Appendix:Early Mandarin transcription using Old Hangeul in Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae

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Introduction[edit]

Compiled based on chapters 1 to 30 of:

1795, 李洙 [Lee Soo] et al., chapter 1, in 重刊老乞大諺解, volume 1, page 1:

Transcription 1 is based on 16th century Guanhua recorded by Choe Sejin (崔世珍최세진, 1473-1542).

Transcription 2 is based on the unorthodox readings (俗音) of 15th century Guanhua recorded by Sin Sukju (申叔舟신숙주, 1417-1475) in 《四聲通考》.

Apart from romanization, the diagraphs (, , , , ) were used to transcribe voiced sounds in Middle Chinese.

Romanization[edit]

A modified form of Yale romanization is used to represent transcriptions of Old Hangeul characters:

The following convention is used for light labial sounds. Note that (W) exists in native Middle Korean words with the phonetic value /β/.

Modern Sino-Korean readings are romanized using Revised Romanization (2000).

Character table[edit]

Han characters in brackets represent the modern form used in Traditional Chinese (Taiwan standard).

Pin­yin Han character Tran­scrip­tion 1 Ro­ma­ni­za­tion 1 I­ni­tial 1 Fi­nal 1 Tran­scrip­tion 2 Ro­ma­ni­za­tion 2 I­ni­tial 2 Fi­nal 2 Mo­dern Sino-Ko­re­an Fre­quen­cy
ā a - () a () ᅙᅥ qe q () e () (a) 6
āi ay - () ay () ᅙᅢ qay q () ay () (ae) 1
ān an - () an () ᅙᅥᆫ qen q () en () (an) 2
àn an - () an () ᅙᅥᆫ qen q () en () (an) 1
pa p () a () 바ᇹ paq p () aq (아ᇹ) (pal) 2
() pa p () a () 빠ᇹ ppaq pp () aq (아ᇹ) (bal) 1
pa p () a () pa p () a () (pa) 20
() pa p () a () ppa pp () a () (pa) 20
ba pa p () a () ppa pp () a () (pa) 1
bǎi pay p () ay () pay p () ay () (pa) 2
bǎi pe p () e () 븨ᇹ puyq p () uyq (의ᇹ) (baek) 6
bài pay p () ay () pay p () ay () (bae) 1
bān ⿰舟⿱𠂊文() pen p () en () pwen p () wen () (ban) 1
bān pen p () en () pwen p () wen () (ban) 12
bǎn pan p () an () pan p () an () (pan) 1
bàn pen p () en () ppwen pp () wen () (ban) 9
bàn pen p () en () ppwuyn pp () wuyn () (ban) 2
bàn pan p () an () pwen p () wen () (ban) 6
bàn pen p () en () ppwen pp () wen () (ban) 2
bàng pang p () ang () ppang pp () ang () (bong) 1
bāo 𮎛() ᄇᅶ pawo p () awo (ᄋᅶ) 바ᇢ paW p () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
bāo ᄇᅶ pawo p () awo (ᄋᅶ) 바ᇢ paW p () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
bǎo ᄇᅶ pawo p () awo (ᄋᅶ) 바ᇢ paW p () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
bào ᄇᅶ pawo p () awo (ᄋᅶ) 빠ᇢ ppaW pp () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
běi pe p () e () 븨ᇹ puyq p () uyq (의ᇹ) (buk) 9
bèi puy p () uy () pwuy p () wuy () (bae) 9
bèi puy p () uy () ppi pp () i () (pi) 3
bèi puy p () uy () ppi pp () i () (bi) 1
běn pun p () un () pwun p () wun () (bon) 1
pi p () i () pi p () i () (bi) 5
pi p () i () 비ᇹ piq p () iq (이ᇹ) (byeok) 2
pi p () i () 비ᇹ piq p () iq (이ᇹ) (pil) 2
pi p () i () ppi pp () i () (pi) 1
biān () pyen p () yen () pyen p () yen () (byeon) 4
biǎn pyen p () yen () pyen p () yen () (pyeon) 1
biàn 便 pyen p () yen () ppyen pp () yen () (pyeon) 5
biàn pyen p () yen () pyen p () yen () (pyeon) 1
bié () pye p () ye () 뼈ᇹ ppyeq pp () yeq (여ᇹ) (byeol) 3
bié pye p () ye () 뼈ᇹ ppyeq pp () yeq (여ᇹ) (byeol) 12
bīng ping p () ing () ping p () ing () (byeong) 1
bǐng () pin p () in () pin p () in () (pum) 1
bìng () ping p () ing () pping pp () ing () (byeong) 2
pwo p () wo () 뿌ᇹ ppwuq pp () wuq (우ᇹ) (bal) 4
⿰月専() ᄇᅶ pawo p () awo (ᄋᅶ) 바ᇢ paW p () aW (아ᇢ) (bak) 1
pwu p () wu () ppwu pp () wu () (po) 3
pwu p () wu () 부ᇹ pwuq p () wuq (우ᇹ) (bul), (bu) 63
pwu p () wu () pwu p () wu () (po) 10
() pwu p () wu () ppwu pp () wu () (bo) 1
cái 𧴫() chay ch () ay () ccay cc () ay () (jae) 1
cái () chay ch () ay () ccay cc () ay () (jae) 6
cài chay ch () ay () chay ch () ay () (chae) 1
cáng () chang ch () ang () ccyang cc () yang () (jang) 1
cáo ᄎᅶ chawo ch () awo (ᄋᅶ) 짜ᇢ ccaW cc () aW (아ᇢ) (jo) 4
cǎo ᄎᅶ chawo ch () awo (ᄋᅶ) 차ᇢ chaW ch () aW (아ᇢ) (cho) 33
céng () chung ch () ung () ccuyng cc () uyng () (jeung) 1
céng chung ch () ung () ᄍᆜᆼ cciung cc () iung (ᄋᆜᆼ) (jeung) 2
céng chung ch () ung () ccwoyng cc () woyng () (jeung) 2
céng chung ch () ung () ccuyng cc () uyng () (jeung) 3
chā chay ch () ay () chay ch () ay () (cha) 1
chá cha ch () a () cca cc () a () (sa) 1
chà cha ch () a () cha ch () a () (cha) 1
chán () chyen ch () yen () ccyen cc () yen () (jeon) 2
chāng chyang ch () yang () chyang ch () yang () (chang) 1
cháng 𠹉() chyang ch () yang () ccyang cc () yang () (sang) 1
cháng chyang ch () yang () ccyang cc () yang () (sang) 1
cháng chyang ch () yang () ccyang cc () yang () (sang) 4
cháng cyang c () yang () cyang c () yang () (jang) 1
cháo ᄎᅸ chyawo ch () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 져ᇢ cyeW c () yeW (여ᇢ) (jo) 12
chǎo ᄎᅶ chawo ch () awo (ᄋᅶ) 차ᇢ chaW ch () aW (아ᇢ) (cho) 4
