igh⟩ and ⟨eigh⟩ as /aɪ/

• almighty /ɔːlˈmaɪti/ • bight /ˈbaɪt/ • blight /ˈblaɪt/ • bright /ˈbraɪt/ • brighten /ˈbraɪtən/ • delight /dɨˈlaɪt/ • Dwight /ˈdwaɪt/ • fight /ˈfaɪt/ • flight /ˈflaɪt/ • fright /ˈfraɪt/ • frighten /ˈfraɪtən/ • height /ˈhaɪt/ • heighten /ˈhaɪtən/ • high /ˈhaɪ/ • knight, night /ˈnaɪt/ • light /ˈlaɪt/ • lightning /ˈlaɪtnᵻŋ/ • might /ˈmaɪt/ • nigh /ˈnaɪ/ • plight /ˈplaɪt/ • right, Wright, wright /ˈraɪt/ • sigh /ˈsaɪ/ • sight /ˈsaɪt/ • sleight, slight /ˈslaɪt/ • spright /ˈspraɪt/ • thigh /ˈθaɪ/ • tight /ˈtaɪt/ • tighten /ˈtaɪtən/ • Wight, wight /ˈwaɪt/

Final /ᵻl/

• April /ˈeɪprᵻl/ • Averill /ˈæv(ə)rᵻl/ • Basil, basil /ˈbæzᵻl, ˈbæs-, ˈbeɪz-, ˈbeɪs-/ • Beryl, beryl /ˈbɛrᵻl/ • Cecil /ˈsɛsᵻl, ˈsiːs-/ • Cheryl /ˈʃɛrᵻl/ • council /ˈkaʊnsᵻl/ • Daryl /ˈdærᵻl/ • devil /ˈdɛvᵻl/ • ethyl /ˈɛθᵻl/ • evil /ˈiːvᵻl/ • fossil /ˈfɒsᵻl/ • gerbil /ˈdʒɜː(r)bᵻl, ˈdʒɛrb-/ • Hamill /ˈhæmᵻl/ • -ile /-ᵻl/ (also /-aɪl/) • lentil /ˈlɛntᵻl/ • Meryl /ˈmɛrᵻl/ • Neville /ˈnɛvᵻl/ • nostril /ˈnɒstrᵻl/ • pencil /ˈpɛnsᵻl/ • peril /ˈpɛrᵻl/ • stencil /ˈstɛnsᵻl/ • tonsil /ˈtɒnsᵻl/ • vinyl /ˈvaɪnᵻl/ • weevil /ˈwiːvᵻl/

/ɪŋ/

These words mostly have /iːŋ/ in North American English, though certain words may still retain /ɪŋ/.

• Beijing /ˈbeɪˈ(d)ʒɪŋ/ • bing /ˈbɪŋ/ • bingle /ˈbɪŋɡəl/ • bingo /ˈbɪŋɡoʊ/ • bling /ˈblɪŋ/ • blink /ˈblɪŋk/ • bring /ˈbrɪŋ/ • brink /ˈbrɪŋk/ • Ching, Qing /ˈtʃɪŋ/ • chink /ˈtʃɪnk/ • cling /ˈklɪŋ/ • clink /ˈklɪŋk/ • crinkle /ˈkrɪŋkəl/ • ding /ˈdɪŋ/ • Dingle, dingle /ˈdɪŋɡəl/ • dingo /ˈdɪŋɡoʊ/ • dink /ˈdɪŋk/ • drink /ˈdrɪŋk/ • England /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ • English /ˈɪŋɡlᵻʃ/ • finger /ˈfɪŋɡə(r)/ • fink /ˈfɪŋk/ • fling /ˈflɪŋ/ • ginkgo /ˈɡɪŋkoʊ/ • hinky /ˈhɪŋki/ • Ingrid /ˈɪŋɡrᵻd/ • ink /ˈɪŋk/ • inkle /ˈɪnkəl/ • jingle /ˈdʒɪŋɡəl/ • jink /ˈdʒɪŋk/ • jinks, jinx /ˈdʒɪŋks/ • king /ˈkɪŋ/ • kink /ˈkɪŋk/ • Lincoln /ˈlɪŋkən/ • ling /ˈlɪŋ/ • linger /ˈlɪŋɡə(r)/ • lingo /ˈlɪŋɡoʊ/ • lingua /ˈlɪŋɡwə/ • linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwᵻst/ • link /ˈlɪŋk/ • links, lynx /ˈlɪŋks/ • Ming /ˈmɪŋ/ • mingle /ˈmɪŋɡəl/ • mink /ˈmɪŋk/ • Peking /ˈpiːˈkɪŋ, ˈpeɪ-/ • ping /ˈpɪŋ/ • pink /ˈpɪŋk/ • pinken /ˈpɪŋkən/ • plink /ˈplɪŋk/ • ring, wring /ˈrɪŋ/ • Ringo /ˈrɪŋɡoʊ/ • rink /ˈrɪŋk/ • shingle /ˈʃɪŋɡəl/ • shrink /ˈʃrɪŋk/ • sing, Singh /ˈsɪŋ/ • Singapore /ˈsɪŋəpɔə(r), -poʊr/ • single /ˈsɪŋɡəl/ • singular /ˈsɪŋɡjᵿlə(r)/ • sink, sync, synch /ˈsɪŋk/ • skink /ˈskɪŋk/ • sling /ˈslɪŋ/ • slink /ˈslɪŋk/ • sphinx /ˈsfɪŋks/ • spring /ˈsprɪŋ/ • sprinkle /ˈsprɪŋkəl/ • sting /ˈstɪŋ/ • stink /ˈstɪŋk/ • string /ˈstrɪŋ/ • swing /ˈswɪŋ/ • synchronise /ˈsɪŋkrɵnaɪz/ • thing /ˈθɪŋ/ • think /ˈθɪŋk/ • tingle /ˈtɪŋɡəl/ • tinkle /ˈtɪŋkəl/ • trinket /ˈtrɪŋkᵻt/ • twink /ˈtwɪŋk/ • twinkle /ˈtwɪŋkəl/ • wing /ˈwɪŋ/ • wink /ˈwɪŋk/ • wrinkle /ˈrɪŋkəl/ • zinc /ˈzɪŋk/ • zing /ˈzɪŋ/

⟨kn⟩ as /n/

• knack /ˈnæk/ • knapsack /ˈnæpsæk/ • knave /ˈneɪv/ • knead, kneed /ˈniːd/ • knee /ˈniː/ • kneel /ˈniːl/ • knell /ˈnɛl/ • knelt /ˈnɛlt/ • knew /ˈnjuː, ˈnɪu/ • knickers /ˈnɪkə(r)z/ • knife /ˈnaɪf/ • knight /ˈnaɪt/ • knit /ˈnɪt/ • knives /ˈnaɪvz/ • knob /ˈnɒb/ • knock /ˈnɒk/ • knocks, Knox /ˈnɒks/ • knoll /ˈnoʊl/ • knot /ˈnɒt/ • know /ˈnoʊ/ • knowledge /ˈnɒlᵻdʒ/ • known /ˈnoʊn/ • knuckle /ˈnʌkəl/

Silent ⟨l⟩

• alms /ˈɑːmz/ (also /ˈɑːlmz/) • balk /ˈbɔːk/ (also /ˈbɔːlk/) • balm /ˈbɑːm/ (also /ˈbɑːlm/) • calf /ˈkæf, ˈkɑːf/ (also /ˈkælf, ˈkɑːlf/) • calk, caulk /ˈkɔːk/ (also /ˈkɔːlk/) • calm /ˈkɑːm/ (also /ˈkɑːlm/) • calve /ˈkæv, ˈkɑːv/ (also /ˈkælv, ˈkɑːlv/) • calves /ˈkævz, ˈkɑːvz/ (also /ˈkælvz, ˈkɑːlvz/) • chalk /ˈtʃɔːk/ (also /ˈtʃɔːlk/) • Chalmers /ˈtʃɑːmə(r)z/ (also /ˈtʃɑːlmə(r)z/) • Chisholm /ˈtʃɪzəm/ • could /ˈkʊd/ • Dundalk /ˈdʌndɔːk/ (also /ˈdʌndɔːlk/) • falcon /ˈfɔːkən/ (also /ˈfɔːlkən, ˈfælk-/) • Falkland /ˈfɔːklənd/ (also /ˈfɔːlklənd/) • Faulkner /ˈfɔːknə(r)/ (also /ˈfɔːlknə(r)/) • folk /ˈfoʊk/ (also /ˈfoʊlk/) • golf /ˈɡɒf, ˈɡɔːf/ (also /ˈɡɒlf, ˈɡɔːlf/) • guillotine /ˈɡiːɵtiːn/ (also /ˈɡɪlɵtiːn/) • half /ˈhæf, ˈhɑːf/ (also /ˈhælf, ˈhɑːlf/) • halve /ˈhæv, ˈhɑːv/ (also /ˈhælv, ˈhɑːlv/) • halves /ˈhævz, ˈhɑːvz/ (also /ˈhælvz, ˈhɑːlvz/) • holm /ˈhoʊm/ (also /ˈhoʊlm/) • Holmes, holms /ˈhoʊmz/ (also /ˈhoʊlmz/) • Lincoln /ˈlɪŋkən/ • Marseille /mɑː(r)ˈseɪ, mær-/ • Norfolk /ˈnɔː(r)fək, ˈnɒr-, -fɔːk/ • palm /ˈpɑːm/ (also /ˈpɑːlm/) • Polk /ˈpoʊk/ (also /ˈpoʊlk/) • polka /ˈpoʊkə/ (also /ˈpoʊlkə, ˈpɒlkə/) • psalm /ˈsɑːm/ (also /ˈsɑːlm/) • qualm /ˈkwɑːm/ (also /ˈkwɑːlm/) • Ralph /ˈreɪf, ˈrɑːf/ (also /ˈrælf, ˈrɑːlf/) • salmon /ˈsæmən/ (also /ˈsælmən/) • salve /ˈsæv, ˈsɑːv/ (also /ˈsælv, ˈsɑːlv/) • should /ˈʃʊd/ • solder /ˈsɒdə(r)/ (also /ˈsɒldə(r)/) • stalk /ˈstɔːk/ (also /ˈstɔːlk/) • Suffolk /ˈsʌfək/ • talk /ˈtɔːk/ (also /ˈtɔːlk/) • Versailles /vɜː(r)ˈsaɪ, vɛr-, vɛə(r)-, veɪr-/ (also /vɜː(r)ˈseɪlz, vɛr-, vɛə(r)-, veɪr-/) • walk /ˈwɔːk/ (also /ˈwɔːlk/) • would /ˈwʊd/ • yolk /ˈjoʊk/ (also /ˈjoʊlk/)

⟨le⟩ as /əl/

• -able (unstressed) /-əbəl/ • able /ˈeɪbəl/ • -acle (unstressed) /-əkəl/ • ample /ˈæmpəl/ • Angle, angle /ˈæŋɡəl/ • ankle /ˈæŋkəl/ • apostle /əˈpɒsəl/ • apple /ˈæpəl/ • Aristotle /ˈærᵻstɒtəl/ • axle /ˈæksəl/ • babble /ˈbæbəl/ • baffle /ˈbæfəl/ • bangle /ˈbæŋɡəl/ • battle /ˈbætəl/ • bauble /ˈbɔːbəl/ • beagle /ˈbiːɡəl/ • beetle /ˈbiːtəl/ • bible /ˈbaɪbəl/ • bingle /ˈbɪŋɡəl/ • bobble /ˈbɒbəl/ • boggle /ˈbɒɡəl/ • bottle /ˈbɒtəl/ • bramble /ˈbræmbəl/ • bridle /ˈbraɪdəl/ • bristle /ˈbrɪsəl/ • brittle /ˈbrɪtəl/ • bubble /ˈbʌbəl/ • buckle /ˈbʌkəl/ • bugle /ˈbjuːɡəl, ˈbɪuɡ-/ • bumble /ˈbʌmbəl/ • bundle /ˈbʌndəl/ • bungle /ˈbʌŋɡəl/ • burgle /ˈbɜː(r)ɡəl, ˈbʌrɡ-/ • bustle /ˈbʌsəl/ • buttle /ˈbʌtəl/ • cable /ˈkeɪbəl/ • cackle /ˈkækəl/ • candle /ˈkændəl/ • cankle /ˈkæŋkəl/ • carbuncle /ˈkɑː(r)bʌŋkəl, ˈkær-/ • castle /ˈkæsəl, ˈkɑːs-/ • cattle /ˈkætəl/ • caudle /ˈkɔːdəl/ • chortle /ˈtʃɔː(r)təl, ˈtʃɒrt-/ • chuckle /ˈtʃʌkəl/ • circle /ˈsɜː(r)kəl, ˈsɪrk-/ • cobble /ˈkɒbəl/ • coddle /ˈkɒdəl/ • couple /ˈkʌpəl/ • crackle /ˈkrækəl/ • cradle /ˈkreɪdəl/ • cringle /ˈkrɪŋɡəl/ • crinkle /ˈkrɪŋkəl/ • cripple /ˈkrɪpəl/ • cuddle /ˈkʌdəl/ • curdle /ˈkɜː(r)dəl, ˈkʌrd-/ • cuttle /ˈkʌtəl/ • cycle /ˈsaɪkəl/ • dabble /ˈdæbəl/ • dangle /ˈdæŋɡəl/ • dawdle /ˈdɔːdəl/ • dazzle /ˈdæzəl/ • diddle /ˈdɪdəl/ • Dingle, dingle /ˈdɪŋɡəl/ • doddle /ˈdɒdəl/ • dongle /ˈdɒŋɡəl, ˈdɔːŋɡ-/ • doodle /ˈduːdəl/ • double /ˈdʌbəl/ • drabble /ˈdræbəl/ • dribble /ˈdrɪbəl/ • drizzle /ˈdrɪzəl/ • eagle /ˈiːɡəl/ • embezzle /ᵻmˈbɛzəl, ɛm-/ • example /ᵻɡˈzæmpəl, ɛɡ-, -ˈzɑːmp-/ • fable /ˈfeɪbəl/ • fangle /ˈfæŋɡəl/ • feeble /ˈfiːbəl/ • fickle /ˈfɪkəl/ • fiddle /ˈfɪdəl/ • fizzle /ˈfɪzəl/ • fondle /ˈfɒndəl/ • frazzle /ˈfræzəl/ • freckle /ˈfrɛkəl/ • fuddle /ˈfʌdəl/ • fuzzle /ˈfʌzəl/ • gabble /ˈɡæbəl/ • gaggle /ˈɡæɡəl/ • gamble /ˈɡæmbəl/ • gargle /ˈɡɑː(r)ɡəl, ˈɡærɡ-/ • gentle /ˈdʒɛntəl/ • giggle /ˈɡɪɡəl/ • girdle /ˈɡɜː(r)dəl, ˈɡɪrd-/ • goggle /ˈɡɒɡəl/ • Google, google /ˈɡuːɡəl/ • grabble /ˈɡræbəl/ • grapple /ˈɡræpəl/ • gribble /ˈɡrɪbəl/ • griddle /ˈɡrɪdəl/ • gristle /ˈɡrɪsəl/ • grizzle /ˈɡrɪzəl/ • grumble /ˈɡrʌmbəl/ • gruntle /ˈɡrʌntəl/ • gurgle /ˈɡɜː(r)ɡəl, ˈɡʌrɡ-/ • guzzle /ˈɡʌzəl/ • haggle /ˈhæɡəl/ • handle /ˈhændəl/ • heckle /ˈhɛkəl/ • hobble /ˈhɒbəl/ • Hubble, hubble /ˈhʌbəl/ • huckle /ˈhʌkəl/ • huddle /ˈhʌdəl/ • huggle /ˈhʌɡəl/ • humble /ˈhʌmbəl/ • hurdle /ˈhɜː(r)dəl, ˈhʌrd-/ • hurtle /ˈhɜː(r)təl, ˈhʌrt-/ • hustle /ˈhʌsəl/ • -ible (unstressed) /-ᵻbəl/ • -icle (unstressed) /-ᵻkəl/ • inkle /ˈɪŋkəl/ • jangle /ˈdʒæŋɡəl/ • jiggle /ˈdʒɪɡəl/ • jingle /ˈdʒɪŋɡəl/ • jostle /ˈdʒɒsəl/ • juggle /ˈdʒʌɡəl/ • jumble /ˈdʒʌmbəl/ • jungle /ˈdʒʌŋɡəl/ • kettle /ˈkɛtəl/ • kindle /ˈkɪndəl/ • knuckle /ˈnʌkəl/ • ladle /ˈleɪdəl/ • little /ˈlɪtəl/ • mangle /ˈmæŋɡəl/ • mantle /ˈmæntəl/ • maple /ˈmeɪpəl/ • marble /ˈmɑː(r)bəl, ˈmærb-/ • measle /ˈmiːzəl/ • meddle /ˈmɛdəl/ • mettle /ˈmɛtəl/ • middle /ˈmɪdəl/ • mingle /ˈmɪŋɡəl/ • mistletoe /ˈmɪsəltoʊ/ • muddle /ˈmʌdəl/ • muggle /ˈmʌɡəl/ • mumble /ˈmʌmbəl/ • muscle /ˈmʌsəl/ • muzzle /ˈmʌzəl/ • myrtle /ˈmɜː(r)təl, ˈmɪrt-/ • needle /ˈniːdəl/ • nestle /ˈnɛsəl/ • nettle /ˈnɛtəl/ • nibble, nybble /ˈnɪbəl/ • nimble /ˈnɪmbəl/ • nipple /ˈnɪpəl/ • noble /ˈnoʊbəl/ • noddle /ˈnɒdəl/ • noodle /ˈnuːdəl/ • nozzle /ˈnɒzəl/ • nubble /ˈnʌbəl/ • nuzzle /ˈnʌzəl/ • ogle /ˈoʊɡəl/ • paddle /ˈpædəl/ • pebble /ˈpɛbəl/ • peddle /ˈpɛdəl/ • people /ˈpiːpəl/ • pestle /ˈpɛs(t)əl/ • pettle /ˈpɛtəl/ • pickle /ˈpɪkəl/ • pintle /ˈpɪntəl/ • poodle /ˈpuːdəl/ • prattle /ˈprætəl/ • prickle /ˈprɪkəl/ • puddle /ˈpʌdəl/ • purple /ˈpɜː(r)pəl, ˈpʌrp-/ • puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/ • quibble /ˈkwɪbəl/ • raffle /ˈræfəl/ • ramble /ˈræmbəl/ • rankle /ˈræŋkəl/ • rassle, rastle, wrastle /ˈræsəl/ • rattle /ˈrætəl/ • razzle /ˈræzəl/ • riddle /ˈrɪdəl/ • riffle /ˈrɪfəl/ • rifle /ˈraɪfəl/ • ripple /ˈrɪpəl/ • rubble /ˈrʌbəl/ • ruffle /ˈrʌfəl/ • rustle /ˈrʌsəl/ • saddle /ˈsædəl/ • sample /ˈsæmpəl, ˈsɑːmp-/ • scrabble /ˈskræbəl/ • scramble /ˈskræmbəl/ • scribble /ˈskrɪbəl/ • scruple /ˈskruːpəl/ • scuffle /ˈskʌfəl/ • scuttle /ˈskʌtəl/ • Seattle /siˈætəl/ • settle /ˈsɛtəl/ • shackle /ˈʃækəl/ • shamble /ˈʃæmbəl/ • shingle /ˈʃɪŋɡəl/ • shuffle /ˈʃʌfəl/ • shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/ • sickle /ˈsɪkəl/ • simple /ˈsɪmpəl/ • single /ˈsɪŋɡəl/ • sizzle /ˈsɪzəl/ • skittle /ˈskɪtəl/ • smuggle /ˈsmʌɡəl/ • sniffle /ˈsnɪfəl/ • snuggle /ˈsnʌɡəl/ • Spackle, spackle /ˈspækəl/ • spangle /ˈspæŋɡəl/ • sparkle /ˈspɑː(r)kəl, ˈspærk-/ • spindle /ˈspɪndəl/ • sprinkle /ˈsprɪŋkəl/ • squabble /ˈskwɒbəl/ • squiggle /ˈskwɪɡəl/ • stable /ˈsteɪbəl/ • staple /ˈsteɪpəl/ • startle /ˈstɑː(r)təl, ˈstært-/ • steeple /ˈstiːpəl/ • stickle /ˈstɪkəl/ • stifle /ˈstaɪfəl/ • straddle /ˈstrædəl/ • straggle /ˈstræɡəl/ • strangle /ˈstræŋɡəl/ • struggle /ˈstrʌɡəl/ • stubble /ˈstʌbəl/ • subtle /ˈsʌtəl/ • suckle /ˈsʌkəl/ • supple /ˈsʌpəl/ • swaddle /ˈswɒdəl/ • swindle /ˈswɪndəl/ • swizzle /ˈswɪzəl/ • table /ˈteɪbəl/ • tackle /ˈtækəl/ • tangle /ˈtæŋɡəl/ • tattle /ˈtætəl/ • temple /ˈtɛmpəl/ • thimble /ˈθɪmbəl/ • thistle /ˈθɪsəl/ • throstle /ˈθrɒsəl/ • throttle /ˈθrɒtəl/ • tickle /ˈtɪkəl/ • tingle /ˈtɪŋɡəl/ • tinkle /ˈtɪŋkəl/ • title /ˈtaɪtəl/ • tittle /ˈtɪtəl/ • toddle /ˈtɒdəl/ • toggle /ˈtɒɡəl/ • tootle /ˈtuːtəl/ • topple /ˈtɒpəl/ • trample /ˈtræmpəl/ • treble /ˈtrɛbəl/ • tremble /ˈtrɛmbəl/ • trickle /ˈtrɪkəl/ • trifle /ˈtraɪfəl/ • triple /ˈtrɪpəl/ • trouble /ˈtrʌbəl/ • truffle /ˈtrʌfəl/ • trundle /ˈtrʌndəl/ • tumble /ˈtʌmbəl/ • turtle /ˈtɜː(r)təl, ˈtʌrt-/ • twaddle /ˈtwɒdəl/ • twinkle /ˈtwɪŋkəl/ • uncle /ˈʌŋkəl/ • vittle /ˈvɪtəl/ • wabble, wobble /ˈwɒbəl/ • waddle /ˈwɒdəl/ • waffle /ˈwɒfəl, ˈwɔːf-/ • warble /ˈwɔː(r)bəl, ˈwɒrb-/ • whiffle /ˈ(h)wɪfəl/ • whistle /ˈ(h)wɪsəl/ • whittle /ˈ(h)wɪtəl/ • wiggle /ˈwɪɡəl/ • wrangle /ˈræŋɡəl/ • wrestle /ˈrɛsəl/ • wriggle /ˈrɪɡəl/ • wrinkle /ˈrɪŋkəl/