chén chin ch () in () ssin ss () in () (sin) 1
chēng ching ch () ing () ching ch () ing () (ching) 1
chéng ching ch () ing () ccing cc () ing () (seong) 2
chéng ching ch () ing () ccing cc () ing () (seong) 2
chéng ching ch () ing () ccing cc () ing () (seong) 6
chī () chi ch () i () 키ᇹ khiq kh () iq (이ᇹ) (heul) 22
chí chi ch () i () 찌ᇫ cciz cc () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 1
chǐ chi ch () i () 치ᇹ chiq ch () iq (이ᇹ) (cheok) 3
chōu ᄎᆛ chiwu ch () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 치ᇢ chiW ch () iW (이ᇢ) (chu) 4
chōu ᄎᆛ chiwu ch () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 찌ᇢ cciW cc () iW (이ᇢ) (ju) 1
chū chyu ch () yu () 츄ᇹ chyuq ch () yuq (유ᇹ) (chul) 14
chū chwu ch () wu () chwu ch () wu () (cho) 2
chú chyu ch () yu () ccyu cc () yu () (je) 2
chǔ chyu ch () yu () chyu ch () yu () (cheo) 9
chuān 穿 ᄎᆑᆫ chyuyen ch () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄎᆏᆫ chyuen ch () yuen (ᄋᆏᆫ) (cheon) 1
chuán ᄎᆄᆫ chyoyan ch () yoyan (ᄋᆄᆫ) ᄍᆑᆫ ccyuyen cc () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (seon) 1
chún chyun ch () yun () ssyun ss () yun () (sun) 1
chu ch () u () 쓰ᇫ ssuz ss () uz (으ᇫ) (sa) 1
chu ch () u () 츠ᇫ chuz ch () uz (으ᇫ) (cha) 1
cōng () chwung ch () wung () chwung ch () wung () (chong) 1
cóng chwung ch () wung () ccwung cc () wung () (jong) 2
cóng chwung ch () wung () ccyung cc () yung () (jong) 6
() chwu ch () wu () chwu ch () wu () (jo) 1
cūn chwun ch () wun () chwun ch () wun () (chon) 2
ta t () a () 다ᇹ taq t () aq (아ᇹ) (tap) 2
ta t () a () ta t () a () (ta) 30
ta t () a () ttay tt () ay () (dae) 18
dǎi ⿱一𠂈() tay t () ay () tay t () ay () (dae) 6
dài 𭘧() tay t () ay () tay t () ay () (dae) 1
dài tay t () ay () tay t () ay () (dae) 7
dài tay t () ay () ttay tt () ay () (dae) 1
dān ⿰扌⿱日丄() tan t () an () tan t () an () (dam) 1
dān tan t () an () tan t () an () (dan) 1
dàn ⿰亻⿱日丄() tan t () an () ttan tt () an () (dan) 1
dàn tan t () an () ttan tt () an () (dan) 1
dàn tan t () an () ttam tt () am () (dam) 2
dāng tang t () ang () tang t () ang () (dang) 9
dāo ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 다ᇢ taW t () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 3
dǎo ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 다ᇢ taW t () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 2
dào () ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 따ᇢ ttaW tt () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 3
dào ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 다ᇢ taW t () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 45
dào () ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 따ᇢ ttaW tt () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 1
dào ᄃᅶ tawo t () awo (ᄋᅶ) 따ᇢ ttaW tt () aW (아ᇢ) (do) 10
te t () e () 듸ᇹ tuyq t () uyq (의ᇹ) (deuk) 17
dēng tung t () ung () tuyng t () uyng () (deung) 2
děng tung t () ung () tuyng t () uyng () (deung) 7
ti t () i () tyey t () yey () (jeo) 1
ti t () i () 띠ᇹ ttiq tt () iq (이ᇹ) (jeok) 1
ti t () i () tyey t () yey () (jeo) 2
ti t () i () ttyey tt () yey () (ji) 11
ti t () i () ttyey tt () yey () (je) 5
ti t () i () 디ᇹ tiq t () iq (이ᇹ) (jeok) 112
() ti t () i () ttyey tt () yey () (je) 1
diǎn () tyen t () yen () tyem t () yem () (jeom) 2
diàn tyen t () yen () tyem t () yem () (jeom) 13
dǐng ting t () ing () ting t () ing () (jeong) 1
dìng ting t () ing () tting tt () ing () (jeong) 1
dōng twung t () wung () twung t () wung () (dong) 4
dǒng 𢤦() twung t () wung () twung t () wung () (dong) 2
dòng twung t () wung () ttwung tt () wung () (dong) 2
dǒu ᄃᆕ tuwu t () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 드ᇢ tuW t () uW (으ᇢ) (du) 6
dòu ᄃᆕ tuwu t () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 뜨ᇢ ttuW tt () uW (으ᇢ) (du) 6
twu t () wu () twu t () wu () (do) 27
⿰月𡈽() twu t () wu () ttwu tt () wu () (du) 1
twu t () wu () ttwu tt () wu () (du) 1
duì twuy t () wuy () twuy t () wuy () (dae) 2
duō two t () wo () te t () e () (da) 22
è e - () e () ᅌᅥ nge ng () e () (a) 1
ér ul - () ul () ᅀᅵᇫ ziz z () iz (이ᇫ) (a) 10
èr ul - () ul () ᅀᅵᇫ ziz z () iz (이ᇫ) (i) 17
ᄫᅡ fa f () a () ᄫᅪᇹ fwaq f () waq (와ᇹ) (bal) 2
fān ᄫᅡᆫ fan f () an () ᄫᅪᆫ fwan f () wan () (beon) 1
fàn ᄫᅡᆫ fan f () an () ᄬᅪᆫ vwan v () wan () (ban) 5
fāng ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () (bang) 1
fāng ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () (bang) 4
fáng ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄬᅡᆼ vang v () ang () (bang) 11
fáng ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄬᅡᆼ vang v () ang () (bang) 1
fǎng (仿) ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () (bang) 2
fàng ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () ᄫᅡᆼ fang f () ang () (bang) 8
féi ᄫᅴ fuy f () uy () ᄬᅵ vi v () i () (bi) 2
fēn ᄫᅳᆫ fun f () un () ᄫᅮᆫ fwun f () wun () (bun) 8
fēng ᄫᅮᆼ fwung f () wung () ᄫᅮᆼ fwung f () wung () (pung) 2
féng phwung ph () wung () ᄬᅮᆼ vwung v () wung () (bong) 1
ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () (bu) 4
ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () (bu) 9
ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () (bu) 1
ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () (bu) 1
ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () ᄬᅮ vwu v () wu () (bu) 2
gāi kay k () ay () kay k () ay () (hae) 6
gài () kay k () ay () kay k () ay () (gae) 2
gài () kay k () ay () kay k () ay () (gae) 2
gài () kay k () ay () kay k () ay () (gae) 1
gān kan k () an () ken k () en () (geon) 2
gān kan k () an () ken k () en () (gan) 1
gǎn () kan k () an () ken k () en () (gan) 2
gǎn () kan k () an () ken k () en () (gan) 5
gǎn kan k () an () kam k () am () (gam) 2
gǎn kan k () an () ken k () en () (gan) 3
gāng kang k () ang () kang k () ang () (gang) 1
gāo ᄀᅶ kawo k () awo (ᄋᅶ) 가ᇢ kaW k () aW (아ᇢ) (go) 6
gào () ᄀᅶ kawo k () awo (ᄋᅶ) 가ᇢ kaW k () aW (아ᇢ) (go) 2
ke k () e () ke k () e () (ga) 8
ku k () u () 그ᇹ kuq k () uq (으ᇹ) (gak) 1
ke k () e () 긔ᇹ kuyq k () uyq (의ᇹ) (gyeok) 1
() ke k () e () ke k () e () (gae) 68
ke k () e () 가ᇦ kaf k () af (아ᇦ) (gak) 3
gěi ci c () i () 기ᇹ kiq k () iq (이ᇹ) (geup) 5
gēn kun k () un () kun k () un () (geun) 3
gēn kun k () un () kun k () un () (geun) 3
gēng king k () ing () kuyng k () uyng () (gaeng) 4
gōng () kwung k () wung () kwung k () wung () (gong) 2
gōng kwung k () wung () kyung k () yung () (gung) 3
gōng kwung k () wung () kyung k () yung () (gong) 5
gòng kwung k () wung () kkyung kk () yung () (gong) 7
gōu ᄀᆕ kuwu k () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 그ᇢ kuW k () uW (으ᇢ) (gu) 4
kwu k () wu () kwu k () wu () (go) 6
kwu k () wu () kwu k () wu () (go) 1
kwu k () wu () kwu k () wu () (go) 1
kwu k () wu () kwu k () wu () (go) 2
() kwu k () wu () kwu k () wu () (go) 1
guà kwa k () wa () kwa k () wa () (gwae) 1
guài () kway k () way () kway k () way () (goe) 2
guān 𨵿() kwan k () wan () kwan k () wan () (gwan) 1
guān kwan k () wan () kwen k () wen () (gwan) 13
guǎn kwen k () wen () kwen k () wen () (gwan) 2
guàn ⿰𦈢雚() kwan k () wan () kwen k () wen () (gwan) 5
guàn kwan k () wan () kwan k () wan () (gwan) 2
guī () kwuy k () wuy () kwuy k () wuy () (gyu) 1
guì kwuy k () wuy () kwuy k () wuy () (gwi) 3
gǔn ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 려ᇢ lyeW l () yeW (여ᇢ) (gon) 1
guō kwo k () wo () kwe k () we () (gwa) 4
guó kwe k () we () 궈ᇹ kweq k () weq (워ᇹ) (guk) 8
guǒ kwo k () wo () kwe k () we () (gwa) 1
guò kwo k () wo () kwe k () we () (gwa) 9
hǎi hay h () ay () hay h () ay () (hae) 1
hàn han h () an () ᅘᅥᆫ hhen hh () en () (han) 1
hàn han h () an () hen h () en () (han) 4
hǎo ᄒᅶ hawo h () awo (ᄋᅶ) 하ᇢ haW h () aW (아ᇢ) (ho) 34
he h () e () 허ᇹ heq h () eq (어ᇹ) (gal) 5
he h () e () ᅘᅥ hhe hh () e () (ha) 6
he h () e () ᅘᅡᇹ hhaq hh () aq (아ᇹ) (hap) 1
hwo h () wo () ᅘᅯ hhwe hh () we () (hwa) 1
hēi huy h () uy () 희ᇹ huyq h () uyq (의ᇹ) (heuk) 5
hěn () hun h () un () ᅘᅳᆫ hhun hh () un () (heun) 6
héng hwung h () wung () ᅘᅱᆼ hhwuyng hh () wuyng () (hoeng) 1
hóng hwung h () wung () ᅘᅮᆼ hhwung hh () wung () (hong) 4
hòu ⿰亻⿸广夫() ᄒᆕ huwu h () uwu (ᄋᆕ) ᅘᅳᇢ hhuW hh () uW (으ᇢ) (hu) 1
hòu ⿲亻丨𡗗() ᄒᆕ huwu h () uwu (ᄋᆕ) ᅘᅳᇢ hhuW hh () uW (으ᇢ) (hu) 2
hòu ᄒᆕ huwu h () uwu (ᄋᆕ) ᅘᅳᇢ hhuW hh () uW (으ᇢ) (hu) 1
hòu ᄒᆕ huwu h () uwu (ᄋᆕ) ᅘᅳᇢ hhuW hh () uW (으ᇢ) (hu) 11
hwu h () wu () ᅘᅮ hhwu hh () wu () (ho) 1
hwu h () wu () ᅘᅮ hhwu hh () wu () (ho) 1
huā hwa h () wa () hwa h () wa () (hwa) 5
huà 𦘕() hwa h () wa () ᅘᅪ hhwa hh () wa () (hwa) 1
huà hwa h () wa () ᅘᅪ hhwa hh () wa () (hwa) 16
huài () hway h () way () ᅘᅫ hhway hh () way () (goe) 2
huán 𮟃() hwan h () wan () ᅘᅪᆫ hhwan hh () wan () (hwan) 2
huán hwan h () wan () ᅘᅪᆫ hhwan hh () wan () (hwan) 2
huàn hwan h () wan () ᅘᅯᆫ hhwen hh () wen () (hwan) 3
huāng hwang h () wang () hwang h () wang () (hwang) 1
huǎng hwang h () wang () hwang h () wang () (hwang) 4
huí () hwuy h () wuy () ᅘᅱ hhwuy hh () wuy () (hoe) 4
huí hwuy h () wuy () ᅘᅱ hhwuy hh () wuy () (hoe) 5
huì () hwuy h () wuy () ᅘᅱ hhwuy hh () wuy () (hoe) 11
huì hwuy h () wuy () ᅘᅱ hhwuy hh () wuy () (hoe) 8
hūn hwun h () wun () hwun h () wun () (hon) 1
huǒ (伙,夥) hwo h () wo () hwe h () we () (hwa) 9
huǒ hwo h () wo () hwe h () we () (hwa) 7
huò hwe h () we () ᅘᅱᇹ hhwuyq hh () wuyq (위ᇹ) (hok) 2
huò hwo h () wo () hwe h () we () (hwa) 3
ci c () i () kyey k () yey () (gye) 2
ki k () i () kyey k () yey () (gi) 1
ci c () i () kyey k () yey () (gi) 13
ci c () i () 지ᇹ ciq c () iq (이ᇹ) (cheok) 1
() ci c () i () kyey k () yey () (gi) 10
ci c () i () cyey c () yey () (je) 1
ki k () i () kyey k () yey () (gi) 1
ci c () i () kyey k () yey () (gye) 4
ci c () i () kyey k () yey () (gi) 1