⟨mb⟩ as /m/

• bomb /ˈbɒm/ • climb /ˈklaɪm/ • comb /ˈkoʊm/ • combe, coomb /ˈkuːm, ˈkoʊm/ • crumb /ˈkrʌm/ • dumb /ˈdʌm/ • jamb, jambe /ˈdʒæm/ • lamb /ˈlæm/ • limb /ˈlɪm/ • numb /ˈnʌm/ • plumb /ˈplʌm/ • succumb /səˈkʌm/ • thumb /ˈθʌm/ • tomb /ˈtuːm/ • womb /ˈwuːm/

⟨o⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ as /ʌ/

This list does not include:

• Words where ⟨o⟩ only represents /ə/.

• above /əˈbʌv/ • amok /əˈmʌk/ (also /əˈmɒk/) • among /əˈmʌŋ/ • amongst /əˈmʌŋst/ • anybody /ˈɛnibʌdi, ˈæn-/ (also /ˈɛnibɒdi, ˈæn-/) • attorney /əˈtɜː(r)ni, əˈtʌrni/ • borough /ˈbʌroʊ, -rə/ • brother /ˈbrʌðə(r)/ • colonel /ˈkɜː(r)nəl, ˈkʌrn-/ • color, colour /ˈkʌlə(r)/ • come /ˈkʌm/ • comfort /ˈkʌmfə(r)t/ • comfortable /ˈkʌmf(ə(r))təbəl, ˈkʌmftə(r)bəl/ • company /ˈkʌmpəni/ • compass /ˈkʌmpəs/ • coney, cony /ˈkʌni/ (also /ˈkoʊni/) • coven /ˈkʌvən/ (also /ˈkoʊvən/) • covenant /ˈkʌvənənt/ • Coventry /ˈkʌvəntri/ • cover /ˈkʌvə(r)/ • covet /ˈkʌvᵻt/ • discover /dᵻˈskʌvə(r)/ • does (verb) /ˈdʌz/ • done /ˈdʌn/ • donkey /ˈdʌŋki/ (also /ˈdɒŋki, ˈdɔːŋki/) • dost /ˈdʌst/ • doth /ˈdʌθ/ • dove (pigeon) /ˈdʌv/ • dozen /ˈdʌzən/ • enough /ɨˈnʌf/ • everybody /ˈɛv(ə)ribʌdi/ (also /ˈɛv(ə)ribɒdi/) • from /ˈfrʌm/ (also /ˈfrɒm/) • front /ˈfrʌnt/ • frontier /frʌnˈtɪə(r), -ˈtiːr/ • glove /ˈɡlʌv/ • govern /ˈɡʌvə(r)n/ • grovel /ˈɡrʌvəl/ (also /ˈɡrɒvəl/) • honey /ˈhʌni/ • hovel /ˈhʌvəl/ (also /ˈhɒvəl/) • hover /ˈhʌvə(r)/ (also /ˈhɒvə(r)/) • London /ˈlʌndən/ • love /ˈlʌv/ • Monday /ˈmʌndeɪ, -di/ • money /ˈmʌni/ • monies /ˈmʌniz/ • monk /ˈmʌŋk/ • monkey /ˈmʌŋki/ • month /ˈmʌnθ/ • Moray /ˈmʌri/ • mother (parent) /ˈmʌðə(r)/ • nobody /ˈnoʊbʌdi/ (also /ˈnoʊbɒdi, -bədi/) • none /ˈnʌn/ • nothing /ˈnʌθᵻŋ/ • of /ˈʌv/ (also /ˈɒv/) • onion /ˈʌnjən/ • other /ˈʌðə(r)/ • oven /ˈʌvən/ • rough /ˈrʌf/ • roughen /ˈrʌfən/ • shove /ˈʃʌv/ • shovel /ˈʃʌvəl/ • sloven /ˈslʌvən/ • smother /ˈsmʌðə(r)/ • some /ˈsʌm/ • somebody /ˈsʌmbʌdi/ (also /ˈsʌmbɒdi, -bədi/) • somersault /ˈsʌmə(r)sɔːlt/ • Somerset /ˈsʌmə(r)sɛt/ • son /ˈsʌn/ • sovereign /ˈsʌv(ə)rᵻn/ (also /ˈsɒv(ə)rᵻn/) • sponge /ˈspʌndʒ/ • stomach /ˈstʌmək/ • thorough /ˈθʌroʊ, -rə/ • ton, tonne /ˈtʌn/ • tongue /ˈtʌŋ/ • tough /ˈtʌf/ • toughen /ˈtʌfən/ • won /ˈwʌn/ (also /ˈwɒn/) • wont /ˈwʌnt/ (also /ˈwɒnt, ˈwɔːnt/) • word /ˈwɜː(r)d, ˈwʌrd/ • work /ˈwɜː(r)k, ˈwʌrk/ • world /ˈwɜː(r)ld, ˈwʌrld/ • worm /ˈwɜː(r)m, ˈwʌrm/ • worry /ˈwʌri/ • worse /ˈwɜː(r)s, ˈwʌrs/ • worsen /ˈwɜː(r)sən, ˈwʌrs-/ • worship /ˈwɜː(r)ʃᵻp, ˈwʌrʃ-/ • worst /ˈwɜː(r)st, ˈwʌrst/ • wort /ˈwɜː(r)t, ˈwʌrt/ (also /ˈwɔː(r)t, ˈwɒrt/) • worth /ˈwɜː(r)θ, ˈwʌrθ/ • worthy /ˈwɜː(r)ði, ˈwʌrði/

⟨o⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ as /ʊ/

• bosom /ˈbʊzəm/ • wolf /ˈwʊlf/ • Wolsey /ˈwʊlzi/ • wolverine /ˈwʊlvəˈriːn/ • wolves /ˈwʊlvz/ • woman /ˈwʊmən/ • yod /ˈjʊd/

⟨o⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ as /uː/

• canoe /kəˈnuː/ • combe /ˈkuːm/ (also /ˈkoʊm/) • do /ˈduː/ • domesday /ˈduːmzdeɪ/ • lose /ˈluːz/ • move /ˈmuːv/ • movie /ˈmuːvi/ • prove /ˈpruːv/ • proven /ˈpruːvən/ (also /ˈproʊvən/) • shoe /ˈʃuː/ • to /ˈtuː/ • tomb /ˈtuːm/ • womb /ˈwuːm/

⟨oCC⟩ as /oʊCC/ and final ⟨oC⟩ as /oʊC/

This list does not include:

• Words where the consonant cluster sequence is only /Cl/ (as in noble) or only /Cr/ (as in cobra), since vowels are expected to be long in these spellings.
• Plurals formed with -s.
• Words with ⟨olC⟩ or final ⟨ol⟩.