jiā kya k () ya () kya k () ya () (ga) 1
jiā cya c () ya () kya k () ya () (ga) 21
jià kya k () ya () kya k () ya () (ga) 11
jiān kyen k () yen () kyam k () yam () (gam) 1
jiān kyan k () yan () kyan k () yan () (gan) 1
jiǎn cyan c () yan () cyen c () yen () (jeon) 1
jiǎn kyen k () yen () kyan k () yan () (gan) 1
jiǎn kyen k () yen () kyem k () yem () (geom) 1
jiǎn kyen k () yen () kyam k () yam () (gam) 1
jiàn kyen k () yen () kkyen kk () yen () (geon) 1
jiàn cyan c () yan () cyen c () yen () (jeon) 3
jiàn cyen c () yen () cyen c () yen () (cheon) 3
jiàn kyen k () yen () kyen k () yen () (gyeon) 6
jiàn cyen c () yen () ccyen cc () yen () (cheon) 3
jiāng cyang c () yang () cyang c () yang () (jang) 5
jiāng 漿 cyang c () yang () cyang c () yang () (jang) 1
jiǎng cyang c () yang () kyang k () yang () (gang) 4
jiàng cyang c () yang () cyang c () yang () (jang) 1
jiāo () ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 갸ᇢ kyaW k () yaW (야ᇢ) (gyo) 15
jiáo ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 쨔ᇦ ccyaf cc () yaf (야ᇦ) (jak) 1
jiǎo ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 갸ᇢ kyaW k () yaW (야ᇢ) (gyo) 2
jiǎo () kyo k () yo () 갸ᇦ kyaf k () yaf (야ᇦ) (gak) 1
jiào () ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 겨ᇢ kyeW k () yeW (여ᇢ) (gyu) 4
jiē kay k () ay () kyay k () yay () (ga) 2
jié cye c () ye () 져ᇹ cyeq c () yeq (여ᇹ) (jeol) 1
jiě cye c () ye () cye c () ye () (jeo) 2
jiě kyey k () yey () kay k () ay () (hae) 1
jiě kyey k () yey () kyay k () yay () (hae) 1
jiè cye c () ye () cye c () ye () (cha) 4
jīn 𬓛() kin k () in () kim k () im () (geum) 1
jīn ⿱人亍() kin k () in () kim k () im () (geum) 2
jīn kin k () in () kim k () im () (geum) 10
jīn kin k () in () kin k () in () (geun) 11
jīn kin k () in () kim k () im () (geum) 1
jīn kin k () in () kim k () im () (geum) 1
jìn cin c () in () cin c () in () (jin) 1
jìn kin k () in () kkin kk () in () (geun) 3
jìn cin c () in () cin c () in () (jin) 1
jīng cing c () ing () king k () ing () (gyeong) 26
jīng cing c () ing () kuyng k () uyng () (gaeng) 1
jīng () cing c () ing () king k () ing () (hyeong) 1
jǐng cing c () ing () cing c () ing () (jeong) 12
jìng cing c () ing () ccing cc () ing () (jeong) 1
jiǔ ᄀᆛ kiwu k () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 기ᇢ kiW k () iW (이ᇢ) (gu) 1
jiǔ () ᄀᆛ kiwu k () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 기ᇢ kiW k () iW (이ᇢ) (gu) 1
jiǔ ᄌᆛ ciwu c () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 지ᇢ ciW c () iW (이ᇢ) (ju) 1
jiù ᄌᆛ ciwu c () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 찌ᇢ cciW cc () iW (이ᇢ) (chwi) 25
jiù ᄀᆛ kiwu k () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 끼ᇢ kkiW kk () iW (이ᇢ) (gu) 7
jiù ᄌᆛ ciwu c () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 끼ᇢ kkiW kk () iW (이ᇢ) (gu) 2
ᄀᆔ kyuy k () yuy (ᄋᆔ) kyu k () yu () (gu) 3
juàn ⿰糸䏍() ᄀᆑᆫ kyuyen k () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄀᆑᆫ kyuyen k () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (gyeon) 9
juàn ᄀᆑᆫ kyuyen k () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄀᆑᆫ kyuyen k () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (gwon) 2
jué ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 갸ᇢ kyaW k () yaW (야ᇢ) (gak) 2
kāi khay kh () ay () khay kh () ay () (gae) 3
kān () khan kh () an () khen kh () en () (gan) 1
kàn () khan kh () an () khen kh () en () (gan) 1
kàn khan kh () an () khen kh () en () (gan) 15
kàng khang kh () ang () khang kh () ang () (hang) 1
kǎo ᄏᅶ khawo kh () awo (ᄋᅶ) 카ᇢ khaW kh () aW (아ᇢ) (go) 1
hay h () ay () ᅘᅢ hhay hh () ay () (hae) 1
khe kh () e () khe kh () e () (ga) 9
khuy kh () uy () 킈ᇹ khuyq kh () uyq (의ᇹ) (gak) 1
khe kh () e () 킈ᇹ khuyq kh () uyq (의ᇹ) (gaek) 11
khe kh () e () khwe kh () we () (gwa) 2
kěn khun kh () un () khun kh () un () (gan) 1
kěn khun kh () un () khuyng kh () uyng () (geung) 1
kǒu ᄏᆕ khuwu kh () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 크ᇢ khuW kh () uW (으ᇢ) (gu) 6
khwu kh () wu () khwu kh () wu () (go) 2
kuài khway kh () way () khway kh () way () (goe) 2
kuài khway kh () way () khway kh () way () (kwae) 9
kuān () 퀀 khwen kh () wen () 퀀 khwen kh () wen () (gwan) 1
kuāng khwang kh () wang () khwang kh () wang () (gwang) 2
kuī khwuy kh () wuy () khwuy kh () wuy () (hoe) 1
kuì kuy k () uy () kkwuy kk () wuy () (gwe) 3
kǔn khwun kh () wun () khwun kh () wun () (gon) 6
kuò () khwe kh () we () 쿼ᇹ khweq kh () weq (워ᇹ) (hwal) 1
la l () a () 라ᇹ laq l () aq (아ᇹ) (rap) 6
lái ley l () ey () lay l () ay () (rae) 74
lái lyey l () yey () lay l () ay () (rae) 2
lán lan l () an () lam l () am () (ram) 2
lāo ᄅᅶ lawo l () awo (ᄋᅶ) 라ᇢ laW l () aW (아ᇢ) (ro) 1
láo ᄅᅶ lawo l () awo (ᄋᅶ) 라ᇢ laW l () aW (아ᇢ) (ro) 1
láo ᄅᅶ lawo l () awo (ᄋᅶ) 라ᇢ laW l () aW (아ᇢ) (roe) 4
lǎo ᄅᅶ lawo l () awo (ᄋᅶ) 라ᇢ laW l () aW (아ᇢ) (ro) 2
le ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 려ᇢ lyeW l () yeW (여ᇢ) (ryo) 101
lěi luy l () uy () lwuy l () wuy () (ru) 1
lèi luy l () uy () 릐ᇹ luyq l () uyq (의ᇹ) (reuk) 1
lěng lung l () ung () luyng l () uyng () (raeng) 1
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 6
() li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 74
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 4
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 1
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 5
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (rye) 1
li l () i () lyey l () yey () (ri) 3
li l () i () 리ᇹ liq l () iq (이ᇹ) (rip) 1
lián lyen l () yen () lyen l () yen () (ryeon) 1
lián lyen l () yen () lyen l () yen () (ryeon) 1
liǎn lyen l () yen () lyem l () yem () (geom) 1
liáng () lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 1
liáng lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 1
liáng lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 4
liáng lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 1
liǎng lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 19
liàng lyang l () yang () lyang l () yang () (ryang) 2
liáo ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 려ᇢ lyeW l () yeW (여ᇢ) (ryo) 2
liào ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 려ᇢ lyeW l () yeW (여ᇢ) (ryo) 21
lín lin l () in () lim l () im () (rim) 1
líng ling l () ing () ling l () ing () (reung) 7
lǐng ling l () ing () ling l () ing () (ryeong) 2
liú ᄅᆛ liwu l () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 리ᇢ liW l () iW (이ᇢ) (ryu) 3
liǔ ᄅᆛ liwu l () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 리ᇢ liW l () iW (이ᇢ) (ryu) 5
liù ᄅᆛ liwu l () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 루ᇹ lwuq l () wuq (우ᇹ) (ryuk) 9
lóng lwung l () wung () lyung l () yung () (rong) 1
lwu l () wu () lwu l () wu () (ro) 1
lwu l () wu () lwu l () wu () (ro) 12
lwu l () wu () 루ᇹ lwuq l () wuq (우ᇹ) (rok) 1
lüè ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 랴ᇢ lyaW l () yaW (야ᇢ) (ryak) 3
lüè ᄅᅸ lyawo l () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 랴ᇦ lyaf l () yaf (야ᇦ) (ryak) 2
lún lyun l () yun () lyun l () yun () (ryun) 2
lùn lun l () un () lwun l () wun () (ron) 2
luò lwo l () wo () 라ᇦ laf l () af (아ᇦ) (rak) 1
ᄅᆔ lyuy l () yuy (ᄋᆔ) lyu l () yu () (ryeo) 2
ma m () a () ma m () a () (ma) 1
ma m () a () ma m () a () (ma) 45
ma m () a () ma m () a () (mae) 1
mái may m () ay () may m () ay () (mae) 1
mǎi may m () ay () may m () ay () (mae) 13
mài may m () ay () may m () ay () (mae) 16
mǎn 滿 man m () an () mwen m () wen () (man) 2
màn min m () in () mwen m () wen () (man) 1
màn man m () an () man m () an () (man) 6
máng mang m () ang () mang m () ang () (mang) 1
máo ⿱艹𭿵() ᄆᅶ mawo m () awo (ᄋᅶ) 마ᇢ maW m () aW (아ᇢ) (mo) 1
máo ᄆᅶ mawo m () awo (ᄋᅶ) 마ᇢ maW m () aW (아ᇢ) (mo) 2
me ma m () a () mwe m () we () (ma) 58
me ma m () a () mwuy m () wuy () (ma) 2
méi () mwu m () wu () 무ᇹ mwuq m () wuq (우ᇹ) (mol) 14
méi ⿰氵⿱𠂊文() mwu m () wu () 무ᇹ mwuq m () wuq (우ᇹ) (mol) 1
měi mwuy m () wuy () mwuy m () wuy () (mae) 2
měi muy m () uy () mwuy m () wuy () (mae) 14
mèi muy m () uy () mwuy m () wuy () (mae) 1
mén mun m () un () mwun m () wun () (mun) 3
men mun m () un () mwun m () wun () (mun) 53
men mun m () un () mun m () un () (mun) 2
mèng mung m () ung () muyng m () uyng () (maeng) 2
mi m () i () myey m () yey () (mi) 3
miǎn myen m () yen () myen m () yen () (myeon) 9
miàn () myen m () yen () myen m () yen () (myeon) 2
miàn ⿺麥靣() myen m () yen () myen m () yen () (myeon) 1
miàn myen m () yen () myen m () yen () (myeon) 3
míng ming m () ing () ming m () ing () (myeong) 3
míng ming m () ing () ming m () ing () (myeong) 8
mìng ming m () ing () ming m () ing () (myeong) 1
mwo m () wo () 마ᇦ maf m () af (아ᇦ) (mak) 1
mwu m () wu () mwu m () wu () (mo) 4
na n () a () na n () a () (na) 13
⿰尹阝() na n () a () ne n () e () (na) 33
na n () a () ne n () e () (na) 37
nán nan n () an () nam n () am () (nam) 2
nán nan n () an () nan n () an () (nan) 2
nǎo () ᄂᅶ nawo n () awo (ᄋᅶ) 나ᇢ naW n () aW (아ᇢ) (noe) 1
ne ni n () i () nyey n () yey () (ni) 1
nèi () nuy n () uy () nwuy n () wuy () (nae) 3
néng nung n () ung () nuyng n () uyng () (neung) 6
() ni n () i () nyey n () yey () (ni) 88
nián 𥝝() nyen n () yen () nyen n () yen () (nyeon) 2
nián nyen n () yen () nyen n () yen () (nyeon) 13
niàn nyan n () yan () nyem n () yem () (nyeom) 3
niáng nyang n () yang () nyang n () yang () (nang) 1
níng ning n () ing () ning n () ing () (nyeong) 1
niǔ ᄂᆛ niwu n () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 니ᇢ niW n () iW (이ᇢ) (nyu) 1
nyu n () yu () nyu n () yu () (nyeo) 1
pha ph () a () pha ph () a () (pa) 6
pán phan ph () an () ppwen pp () wen () (ban) 2
páng () phang ph () ang () ppang pp () ang () (bang) 2