• almost /ˈɔːlˈmoʊst/ • betroth /bɨˈtroʊð/ (also /bɨˈtrɒθ, -ˈtrɔːθ/) • borne /ˈbɔə(r)n, ˈboʊrn/ • Borneo /ˈbɔə(r)nioʊ, ˈboʊrn-/ • both /ˈboʊθ/ (also /ˈboʊlθ/) • comb /ˈkoʊm/ • divorce /dᵻˈvɔə(r)s, -ˈvoʊrs/ • don't /ˈdoʊnt/ • fiord, fjord /ˈfjɔə(r)d, ˈfjoʊrd, fiˈɔə(r)d, fiˈoʊrd, ˈfiːɔə(r)d, ˈfiːoʊrd/ • force /ˈfɔə(r)s, ˈfoʊrs/ • ford /ˈfɔə(r)d, ˈfoʊrd/ • forge /ˈfɔə(r)dʒ, ˈfoʊrdʒ/ • fort /ˈfɔə(r)t, ˈfoʊrt/ • forth /ˈfɔə(r)θ, ˈfoʊrθ/ • ghost /ˈɡoʊst/ • gross /ˈɡroʊs/ • horde /ˈhɔə(r)d, ˈhoʊrd/ • host /ˈhoʊst/ • most /ˈmoʊst/ • porcelain /ˈpɔə(r)s(ə)lᵻn, ˈpoʊrs-/ • porch /ˈpɔə(r)tʃ, ˈpoʊrtʃ/ • pork /ˈpɔə(r)k, ˈpoʊrk/ • port /ˈpɔə(r)t, ˈpoʊrt/ • portend /ˈpɔə(r)tɛnd, ˈpoʊrt-/ • portent /ˈpɔə(r)tɛnt, ˈpoʊrt-/ • portion /ˈpɔə(r)ʃən, ˈpoʊrʃ-/ • portrait /ˈpɔə(r)trᵻt, ˈpoʊrt-/ • post /ˈpoʊst/ • shorn /ˈʃɔə(r)n, ˈʃoʊrn/ • sloth /ˈsloʊθ/ (also /ˈslɒθ, ˈslɔːθ/) • sport /ˈspɔə(r)t, ˈspoʊrt/ • sword /ˈsɔə(r)d, ˈsoʊrd/ • sworn /ˈswɔə(r)n, ˈswoʊrn/ • torn /ˈtɔə(r)n, ˈtoʊrn/ • troth /ˈtroʊθ/ (also /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/) • won't /ˈwoʊnt/ • worn /ˈwɔə(r)n, ˈwoʊrn/ • wroth /ˈroʊθ/ (also /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/)

/ɔːl/

• assault /əˈsɔːlt/ • bawl /ˈbɔːl/ • brawl /ˈbrɔːl/ • cauldron /ˈkɔːldrən/ • caulk /ˈkɔːlk/ (also /ˈkɔːk/) • drawl /ˈdrɔːl/ • Faulkner /ˈfɔːlknə(r)/ (also /ˈfɔːknə(r)/) • fault /ˈfɔːlt/ • Gaul /ˈɡɔːl/ • haul /ˈɡɔːl/ • maul /ˈmɔːl/ • Paul, pawl /ˈpɔːl/ • Saul /ˈsɔːl/ • scrawl /ˈskrɔːl/ • shawl /ˈʃɔːl/ • somersault /ˈsʌmə(r)sɔːlt/ • sprawl /ˈskrɔːl/ • trawl /ˈtrɔːl/ • vault /ˈvɔːlt/

⟨alC⟩ /ɔːlC/ or final ⟨al⟩ as /ɔːl/

• Albany /ˈɔːlbəni/ • albeit /ɔːlˈbiːᵻt/ • Alderney /ˈɔːldə(r)ni/ • all /ˈɔːl/ • almighty /ɔːlˈmaɪti/ • almost /ˈɔːlˈmoʊst/ • already /ɔːlˈrɛdi/ • also /ˈɔːlsoʊ/ • altar, alter /ˈɔːltə(r)/ • alternate (adjective) /ˈɔːltə(r)nᵻt/ • alternate (verb) /ˈɔːltə(r)neɪt/ • although /ɔːlˈðoʊ/ • altogether /ˈɔːltᵿˈɡɛðə(r)/ • always /ˈɔːlweɪz, -wiz/ • asphalt /ˈæsfɔːlt, ˈæʃ-/ (also /ˈæsfælt, ˈæʃ-/) • bald, balled /ˈbɔːld/ • Balder, balder /ˈbɔːldə(r)/ • balk /ˈbɔːlk/ (also /ˈbɔːk/) • ball /ˈbɔːl/ • Balt /ˈbɔːlt/ • Baltimore /ˈbɔːl(tᵻ)mɔə(r), -moʊr/ • calk /ˈkɔːlk/ (also /ˈkɔːk/) • call /ˈkɔːl/ • chalk /ˈtʃɔːlk/ (also /ˈtʃɔːk/) • cobalt /ˈkoʊbɔːlt/ • Cornwall /ˈkɔː(r)nwɔːl, ˈkɒrn-/ (also /ˈkɔː(r)nwəl, ˈkɒrn-/) • Dundalk /ˈdʌndɔːlk/ (also /ˈdʌndɔːk/) • falcon /ˈfɔːlkən/ (also /ˈfɔːkən, ˈfælk-/) • Falkland /ˈfɔːlklənd/ (also /ˈfɔːklənd/) • fall /ˈfɔːl/ • fallen /ˈfɔːlən/ • false /ˈfɔːls/ • falter /ˈfɔːltə(r)/ • gall /ˈɡɔːl/ • hall /ˈhɔːl/ • halt /ˈhɔːlt/ • mall /ˈmɔːl/ • malt /ˈmɔːlt/ • Malta /ˈmɔːltə/ (also /ˈmɒltə/) • Nepal /nᵻˈpɔːl/ (also /nᵻˈpɑːl, -ˈpæl/) • pall /ˈpɔːl/ • palsy /ˈpɔːlzi/ • paltry /ˈpɔːltri/ • Salisbury /ˈsɔːlzb(ɛ)ri/ (also /ˈsælzb(ɛ)ri/) • salt /ˈsɔːlt/ • scald /ˈskɔːld/ • small /ˈsmɔːl/ • Spalding /ˈspɔːldᵻŋ/ • squall /ˈskwɔːl/ • stalk /ˈstɔːlk/ (also /ˈstɔːk/) • stall /ˈstɔːl/ • talk /ˈtɔːlk/ (also /ˈtɔːk/) • tall /ˈtɔːl/ • thrall /ˈθrɔːl/ • walk /ˈwɔːlk/ (also /ˈwɔːk/) • wall /ˈwɔːl/ • Walt /ˈwɔːlt/ • Walter /ˈwɔːltə(r)/ • waltz /ˈwɔːlts/

⟨oo⟩ as /oʊ/

• boor /ˈbɔə(r), ˈboʊr/ (also /ˈbʊə(r), ˈbuːr/) • brooch /ˈbroʊtʃ/ (also /ˈbruːtʃ/) • door /ˈdɔə(r), ˈdoʊr/ • floor /ˈflɔə(r), ˈfloʊr/ • moor, Moore /ˈmɔə(r), ˈmoʊr/ (also /ˈmʊə(r), ˈmuːr/) • poor /ˈpɔə(r), ˈpoʊr/ (also /ˈpʊə(r), ˈpuːr/)

⟨oo⟩ as /ʊ/

• booger /ˈbʊɡə(r)/ • boogie /ˈbʊɡi/ (also /ˈbuːɡi/) • book /ˈbʊk/ • Booker /ˈbʊkə(r)/ • brook, Brooke /ˈbrʊk/ • broom /ˈbrʊm/ (also /ˈbruːm/) • cook /ˈkʊk/ • cookie, cooky /ˈkʊki/ • coop (enclosure) /ˈkʊp/ (also /ˈkuːp/) • crook /ˈkrʊk/ • crooked /ˈkrʊkᵻd, ˈkrʊkt/ • good /ˈɡʊd/ • groom /ˈɡrʊm/ (also /ˈɡruːm/) • hood /ˈhʊd/ • hoof /ˈhʊf/ (also /ˈhuːf/) • hook /ˈhʊk/ • hoop /ˈhʊp/ (also /ˈhuːp/) • hooves /ˈhʊvz/ (also /ˈhuːvz/) • look /ˈlʊk/ • nook /ˈnʊk/ • nookie, nooky /ˈnʊki/ • oops /ˈʊps/ (also /ˈuːps/) • roof /ˈrʊf/ (also /ˈruːf/) • rook /ˈrʊk/ • room /ˈrʊm/ (also /ˈruːm/) • shook /ˈʃʊk/ • soot /ˈsʊt/ (also /ˈsuːt/) • squoosh /ˈskwʊʃ/ • stood /ˈstʊd/ • swoosh /ˈswʊʃ/ (also /ˈswuːʃ/) • took /ˈtʊk/ • tootsie /ˈtʊtsi/ • whoop /ˈ(h)wʊp/ (also /ˈ(h)wuːp/) • whoosh /ˈ(h)wʊʃ/ (also /ˈ(h)wuːʃ/) • wood /ˈwʊd/ • wooden /ˈwʊdən/ • woof /ˈwʊf/ (also /ˈwuːf/) • wool /ˈwʊl/ • woolen, woollen /ˈwʊlən/ • woolly, wooly /ˈwʊli/ • Woolsey /ˈwʊlzi/

⟨ou⟩ as /ʌ/

This list does not include:

• Words where ⟨ou⟩ only represents /ə/.