pāo ᄑᅶ phawo ph () awo (ᄋᅶ) 파ᇢ phaW ph () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
pǎo ᄑᅶ phawo ph () awo (ᄋᅶ) 빠ᇢ ppaW pp () aW (아ᇢ) (po) 1
péng phung ph () ung () ppuyng pp () uyng () (bung) 3
phi ph () i () ppi pp () i () (pi) 4
phi ph () i () 피ᇹ phiq ph () iq (이ᇹ) (pil) 3
piàn phyen ph () yen () phyen ph () yen () (pyeon) 1
piáo ᄑᅸ phyawo ph () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 뼈ᇢ ppyeW pp () yeW (여ᇢ) (pyo) 2
píng phing ph () ing () pping pp () ing () (pyeong) 1
phwu ph () wu () phwu ph () wu () (po) 3
chi ch () i () 치ᇹ chiq ch () iq (이ᇹ) (chil) 1
𮪍() chi ch () i () kki kk () i () (gi) 1
chi ch () i () ccyey cc () yey () (je) 2
khi kh () i () 키ᇹ khiq kh () iq (이ᇹ) (geol) 1
chi ch () i () khyey kh () yey () (gi) 15
chi ch () i () khyey kh () yey () (gi) 1
chi ch () i () khyey kh () yey () (gi) 2
chi ch () i () chyey ch () yey () (che) 1
qià khya kh () ya () 캬ᇹ khyaq kh () yaq (야ᇹ) (heup) 2
qiān khyen kh () yen () khyen kh () yen () (gyeon) 5
qiān chyen ch () yen () chyem ch () yem () (cheom) 6
qián chyen ch () yen () ccyen cc () yen () (jeon) 17
qián chyen ch () yen () ccyen cc () yen () (jeon) 45
qiáo ᄎᅸ chyawo ch () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 껴ᇢ kkyeW kk () yeW (여ᇢ) (gyo) 5
qiē 𭃄() chye ch () ye () 쳐ᇹ chyeq ch () yeq (여ᇹ) (jeol) 1
qiē chye ch () ye () 쳐ᇹ chyeq ch () yeq (여ᇹ) (jeol) 1
qiě chye ch () ye () chye ch () ye () (cha) 7
qīn chin ch () in () chin ch () in () (chin) 6
qín khin kh () in () kkin kk () in () (geun) 2
qīng () ching ch () ing () ching ch () ing () (cheong) 3
qīng () ching ch () ing () ching ch () ing () (cheong) 1
qǐng ching ch () ing () ching ch () ing () (cheong) 2
qiú ᄎᆛ chiwu ch () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 끼ᇢ kkiW kk () iW (이ᇢ) (gu) 1
chyu ch () yu () chyu ch () yu () (chwi) 2
ᄎᆔ chyuy ch () yuy (ᄋᆔ) khyu kh () yu () (geo) 67
quán swan s () wan () swan s () wan () (jeon) 5
què khe kh () e () 캬ᇢ khyaW kh () yaW (야ᇢ) (gak) 2
què khe kh () e () 캬ᇦ khyaf kh () yaf (야ᇦ) (gak) 8
rán yan - () yan () ᅀᅧᆫ zyen z () yen () (yeon) 2
rǎn 𣑱() ᅀᅧᆫ zyen z () yen () ᅀᅧᆷ zyem z () yem () (yeom) 3
ye - () ye () ᅀᅧ zye z () ye () (ya) 1
𤍠() ᅀᅧ zye z () ye () ᅀᅧᇹ zyeq z () yeq (여ᇹ) (yeol) 1
rén in - () in () ᅀᅵᆫ zin z () in () (in) 74
ᅀᅵ zi z () i () ᅀᅵᇹ ziq z () iq (이ᇹ) (il) 19
ròu 𮌇() lyu l () yu () ᅀᅮᇹ zwuq z () wuq (우ᇹ) (yuk) 2
ròu lyu l () yu () ᅀᅮᇹ zwuq z () wuq (우ᇹ) (yuk) 8
ᅀᅲ zyu z () yu () ᅀᅲ zyu z () yu () (yeo) 11
ruò ᅀᅭ zyo z () yo () ᅀᅣᇢ zyaW z () yaW (야ᇢ) (yak) 3
ruò ᅀᅭ zyo z () yo () ᅀᅣᇦ zyaf z () yaf (야ᇦ) (yak) 3
sa s () a () 사ᇹ saq s () aq (아ᇹ) (sal) 1
() sa s () a () sa s () a () (swae) 5
sān san s () an () sam s () am () (sam) 20
sǎo ᄉᅶ sawo s () awo (ᄋᅶ) 사ᇢ saW s () aW (아ᇢ) (su) 1
() se s () e () 싀ᇹ suyq s () uyq (의ᇹ) (sap) 1
se s () e () 싀ᇹ suyq s () uyq (의ᇹ) (saek) 1
shā ⿰杀⿱𠂊文() sa s () a () 사ᇹ saq s () aq (아ᇹ) (sal) 1
shān san s () an () san s () an () (san) 2
shāng syang s () yang () syang s () yang () (sang) 1
shǎng () syang s () yang () syang s () yang () (sang) 1
shàng syang s () yang () ssyang ss () yang () (sang) 40
shang syang s () yang () ssyang ss () yang () (sang) 1
shāo ⿰火⿳士卄兀() ᄉᅸ syawo s () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 셔ᇢ syeW s () yeW (여ᇢ) (so) 3
shǎo ᄉᅸ syawo s () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 샤ᇢ syaW s () yaW (야ᇢ) (so) 3
shǎo ᄉᅸ syawo s () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 셔ᇢ syeW s () yeW (여ᇢ) (so) 13
shào ᄉᅶ sawo s () awo (ᄋᅶ) 셔ᇢ syeW s () yeW (여ᇢ) (cho) 1
shè si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (sa) 5
shéi swuy s () wuy () sswuy ss () wuy () (su) 6
shēn () sin s () in () sim s () im () (sim) 1
shēn sin s () in () sim s () im () (sim) 3
shēn sin s () in () sin s () in () (sin) 2
shěn () chin ch () in () ccim cc () im () (chim) 2
shèn sye s () ye () ssim ss () im () (sim) 24
shēng sing s () ing () sing s () ing () (seung) 1
shēng sung s () ung () suyng s () uyng () (saeng) 6
shēng sung s () ung () suyng s () uyng () (saeng) 12
shéng sing s () ing () ssing ss () ing () (seung) 6
shī su s () u () 시ᇫ siz s () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 1
shī su s () u () 시ᇫ siz s () iz (이ᇫ) (sa) 9
shī si s () i () 시ᇫ siz s () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 2
shí si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (sip) 31
shí si s () i () 시ᇹ siq s () iq (이ᇹ) (sil) 1
shí si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (seup) 4
shí su s () u () 씨ᇫ ssiz ss () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 13
shí si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (seok) 2
shí si s () i () 시ᇹ siq s () iq (이ᇹ) (sik) 2
shí si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (sik) 1
shì su s () u () 씨ᇫ ssiz ss () iz (이ᇫ) (sa) 2