• adjourn /əˈdʒɜː(r)n, əˈdʒʌrn/ • bourgeon /ˈbɜː(r)dʒən, ˈbʌrdʒ-/ • country /ˈkʌntri/ • couple /ˈkʌpəl/ • courage /ˈkʌrᵻdʒ/ • courier /ˈkɜːriə(r), ˈkʌr-/ (also /ˈkʊ(ə)riə(r), ˈkuːr-/) • courteous /ˈkɜː(r)tiəs, ˈkʌrt-/ • courtesy /ˈkɜː(r)t(ᵻ)si, ˈkʌrt-/ • cousin /ˈkʌzᵻn/ • double /ˈdʌbəl/ • doublet /ˈdʌblᵻt/ • doubloon /dʌˈbluːn/ • Doug /ˈdʌɡ/ • Douglas /ˈdʌɡləs/ • flourish /ˈflʌrᵻʃ/ • hiccough /ˈhɪkʌp/ (also /ˈhɪkəp/) • journal /ˈdʒɜː(r)nəl, ˈdʒʌrn-/ • journey /ˈdʒɜː(r)ni, ˈdʒʌrni/ • joust /ˈdʒʌst/ (also /ˈdʒaʊst, ˈdʒuːst/) • moustache /ˈmʌstæʃ, -stɑːʃ/ (also /məˈstæʃ, -ˈstɑːʃ/) • nourish /ˈnʌrᵻʃ/ • scourge /ˈskɜː(r)dʒ, ˈskʌrdʒ/ • sojourn /ˈsoʊdʒɜː(r)n, -dʒʌrn/ • southerly /ˈsʌðə(r)li/ (also /ˈsaʊðə(r)li/) • southern /ˈsʌðə(r)n/ (also /ˈsaʊðə(r)n/) • touch /ˈtʌtʃ/ • tournament /ˈtɜː(r)nəmənt, ˈtʌrn-/ (also /ˈtʊə(r)nəmənt, ˈtuːrn-/) • tourney /ˈtɜː(r)ni, ˈtʌrni/ (also /ˈtʊə(r)ni, ˈtuːrni/) • trouble /ˈtrʌbəl/ • young /ˈjʌŋ/ • younger /ˈjʌŋɡə(r)/

⟨ou⟩ and ⟨ow⟩ as /oʊ/

This sound historically never overlapped with ⟨ou⟩ or ⟨ow⟩ as /uː/ or post-Great Vowel Shift /aʊ/.

• blow /ˈbloʊ/ • blown /ˈbloʊn/ • boulder, bowlder /ˈboʊldə(r)/ • bourn, Bourne, bourne /ˈbɔə(r)n, ˈboʊrn/ (also /ˈbʊə(r)n, ˈbuːrn/) • bow (shape) /ˈboʊ/ • bowl /ˈboʊl/ • course /ˈkɔə(r)s, ˈkoʊrs/ • court /ˈkɔə(r)t, ˈkoʊrt/ • dough /ˈdoʊ/ • flow /ˈfloʊ/ • flown /ˈfloʊn/ • four /ˈfɔə(r), ˈfoʊr/ • fourteen /ˈfɔə(r)ˈtiːn, ˈfoʊr-/ • fourth /ˈfɔə(r)θ, ˈfoʊrθ/ • glow /ˈɡloʊ/ • gourd /ˈɡɔə(r)d, ˈɡoʊrd/ (also /ˈɡʊə(r)d, ˈɡuːrd/) • grow /ˈɡroʊ/ • grown /ˈɡroʊn/ • growth /ˈɡroʊθ/ • low, Lowe /ˈloʊ/ • Lowell /ˈloʊəl/ (also /ˈloʊl/) • lower (descend) /ˈloʊə(r)/ • mould /ˈmoʊld/ • moult /ˈmoʊlt/ • mourn /ˈmɔə(r)n, ˈmoʊrn/ • mow /ˈmoʊ/ • mown /ˈmoʊn/ • owe /ˈoʊ/ • own /ˈoʊn/ • poultry /ˈpoʊltri/ • pour /ˈpɔə(r), ˈpoʊr/ • row (line) /ˈroʊ/ • Seymour /ˈsiːmɔə(r), -moʊr/ • shoulder /ˈʃoʊldə(r)/ • show /ˈʃoʊ/ • shown /ˈʃoʊn/ • slow /ˈsloʊ/ • smoulder /ˈsmoʊldə(r)/ • snow /ˈsnoʊ/ • soul /ˈsoʊl/ • source /ˈsɔə(r)s, ˈsoʊrs/ • sow (seed) /ˈsoʊ/ • sown /ˈsoʊn/ • though /ˈðoʊ/ • throw /ˈθroʊ/ • thrown /ˈθroʊn/ • tow /ˈtoʊ/ • your, you're /ˈjɔə(r), ˈjoʊr/ (also /ˈjʊə(r), ˈjuːr/) • yourn /ˈjɔə(r)n, ˈjoʊrn/ (also /ˈjʊə(r)n, ˈjuːrn/) • yours /ˈjɔə(r)z, ˈjoʊrz/ (also /ˈjʊə(r)z, ˈjuːrz/)

Final unstressed

• arrow /ˈæroʊ/ • barrow /ˈbæroʊ/ • bellow /ˈbɛloʊ/ • bellows (device) /ˈbɛloʊz/ (also /ˈbɛləz/) • billow /ˈbɪloʊ/ • borough /ˈbʌroʊ/ (also /ˈbʌrə/) • borrow /ˈbɒroʊ/ • bungalow /ˈbʌŋɡəloʊ/ • burrow /ˈbʌroʊ/ • elbow /ˈɛlboʊ/ • fallow /ˈfæloʊ/ • farrow /ˈfæroʊ/ • fellow /ˈfɛloʊ/ • follow /ˈfɒloʊ/ • furlough /ˈfɜː(r)loʊ, ˈfʌr-/ • gallows /ˈɡæloʊz/ (also /ˈɡæləz/) • hallow /ˈhæloʊ/ • harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ • hollow /ˈhɒloʊ/ • mallow /ˈmæloʊ/ • Marlowe /ˈmɑː(r)loʊ, ˈmær-/ • marrow /ˈmæroʊ/ • meadow /ˈmɛdoʊ/ • mellow /ˈmɛloʊ/ • minnow /ˈmɪnoʊ/ • morrow /ˈmɒroʊ/ • Moscow /ˈmɒskoʊ/ (also /ˈmɒskaʊ/) • narrow /ˈnæroʊ/ • pillow /ˈpɪloʊ/ • sallow /ˈsæloʊ/ • shadow /ˈʃædoʊ/ • shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/ • sorrow /ˈsɒroʊ/ • sparrow /ˈspæroʊ/ • swallow /ˈswɒloʊ/ • tallow /ˈtæloʊ/ • thorough /ˈθʌroʊ/ (also /ˈθʌrə/) • wallow /ˈwɒloʊ/ • Wicklow /ˈwɪkloʊ/ • widow /ˈwɪdoʊ/ • willow /ˈwɪloʊ/ • window /ˈwɪndoʊ/ • Winslow /ˈwɪnzloʊ/ • yellow /ˈjɛloʊ/

⟨ou⟩ as /uː/

All these words imply ⟨ou⟩ that remained /uː/ after ⟨ou⟩ had regularly shifted to /aʊ/ in the Great Vowel Shift.

For historical reasons, this list also includes ⟨ou⟩ as /ʊ/ from older post-GVS /uː/.

• bouche /ˈbuːʃ/ • boulevard /ˈbuːl(ə)vɑː(r)(d), ˈbʊl-, -vær(d)/ • cougar /ˈkuːɡə(r)/ • could /ˈkʊd/ • coupon /ˈkuːpɒn/ (also /ˈkjuːpɒn, ˈkɪup-/) • courier /ˈkʊ(ə)riə(r), ˈkuːr-/ (also /ˈkɜːriə(r), ˈkʌr-/) • couscous /ˈkuːskuːs/ • couth /ˈkuːθ/ • douche /ˈduːʃ/ • Dougal /ˈduːɡəl/ • ghoul /ˈɡuːl/ • gourd /ˈɡʊə(r)d, ˈɡuːrd/ (also /ˈɡɔə(r)d, ˈɡoʊrd/) • group /ˈɡruːp/ • joust /ˈdʒuːst/ (also /ˈdʒaʊst, ˈdʒʌst/) • Lou /ˈluː/ • Louie /ˈluːi/ • Louis /ˈluːᵻs/ • mousse /ˈmuːs/ • rouge /ˈruːʒ/ • route /ˈruːt/ (also /ˈraʊt/) • should /ˈʃʊd/ • soup /ˈsuːp/ • stoup /ˈstuːp/ • through /ˈθruː/ • tour /ˈtʊə(r), ˈtuːr/ • tournament /ˈtʊə(r)nəmənt, ˈtuːrn-/ (also /ˈtɜː(r)nəmənt, ˈtʌrn-/) • tourney /ˈtʊə(r)ni, ˈtuːrni/ (also /ˈtɜː(r)ni, ˈtʌrni/) • troupe /ˈtruːp/ • would /ˈwʊd/ • wound (injury) /ˈwuːnd/ • you /ˈjuː/ • your, you're /ˈjʊə(r), ˈjuːr/ (also /ˈjɔə(r), ˈjoʊr/) • yourn /ˈjʊə(r)n, ˈjuːrn/ (also /ˈjɔə(r)n, ˈjoʊrn/) • yours /ˈjʊə(r)z, ˈjuːrz/ (also /ˈjɔə(r)z, ˈjoʊrz/) • youth /ˈjuːθ/ • youths /ˈjuːðz, ˈjuːθs/