shì si s () i () 씨ᇫ ssiz ss () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 1
shì si s () i () 씨ᇫ ssiz ss () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 80
shì su s () u () 시ᇫ siz s () iz (이ᇫ) (si) 1
shōu ᄉᆛ siwu s () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 시ᇢ siW s () iW (이ᇢ) (su) 7
shǒu ᄉᆛ siwu s () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 시ᇢ siW s () iW (이ᇢ) (su) 1
shǒu ᄉᆛ siwu s () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 시ᇢ siW s () iW (이ᇢ) (su) 2
shòu ᄉᆛ siwu s () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 씨ᇢ ssiW ss () iW (이ᇢ) (su) 1
shū syu s () yu () syu s () yu () (seo) 12
shū phi ph () i () 피ᇹ phiq ph () iq (이ᇹ) (pil) 9
shú swu s () wu () 쑤ᇹ sswuq ss () wuq (우ᇹ) (suk) 6
shù 𣗳() syu s () yu () ssyu ss () yu () (su) 1
shù swu s () wu () swu s () wu () (su) 1
shuā swa s () wa () 솨ᇹ swaq s () waq (와ᇹ) (swae) 1
shuǎi lung l () ung () luyng l () uyng () (sol) 1
shuāng swang s () wang () sang s () ang () (sang) 1
shuǐ swuy s () wuy () swuy s () wuy () (su) 35
shuì ⿰目𡸁() swuy s () wuy () sswuy ss () wuy () (su) 3
shuì swuy s () wuy () sswuy ss () wuy () (su) 5
shuì swuy s () wuy () swuy s () wuy () (se) 1
shùn syun s () yun () ssyun ss () yun () (sun) 1
shuō ⿰言兊() ᄉᆑ syuye s () yuye (ᄋᆑ) ᄉᆑᇹ syuyeq s () yuyeq (ᄋᆑᇹ) (seol) 7
shuō ᄉᆑ syuye s () yuye (ᄋᆑ) ᄉᆑᇹ syuyeq s () yuyeq (ᄋᆑᇹ) (seol) 11
su s () u () 스ᇫ suz s () uz (으ᇫ) (si) 2
su s () u () 스ᇫ suz s () uz (으ᇫ) (seo) 1
su s () u () 스ᇫ suz s () uz (으ᇫ) (sa) 3
su s () u () 쓰ᇫ ssuz ss () uz (으ᇫ) (sa) 4
su s () u () 스ᇫ suz s () uz (으ᇫ) (sa) 4
sōng swung s () wung () syung s () yung () (song) 1
() swu s () wu () swu s () wu () (so) 1
宿 swu s () wu () 슈ᇹ syuq s () yuq (유ᇹ) (suk) 1
swu s () wu () swu s () wu () (so) 1
suān swen s () wen () swen s () wen () (san) 1
suī swuy s () wuy () swuy s () wuy () (su) 1
suì swuy s () wuy () swuy s () wuy () (se) 1
suǒ swo s () wo () swu s () wu () (so) 3
tha th () a () the th () e () (ta) 28
tha th () a () 타ᇹ thaq th () aq (아ᇹ) (tap) 1
táng thang th () ang () ttang tt () ang () (dang) 3
táng thang th () ang () ttang tt () ang () (dang) 1
tǎng thang th () ang () thang th () ang () (dang) 1
thuy th () uy () 틔ᇹ thuyq th () uyq (의ᇹ) (teuk) 1
thi th () i () ttyey tt () yey () (je) 1
thi th () i () thyey th () yey () (che) 1
thi th () i () thyey th () yey () (che) 1
tiān thyen th () yen () thyen th () yen () (cheon) 6
tiān thyen th () yen () lyem l () yem () (cheom) 1
tián thyen th () yen () thyen th () yen () (jeon) 1
tiāo ᄐᅸ thyawo th () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 텨ᇢ thyeW th () yeW (여ᇢ) (do) 1
tiáo ᄐᅸ thyawo th () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 뗘ᇢ ttyeW tt () yeW (여ᇢ) (jo) 2
tiáo 調 ᄐᅸ thyawo th () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 뗘ᇢ ttyeW tt () yeW (여ᇢ) (jo) 1
tiē thye th () ye () 텨ᇹ thyeq th () yeq (여ᇹ) (cheop) 7
tīng () thing th () ing () thing th () ing () (cheong) 2
tíng 𢌜() thing th () ing () tting tt () ing () (jeong) 1
tōng thwung th () wung () thwung th () wung () (tong) 3
tóng thwung th () wung () ttwung tt () wung () (dong) 8
tóng thwung th () wung () ttwung tt () wung () (dong) 1
tǒng thwung th () wung () thwung th () wung () (tong) 1
tǒng thwung th () wung () ttwung tt () wung () (tong) 2
tǒng thwung th () wung () thwung th () wung () (tong) 1
tòng twung t () wung () ttwung tt () wung () (dong) 1
tōu ᄐᆕ thuwu th () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 트ᇢ thuW th () uW (으ᇢ) (tu) 1
tóu ᄐᆕ thuwu th () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 뜨ᇢ ttuW tt () uW (으ᇢ) (tu) 2
tóu ᄐᆕ thuwu th () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 뜨ᇢ ttuW tt () uW (으ᇢ) (du) 20
thwu th () wu () thwu th () wu () (to) 2
tuó () thwo th () wo () tte tt () e () (ta) 2
𭺜() wa - () wa () ᅌᅪ ngwa ng () wa () (wa) 1
𭺜() wa - () wa () wa - () wa () (wa) 1
wài way - () way () ᅌᅫ ngway ng () way () (oe) 2
wán wan - () wan () ᅘᅱᆫ hhwuyn hh () wuyn () (wan) 2
wán wan - () wan () ᅌᅪᆫ ngwan ng () wan () (wan) 4
wǎn wan - () wan () ᄝᅪᆫ Wwan W () wan () (man) 2
wàn an - () an () ᄝᅡᆫ Wan W () an () (man) 1
wáng wang - () wang () wang - () wang () (wang) 12
wǎng () wang - () wang () wang - () wang () (wang) 15
wàng wang - () wang () ᄝᅡᆼ Wang W () ang () (mang) 1
wéi ⿴囗𮧯() wuy - () wuy () wuy - () wuy () (wi) 1
wéi wuy - () wuy () wuy - () wuy () (wi) 1
wèi () wuy - () wuy () wuy - () wuy () (wi) 2
wèi wuy - () wuy () ᅙᅱ qwuy q () wuy () (wi) 5
wēn wun - () wun () ᅙᅮᆫ qwun q () wun () (on) 1
wèn wun - () wun () ᄝᅮᆫ Wwun W () wun () (mun) 6
wo - () wo () ᅌᅥ nge ng () e () (a) 91
wu - () wu () ᄫᅮ fwu f () wu () (mu) 1
wu - () wu () ᅌᅮ ngwu ng () wu () (o) 18
wu - () wu () ᄝᅮᇹ Wwuq W () wuq (우ᇹ) (mul) 4
si s () i () 시ᇹ siq s () iq (이ᇹ) (sik) 5
si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (seok) 2