⟨olC⟩ as /oʊlC/ or final ⟨ol⟩ as /oʊl/

• bold, bowled /ˈboʊld/ • bolster /ˈboʊlstə(r)/ • bolt /ˈboʊlt/ • Bolton /ˈboʊltən/ • Colby /ˈkoʊlbi/ • cold /ˈkoʊld/ • Colgate /ˈkoʊlɡeɪt/ • colt /ˈkoʊlt/ • Colton /ˈkoʊltən/ • control /kənˈtroʊl/ • Dolby /ˈdoʊlbi/ • dolt /ˈdoʊlt/ • droll /ˈdroʊl/ • extol /ᵻkˈstoʊl, ɛk-/ • fold /ˈfoʊld/ • Folger /ˈfoʊldʒə(r)/ • folk /ˈfoʊlk/ (also /ˈfoʊk/) • gnoll, knoll /ˈnoʊl/ • gold /ˈɡoʊld/ • golden /ˈɡoʊldən/ • hold /ˈhoʊld/ • holm /ˈhoʊlm/ (also /ˈhoʊm/) • Holmes, holms /ˈhoʊlmz/ (also /ˈhoʊmz/) • holster /ˈhoʊlstə(r)/ • holt /ˈhoʊlt/ • Holton /ˈhoʊltən/ • jolt /ˈdʒoʊlt/ • mold /ˈmoʊld/ • molt /ˈmoʊlt/ • molten /ˈmoʊltən/ • old /ˈoʊld/ • olden /ˈoʊldən/ • olfactory /oʊlˈfækt(ɵ)ri/ (also /ɒlˈfækt(ɵ)ri/) • Olsen, Olson /ˈoʊlsən/ • patrol /pəˈtroʊl/ • polder /ˈpoʊldə(r)/ • Polk /ˈpoʊlk/ (also /ˈpoʊk/) • polka /ˈpoʊlkə/ (also /ˈpoʊkə, ˈpɒlkə/) • poll /ˈpoʊl/ • poltergeist /ˈpoʊltə(r)ɡaɪst/ (also /ˈpɒltə(r)ɡaɪst/) • roll /ˈroʊl/ • scroll /ˈskroʊl/ • smolder /ˈsmoʊldə(r)/ • smolt /ˈsmoʊlt/ • Sol, sol /ˈsoʊl/ (also /ˈsɒl/) • sold /ˈsoʊld/ • soldier /ˈsoʊldʒə(r)/ • stroll /ˈstroʊl/ • swollen /ˈswoʊlən/ • told, tolled /ˈtoʊld/ • toll /ˈtoʊl/ • troll /ˈtroʊl/ • volt /ˈvoʊlt/ • Volta, volta /ˈvoʊltə/ (also /ˈvɒltə/) • wold (forest) /ˈwoʊld/ • yolk /ˈjoʊlk/ (also /ˈjoʊk/)

⟨our⟩ as /ə(r)/

• arbour /ˈɑː(r)bə(r), ˈærb-/ • armour /ˈɑː(r)mə(r), ˈærm-/ • behaviour /bɨˈheɪvjə(r)/ • clamour /ˈklæmə(r)/ • colour /ˈkʌlə(r)/ • endeavour /ᵻnˈdɛvə(r), ɛn-/ • favour /ˈfeɪvə(r)/ • flavour /ˈfleɪvə(r)/ • glamour /ˈɡlæmə(r)/ • harbour /ˈhɑː(r)bə(r), ˈhærb-/ • honour /ˈɒnə(r)/ • humour /ˈhjuːmə(r), ˈhɪum-/ • labour /ˈleɪbə(r)/ • neighbour /ˈneɪbə(r)/ • parlour /ˈpɑː(r)lə(r), ˈpær-/ • rancour /ˈræŋkə(r)/ • rigour /ˈrɪɡə(r)/ • rumour /ˈruːmə(r), ˈrɪum-/ • saviour /ˈseɪvjə(r)/ • savour /ˈseɪvə(r)/ • splendour /ˈsplɛndə(r)/ • tumour /ˈtjuːmə(r), ˈtɪum-/ • vigour /ˈvɪɡə(r)/

PALM lexical set

This list does not include:

• Words with a common alternate pronunciation with /æ/, /ɒ/ or /ɔː/.
• Words in the START lexical set.

• alms /ˈɑː(l)mz/• balm /ˈbɑː(l)m/ • barrage /bəˈrɑːʒ, ˈbærɑːʒ/ • blah /ˈblɑː/ • bra /ˈbrɑː/ • calm /ˈkɑː(l)m/ • Chalmers /ˈtʃɑː(l)mə(r)z/ • charade /ʃəˈrɑːd/ (also /ʃəˈreɪd/) • collage /kɵˈlɑːʒ, koʊ-/ • fa /ˈfɑː/ • father /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ • garage /ɡəˈrɑːʒ, -ˈrɑːdʒ, ˈɡærɑːʒ/ (also /ˈɡærᵻdʒ/) • genre /ˈʒɑːnrə/ • ha, hah /ˈhɑː/ • la /ˈlɑː/ • mirage /mɨˈrɑːʒ/ • montage /mɒnˈtɑːʒ/ • palm /ˈpɑː(l)m/ • Prague /ˈprɑːɡ/ • psalm /ˈsɑː(l)m/ • qualm /ˈkwɑː(l)m/ • ska /ˈskɑː/ • spa /ˈspɑː/ • svengali /svɛnˈɡɑːli, sfɛn-/ • ta /ˈtɑː/ • taco /ˈtɑːkoʊ/

Single ⟨s⟩ as /z/ or /ʒ/ after a short vowel in an open syllable

• -asm /-æzəm/ • busy /ˈbɪzi/ • chisel /ˈtʃɪzəl/ • closet /ˈklɒzᵻt/ • cousin /ˈkʌzᵻn/ • doesn't (verb) /ˈdʌzənt/ • Elisabeth /ɨˈlɪzəbəθ/ • hasn't /ˈhæzənt/ • -ism /-ɪzəm/ • isn't /ˈɪzənt/ • leisure /ˈlɛʒə(r)/ (also /ˈliːʒə(r)/) • measure /ˈmɛʒə(r)/ • misery /ˈmɪzəri/ • peasant /ˈpɛzənt/ • pheasant /ˈfɛzənt/ • pleasant /ˈplɛzənt/ • pleasure /ˈplɛʒə(r)/ • posit /ˈpɒzᵻt/ • present (noun) /ˈprɛzənt/ • prison /ˈprɪzən/ • resin /ˈrɛzᵻn/ • risen /ˈrɪzən/ • treasure /ˈtrɛʒə(r)/ • visit /ˈvɪzᵻt/ • wasn't /ˈwɒzənt, ˈwʌz-/

⟨sl⟩ as /l/

• aisle, isle /ˈaɪl/ • Carlisle /ˈkɑː(r)laɪl, ˈkær-/ • island /ˈaɪlənd/ • islet /ˈaɪlᵻt/

⟨ss⟩ and ⟨sc⟩ as /z/

• brassiere /brəˈzɪə(r), -ˈziːr, ˈbræziɛə(r), -eɪr, ˈbræzɪə(r), -ziːr/ (also /ˈbræsiɛə(r), -eɪr, ˈbræsɪə(r), -siːr/) • crescent /ˈkrɛzənt/ (also /ˈkrɛsənt/) • dessert /dɨˈzɜː(r)t, -ˈzɛrt/ • dissolve /dᵻˈzɒlv/

⟨th⟩ as /t/

• Thai /ˈtaɪ/ • Thailand /ˈtaɪlænd/ • Thames /ˈtɛmz, ˈteɪmz/ (also /ˈθeɪmz/) • Thomas /ˈtɒməs/ • Thompson /ˈtɒmpsən/ • thyme /ˈtaɪm/ (also /ˈθaɪm/)

Initial /θw/

• thwack /ˈθwæk/ • thwaite /ˈθweɪt/ • thwap /ˈθwæp/ • thwart /ˈθwɔː(r)t, ˈθwɒrt/ • thwomp /ˈθwɒmp/

Silent ⟨u⟩ and ⟨w⟩

This list does not include:

• Silent ⟨w⟩ in ⟨wr⟩.

• analogue /ˈænəlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • answer /ˈænsə(r), ˈɑːns-/ • antique /ænˈtiːk/ • baroque /bəˈrɒk, -ˈroʊk/ • Basque /ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ • beleaguer /bɨˈliːɡə(r)/ • biscuit /ˈbɪskᵻt/ • bisque /ˈbɪsk/ • Borgue /ˈbɔː(r)ɡ, ˈbɒrɡ/ • brogue /ˈbroʊɡ/ • brusque /ˈbruːsk, ˈbrʊsk, ˈbrʌsk/ • build /ˈbɪld/ • built /ˈbɪlt/ • buy /ˈbaɪ/ • catalogue /ˈkætəlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • cheque /ˈtʃɛk/ • chequer /ˈtʃɛkə(r)/ • circuit /ˈsɜː(r)kᵻt, ˈsɪrk-/ • cirque /ˈsɜː(r)k, ˈsɪrk/ • clique /ˈklɪk, ˈkliːk/ • conquer /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ • dengue /ˈdɛŋɡeɪ, ˈdɛŋɡi/ • dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • epilogue /ˈɛpᵻlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • Fenwick /ˈfɛnᵻk/ (also /ˈfɛnwᵻk/) • fugue /ˈfjuːɡ, ˈfɪuɡ/ • Greenwich /ˈɡrɛnᵻdʒ, -ᵻtʃ/ (also /ˈɡriːnwᵻtʃ, -wᵻdʒ/) • grotesque /ɡroʊˈtɛsk/ • guarantee /ɡærənˈtiː/ • guaranty /ˈɡærənti/ • guard /ˈɡɑː(r)d, ˈɡærd/ • guardian /ˈɡɑː(r)diən, ˈɡærd-/ • Guernsey /ˈɡɜː(r)nzi, ˈɡɛrnzi/ • guess /ˈɡɛs/ • guessed, guest /ˈɡɛst/ • guide /ˈɡaɪd/ • guild /ˈɡɪld/ • guilder /ˈɡɪldə(r)/ • guile /ˈɡaɪl/ • guillotine /ˈɡiːɵtiːn, ˈɡɪlɵ-/ • guilt /ˈɡɪlt/ • guise /ˈɡaɪz/ • guitar /ɡᵻˈtɑː(r), -ˈtær, ˈɡɪtɑː(r), -tær/ • Guy, guy /ˈɡaɪ/ • Hague /ˈheɪɡ/ • intrigue /ˈɪntriːɡ, ᵻnˈtriːɡ/ • knowledge /ˈnɒlᵻdʒ/ • lacquer /ˈlækə(r)/ • league /ˈliːɡ/ • liquor, liquour /ˈlɪkə(r)/ • liquorice /ˈlɪk(ɵ)rᵻʃ, -rᵻs/ • masque /ˈmæsk, ˈmɑːsk/ • masquerade /mæskəˈreɪd/ • meringue /məˈræŋ/ • monologue /ˈmɒnɵlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • morgue /ˈmɔː(r)ɡ, ˈmɒrɡ/ • mosque /ˈmɒsk, ˈmɔːsk/ • mosquito /məˈskiːtoʊ/ • Norwich /ˈnɒrᵻdʒ, ˈnɔːr-, -ᵻtʃ/ (also /ˈnɔː(r)wᵻtʃ, ˈnɒr-, -wᵻdʒ/) • oblique /ɵˈbliːk, oʊ-/ • opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ • pique /ˈpiːk/ • plague /ˈpleɪɡ/ • plaque /ˈplæk/ • Prague /ˈprɑːɡ/ • prologue /ˈproʊlɒɡ, -lɔːɡ/ • queue /ˈkjuː, ˈkɪu/ • quiche /ˈkiːʃ/ • racquet /ˈrækᵻt/ • rogue /ˈroʊɡ/ • sword /ˈsɔə(r)d, ˈsoʊrd/ • synagogue /ˈsɪnəɡɒɡ, -ɡɔːɡ/ • technique /tɛkˈniːk/ • tongue /ˈtʌŋ/ • toque /ˈtoʊk/ • torque /ˈtɔː(r)k, ˈtɒrk/ • unique /juːˈniːk, ɪu-/ • vague /ˈveɪɡ/ • vogue /ˈvoʊɡ/ • Warwick /ˈwɒrᵻk, ˈwɔːr-/ (also /ˈwɔː(r)wᵻk, ˈwɒr-/) • whole /ˈhoʊl/ • wholly /ˈhoʊl(l)i/ • whore /ˈhɔə(r), ˈhoʊr/ (also /ˈhʊə(r), ˈhuːr/)

⟨u⟩ as /ʊ/

• Bulgaria /bʊlˈɡɛəriə, -ˈɡeɪr-/ (also /bʌlˈɡɛəriə, -ˈɡeɪr-/) • bull /ˈbʊl/ • bullet /ˈbʊlᵻt/ • Bullock, bullock /ˈbʊlək/ • bully /ˈbʊli/ • bulwark /ˈbʊlwə(r)k, -wɔː(r)k, -wɒrk/ (also /ˈbʌlwə(r)k, -wɔː(r)k, -wɒrk/) • Bush, bush /ˈbʊʃ/ • butch /ˈbʊtʃ/ • butcher /ˈbʊtʃə(r)/ • chutzpa, chutzpah, hutzpa, hutzpah /ˈxʊtspə, ˈhʊts/ • Cush /ˈkʊʃ/ (also /ˈkʌʃ/) • cushion /ˈkʊʃən/ • cushy /ˈkʊʃi/ • full /ˈfʊl/ • fully /ˈfʊl(l)i/ • hummus /ˈhʊməs/ (also /ˈhʌməs/) • kibbutz /kɨˈbʊts/ (also /kɨˈbuːts/) • mush /ˈmʊʃ/ (also /ˈmʌʃ/) • pudding /ˈpʊdᵻŋ/ • pull /ˈpʊl/ • pulley /ˈpʊli/ • pulpit /ˈpʊlpᵻt/ (also /ˈpʌlpᵻt/) • push /ˈpʊʃ/ • puss /ˈpʊs/ • put /ˈpʊt/ • schtup, shtup /ˈʃtʊp/ • tush (tushie) /ˈtʊʃ/ • tushie /ˈtʊʃi/ • wuss /ˈwʊs/

⟨ugh⟩ as /f/

• cough /ˈkɒf, ˈkɔːf/ • draught /ˈdræft, ˈdrɑːft/ • enough /ɨˈnʌf/ • laugh /ˈlæf, ˈlɑːf/ • laughter /ˈlæftə(r), ˈlɑːft-/ • rough /ˈrʌf/ • roughen /ˈrʌfən/ • rough /ˈrʌf/ • slough (sluff) /ˈslʌf/ • toughen /ˈtʌfən/ • trough /ˈtrɒf, ˈtrɔːf/ (also /ˈtrɒθ, ˈtrɔːθ/)

⟨ui⟩ as /(j)uː/

• bruise /ˈbruːz, ˈbrɪuz/ • cruise /ˈkruːz, ˈkrɪuz/ • fruit /ˈfruːt, ˈfrɪut/ • juice /ˈdʒuːs, ˈdʒɪus/ • Muir /ˈmjʊə(r), ˈmjuːr, ˈmɪʊə(r), ˈmɪur/ • nuisance /ˈnjuːsəns, ˈnɪus-/ • puisne /ˈpjuːni, ˈpɪuni/ • pursuit /pə(r)ˈs(j)uːt, -ˈsɪut/ • recruit /rɨˈkruːt, -ˈkrɪut/ • sluice /ˈsl(j)uːs, ˈslɪus/ • suit /ˈs(j)uːt, ˈsɪut/

⟨wo⟩ as /uː/ and ⟨who⟩ as /huː/

• two /ˈtuː/ • who /ˈhuː/ • whom /ˈhuːm/ • who're /ˈhʊə(r), ˈhuːr/ • whore /ˈhʊə(r), ˈhuːr/ (also /ˈhɔə(r), ˈhoʊr/) • who's, whose /ˈhuːz/

⟨wr⟩ as /r/

• wraith /ˈreɪθ/ • Wrangel, Wrangell, wrangle /ˈræŋɡəl/ • wrap /ˈræp/ • wrastle /ˈræsəl/ • wrath /ˈræθ, ˈrɑːθ, ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ/ • wreak /ˈriːk/ • wreath /ˈriːθ/ • wreathe /ˈriːð/ • wreaths /ˈriːðz, ˈriːθs/ • wreck /ˈrɛk/ • wren /ˈrɛn/ • wrench /ˈrɛntʃ/ • wrength /ˈrɛŋθ/ (also /ˈrɛnθ/) • wrest /ˈrɛst/ • wrestle /ˈrɛsəl/ • wretch /ˈrɛtʃ/ • wretched /ˈrɛtʃᵻd/ • wriggle /ˈrɪɡəl/ • Wrigley /ˈrɪɡli/ • wright, write /ˈraɪt/ • wring /ˈrɪŋ/ • wrinkle /ˈrɪŋkəl/ • wrist /ˈrɪst/ • writ /ˈrɪt/ • write /ˈraɪt/ • writhe /ˈraɪð/ • written /ˈrɪtən/ • wrong /ˈrɒŋ, ˈrɔːŋ/ • wrote /ˈroʊt/ • wroth /ˈrɒθ, ˈrɔːθ, ˈroʊθ/ • wrought /ˈrɔːt/ • wrung /ˈrʌŋ/ • wry /ˈraɪ/

/ʒ/ not from modern yod-coalescence

• barrage /bəˈrɑːʒ, ˈbærɑːʒ/ • beige /ˈbeɪʒ/ • Beijing /ˈbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ (also /ˈbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/) • collage /kɵˈlɑːʒ, koʊ-/ • garage /ɡəˈrɑːʒ, ˈɡærɑːʒ/ (also /ɡəˈrɑːdʒ, ˈɡærᵻdʒ/) • genre /ˈʒɑːnrə/ • liege /ˈliːʒ/ (also /ˈliːdʒ/) • luge /ˈljuːʒ, ˈlɪuʒ/ • mirage /mɨˈrɑːʒ/ • montage /mɒnˈtɑːʒ/ • prestige /prɛˈstiːʒ/ (also /prɛˈstiːdʒ/) • rouge /ˈruːʒ/

Irregularly short vowels

English has many such words, so for illustrative purposes, this list is limited to two-syllable words of penultimate stress where a vowel pronounced short precedes a single written consonant that would regularly make the vowel pronounced long. Even in these words, oftentimes the short vowel resulted from trisyllabic laxing, after which the third syllable went silent and was sometimes later removed from spelling.

This list does include:

• Words where the one written consonant is any of ⟨b c d f g k l m n p r s t z⟩ or the digraphs ⟨ch qu⟩, or ⟨ci si ti⟩ where they are pronounced as single consonants through yod coalescence.
• Words where the one consonant is followed by either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨r⟩ and another orthographic vowel (including silent ⟨e⟩), as even with these in cluster, the vowel would still regularly be pronounced long.

This list does not include:

• Words where that one written consonant is the digraph ⟨sh⟩, which traditionally functions as a consonant cluster in spelling even though today it is pronounced as a single consonant.
• Words where that one written consonant is the digraph ⟨th⟩, before which vowel length is often unpredictable.
• Words where that one written consonant is ⟨v⟩, which for historical reasons is almost always written single because ⟨vv⟩ appeared too similar to ⟨w⟩.
• Words where that one written consonant is the single letter ⟨x⟩, which is actually a consonant cluster.
• Words that are otherwise spelt irregularly, except the final weak vowel.

• acid /ˈæsᵻd/ • Adam /ˈædəm/ • agile /ˈædʒᵻl, -dʒaɪl/ • Alan /ˈælən/ • Alex /ˈælᵻks/ • Alice /ˈælᵻs/ • aloe /ˈæloʊ/ • aqua /ˈækwə/ (also /ˈɑːkwə/) • Arab /ˈærəb/ (also /ˈeɪræb/) • arid /ˈærᵻd/ • atom /ˈætəm/ • Babel /ˈbæbəl/ (also /ˈbeɪbəl/) • banish /ˈbænᵻʃ/ • baron /ˈbærən/ • Basil, basil /ˈbæzᵻl, -sᵻl/ (also /ˈbeɪzᵻl, -sᵻl/) • Beryl, beryl /ˈbɛrᵻl/ • blemish /ˈblɛmᵻʃ/ • bodice /ˈbɒdᵻs/ • body /ˈbɒdi/ • buses /ˈbʌsᵻz/ • butler /ˈbʌtlə(r)/ • cabin /ˈkæbᵻn/ • Cabot /ˈkæbət/ • camel /ˈkæməl/ • canon /ˈkænən/ • carat, karat /ˈkærət/ • caret /ˈkærᵻt/ • carob /ˈkærəb/ • Carol, carol /ˈkærəl/ • Cecil /ˈsɛsᵻl/ (also /ˈsiːsᵻl/) • chalice /ˈtʃælᵻs/ • chapel /ˈtʃæpəl/ • Cheryl /ˈʃɛrᵻl/ • chisel /ˈtʃɪzəl/ • city /ˈsɪti/ • closet /ˈklɑzᵻt/ • colic /ˈkɒlᵻk/ • Colin /ˈkɒlᵻn/ (also /ˈkoʊlᵻn/) • comet /ˈkɒmᵻt/ • comic /ˈkɒmᵻk/ • coral /ˈkɒrəl/ • copy /ˈkɒpi/ • credit /ˈkrɛdᵻt/ • Cyril /ˈsɪrᵻl/ • Daryl /ˈdærᵻl/ • data /ˈdætə/ (also /ˈdɑːtə, ˈdeɪtə/) • debit /ˈdɛbᵻt/ • denim /ˈdɛnᵻm/ • Derek /ˈdɛrᵻk/ • digit /ˈdɪdʒᵻt/ • docile /ˈdɒsᵻl, -saɪl/ (also /ˈdoʊsaɪl/) • Doris /ˈdɒrᵻs/ (also /ˈdɔərᵻs, ˈdoʊr-/) • duchess /ˈdʌtʃᵻs/ • duchy /ˈdʌtʃi/ • edit /ˈɛdᵻt/ • epic /ˈɛpᵻk/ • era /ˈɛrə/ (also /ˈɪərə, ˈiːrə/) • Eric /ˈɛrᵻk/ • Erin /ˈɛrᵻn/ • Eris /ˈɛrᵻs/ (also /ˈɪərᵻs, ˈiːrᵻs/) • facet /ˈfæsᵻt/ • facile /ˈfæsᵻl, -saɪl/ • famine /ˈfæmᵻn/ • famish /ˈfæmᵻʃ/ • felon /ˈfɛlən/ • fetid /ˈfɛtᵻd/ • finish /ˈfɪnᵻʃ/ • florid /ˈflɒrᵻd/ • folic /ˈfɒlᵻk/ • forage /ˈfɒrᵻdʒ/ • forest /ˈfɒrᵻst/ • frigid /ˈfrɪdʒᵻd/ • frolic /ˈfrɒlᵻk/ • garage /ˈɡærᵻdʒ, -rɑːʒ/ (also /ɡəˈrɑːʒ, -ˈrɑːdʒ/) • gases /ˈɡæsᵻz/ • giblet /ˈdʒɪblᵻt/ • gimel /ˈɡɪməl/ • goblet /ˈɡɒblᵻt/ • goblin /ˈɡɒblᵻn/ • granite /ˈɡrænᵻt/ • gratis /ˈɡrætᵻs/ (also /ˈɡrɑːtᵻs/) • grimace /ˈɡrɪmᵻs/ • habit /ˈhæbᵻt/ • Hamill /ˈhæmᵻl/ • Helen /ˈhɛlən/ • Janet /ˈdʒænᵻt/ • Janice /ˈdʒænᵻs/ • Karen /ˈkærən/ • Latin /ˈlætᵻn/ • lecher /ˈlɛtʃə(r)/ • legend /ˈlɛdʒənd/ • lemon /ˈlɛmən/ • leper /ˈlɛpə(r)/ • lily /ˈlɪli/ • limit /ˈlɪmᵻt/ • linen /ˈlɪnᵻn/ • lipid /ˈlɪpᵻd/ • liquid /ˈlɪkwᵻd/ • liquor, liquour /ˈlɪkə(r)/ • lizard /ˈlɪzə(r)d/ • logic /ˈlɒdʒᵻk/ • lyric /ˈlɪrᵻk/ • magic /ˈmædʒᵻk/ • malic /ˈmælᵻk/ • malice /ˈmælᵻs/ • mana /ˈmænə/ (also /ˈmɑːnə, ˈmʌnə/) • manage /ˈmænᵻdʒ/ • manic /ˈmænᵻk/ • manor /ˈmænə(r)/ • medal /ˈmɛdəl/ • medic /ˈmɛdᵻk/ • medley /ˈmɛdli/ • melon /ˈmɛlən/ • menu /ˈmɛnjuː, -nɪu/ • merit /ˈmɛrᵻt/ • Meryl /ˈmɛrᵻl/ • metal /ˈmɛtəl/ • mimic /ˈmɪmᵻk/ • minish /ˈmɪnᵻʃ/ • model /ˈmɒdəl/ • modest /ˈmɒdᵻst/ • moral /ˈmɒrəl/ • olive /ˈɒlᵻv/ • orange /ˈɒrᵻndʒ/ • pageant /ˈpædʒənt/ • palace /ˈpælᵻs/ • palate /ˈpælᵻt/ • palette /ˈpælᵻt/ • panel /ˈpænəl/ • panic /ˈpænᵻk/ • Paris /ˈpærᵻs/ • parish /ˈpærᵻʃ/ • patent /ˈpætənt/ • pedal /ˈpɛdəl/ • peril /ˈpɛrᵻl/ • perish /ˈpɛrᵻʃ/ • petal /ˈpɛtəl/ • pity /ˈpɪti/ • placard /ˈplækɑː(r)d, -kærd, -kə(r)d/ • planet /ˈplænᵻt/ • posit /ˈpɒzᵻt/ • present (noun) /ˈprɛzənt/ • prison /ˈprɪzən/ • pumice /ˈpʌmᵻs/ • punish /ˈpʌnᵻʃ/ • rabid /ˈræbᵻd/ • radish /ˈrædᵻʃ/ • rapid /ˈræpᵻd/ • ration /ˈræʃən/ • rebel (noun) /ˈrɛbəl/ • record (noun) /ˈrɛkə(r)d/ • relic /ˈrɛlᵻk/ • relish /ˈrɛlᵻʃ/ • resin /ˈrɛzᵻn/ • Richard /ˈrɪtʃərd/ • richer /ˈrɪtʃə(r)/ • riches /ˈrɪtʃᵻz/ • richest /ˈrɪtʃᵻst/ • rigid /ˈrɪdʒᵻd/ • rigor, rigour /ˈrɪɡə(r)/ • risen /ˈrɪzən/ • robin /ˈrɒbᵻn/ • salad /ˈsæləd/ • satin /ˈsætᵻn/ • Saturn /ˈsætə(r)n/ • scholar /ˈskɒlə(r)/ • shadow /ˈʃædoʊ/ • sinew /ˈsɪnjuː, -nɪu/ • solid /ˈsɒlᵻd/ • Spanish /ˈspænᵻʃ/ • spinel /ˈspɪnəl/ (also /spᵻˈnɛl/) • squalid /ˈskwɒlᵻd/ • squalor /ˈskwɒlə(r)/ • static /ˈstætᵻk/ • statue /ˈstætʃuː, -tʃɪu/ • stature /ˈstætʃə(r)/ • status /ˈstætəs/ (also /ˈsteɪtəs/) • statute /ˈstætʃuːt, -tʃɪut/ • strata /ˈstrætə/ (also /ˈstrɑːtə, ˈstreɪtə/) • stratum /ˈstrætəm/ (also /ˈstrɑːtəm, ˈstreɪtəm/) • study /ˈstʌdi/ • syrup /ˈsɪrəp/ (also /ˈsɜːrəp/) • tablet /ˈtæblᵻt/ • tacit /ˈtæsᵻt/ • talent /ˈtælənt/ • talon /ˈtælən/ • tenor /ˈtɛnə(r)/ • tenure /ˈtɛnjə(r)/ • timid /ˈtɪmᵻd/ • tonic /ˈtɒnᵻk/ • tragic /ˈtrædʒᵻk/ • treble /ˈtrɛbəl/ • triple /ˈtrɪpəl/ • valid /ˈvælᵻd/ • valor, valour /ˈvælə(r)/ • value /ˈvæljuː, -lɪu/ • vanish /ˈvænᵻʃ/ • vapid /ˈvæpᵻd/ • Venice /ˈvɛnᵻs/ • venue /ˈvɛnjuː, -nɪu/ • very /ˈvɛri/ • vigor, vigour /ˈvɪɡə(r)/ • virile /ˈvɪrᵻl, -raɪl/ • visit /ˈvɪzᵻt/ • widow /ˈwɪdoʊ/ • wizard /ˈwɪzə(r)d/