si s () i () 씨ᇹ ssiq ss () iq (이ᇹ) (seup) 1
si s () i () syey s () yey () (se) 1
() hi h () i () hi h () i () (hui) 1
si s () i () syey s () yey () (se) 4
xià hya h () ya () ᅘᅣ hhya hh () ya () (ha) 19
xiān syen s () yen () syen s () yen () (seon) 5
xiān syen s () yen () syen s () yen () (seon) 13
xián hyen h () yen () ᅘᅣᆫ hhyan hh () yan () (han) 2
xián hyen h () yen () ᅘᅧᆷ hhyem hh () yem () (ham) 1
xiàn hyen h () yen () ᅘᅧᆫ hhyen hh () yen () (hyeon) 1
xiàn hyen h () yen () ᅘᅧᆫ hhyen hh () yen () (hyeon) 2
xiāng syang s () yang () syang s () yang () (sang) 3
xiāng hyang h () yang () hyang h () yang () (hyang) 1
xiǎng syang s () yang () syang s () yang () (sang) 2
xiàng hyang h () yang () hyang h () yang () (hyang) 1
xiǎo ᄉᅸ syawo s () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 셔ᇢ syeW s () yeW (여ᇢ) (so) 15
xiē sye s () ye () sye s () ye () (sa) 28
xiē hye h () ye () 혀ᇹ hyeq h () yeq (여ᇹ) (heol) 7
xiě sye s () ye () sye s () ye () (sa) 5
xiè sye s () ye () sye s () ye () (sa) 2
xiè hyey h () yey () ᅘᅢ hhay hh () ay () (gye) 1
xīn sin s () in () sim s () im () (sim) 11
xīn sin s () in () sin s () in () (sin) 1
xìn sin s () in () sin s () in () (sin) 1
xíng hing h () ing () ᅘᅵᆼ hhing hh () ing () (haeng) 10
xǐng sing s () ing () sing s () ing () (seong) 1
xìng sing s () ing () sing s () ing () (seong) 8
xìng sing s () ing () sing s () ing () (seong) 2
xiōng hyung h () yung () ᄒᆔᆼ hyuyng h () yuyng (ᄋᆔᆼ) (hyeong) 4
xiū ᄒᆛ hiwu h () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 히ᇢ hiW h () iW (이ᇢ) (hyu) 4
xiū ᄉᆛ siwu s () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 시ᇢ siW s () iW (이ᇢ) (su) 2
⿰彳頁() syu s () yu () syu s () yu () (su) 1
ᄉᆔ syuy s () yuy (ᄋᆔ) hyu h () yu () (heo) 1
xué hyo h () yo () ᅘᅣᇢ hhyaW hh () yaW (야ᇢ) (hak) 2
xué hyo h () yo () ᅘᅣᇦ hhyaf hh () yaf (야ᇦ) (hak) 24
xún sin s () in () ssim ss () im () (sim) 1
xún syun s () yun () ssyun ss () yun () (sun) 1
ya - () ya () ᅙᅣᇹ qyaq q () yaq (야ᇹ) (ap) 1
ya - () ya () ᅙᅣ qya q () ya () (a) 3
ya - () ya () ᅌᅣ ngya ng () ya () (a) 1
yán 𥂁() yan - () yan () yem - () yem () (yeom) 2
yán 沿 yen - () yen () yen - () yen () (yeon) 2
yán yen - () yen () yen - () yen () (eon) 3
yán () yen - () yen () yen - () yen () (an) 1
yàn yen - () yen () yen - () yen () (eon) 1
yáng yang - () yang () yang - () yang () (yang) 1
yáng yang - () yang () yang - () yang () (yang) 1
yǎng yang - () yang () yang - () yang () (yang) 1
yàng () yang - () yang () yang - () yang () (yang) 8
yāo ᄋᅸ yawo - () yawo (ᄋᅸ) ᅙᅧᇢ qyeW q () yeW (여ᇢ) (yo) 2
yāo ᄋᅸ yawo - () yawo (ᄋᅸ) ᅙᅧᇢ qyeW q () yeW (여ᇢ) (yo) 20
yáo () ᄋᅸ yawo - () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 여ᇢ yeW - () yeW (여ᇢ) (yo) 2
ye - () ye () ye - () ye () (ya) 27
ye - () ye () ye - () ye () (ya) 6
i - () i () ᅙᅵᇹ qiq q () iq (이ᇹ) (il) 90
i - () i () ᅙᅵ qi q () i () (ui) 2
i - () i () ᅙᅵᇹ qiq q () iq (이ᇹ) (eup) 1
i - () i () ᅙᅵ qi q () i () (ui) 2
i - () i () i - () i () (i) 6
i - () i () i - () i () (i) 6
i - () i () i - () i () (ui) 1
i - () i () i - () i () (ui) 1
yīn in - () in () ᅙᅵᆫ qin q () in () (in) 1
yín in - () in () ᅌᅵᆫ ngin ng () in () (eun) 13
yǐn () in - () in () ᅙᅵᆷ qim q () im () (eum) 6
yòng yung - () yung () yung - () yung () (yong) 11
yóu ᄋᆛ iwu - () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 이ᇢ iW - () iW (이ᇢ) (yu) 2
yǒu ᄋᆛ iwu - () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 이ᇢ iW - () iW (이ᇢ) (u) 3
yǒu ᄋᆛ iwu - () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 이ᇢ iW - () iW (이ᇢ) (yu) 55
yòu ᄋᆛ iwu - () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 이ᇢ iW - () iW (이ᇢ) (u) 10
ᄋᆔ yuy - () yuy (ᄋᆔ) yu - () yu () (yeo) 1
ᄋᆔ yuy - () yuy (ᄋᆔ) yu - () yu () (yeo) 13
ᄋᆔ yuy - () yuy (ᄋᆔ) yu - () yu () (eo) 2
yu - () yu () 유ᇹ yuq - () yuq (유ᇹ) (yok) 1
yuán ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (won) 1
yuán ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (won) 1
yuán yen - () yen () yen - () yen () (yeon) 1
yuǎn ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄋᆑᆫ yuyen - () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (won) 2
yuē yo - () yo () ᅙᅣᇦ qyaf q () yaf (야ᇦ) (yak) 2
yuè ᄋᆑ yuye - () yuye (ᄋᆑ) ᄋᆑᇹ yuyeq - () yuyeq (ᄋᆑᇹ) (wol) 4
yuè ᄋᆑ yuye - () yuye (ᄋᆑ) ᅌᆑᇹ ngyuyeq ng () yuyeq (ᄋᆑᇹ) (wol) 5
yuè ᄋᆑ yuye - () yuye (ᄋᆑ) ᅌᆑᇹ ngyuyeq ng () yuyeq (ᄋᆑᇹ) (wol) 1
zài cay c () ay () cay c () ay () (jae) 12
zài cay c () ay () cay c () ay () (jae) 2
zài cay c () ay () ccay cc () ay () (jae) 24
zán ca c () a () 자ᇹ caq c () aq (아ᇹ) (cha) 25
zǎo 𬃷() ᄌᅶ cawo c () awo (ᄋᅶ) 자ᇢ caW c () aW (아ᇢ) (jo) 2
zǎo ᄌᅶ cawo c () awo (ᄋᅶ) 자ᇢ caW c () aW (아ᇢ) (jo) 10
zéi cuy c () uy () 쯰ᇹ ccuyq cc () uyq (의ᇹ) (jeok) 15
zěn cum c () um () cum c () um () (jeum) 11
zhá 𨰉() ca c () a () 짜ᇹ ccaq cc () aq (아ᇹ) (chal) 7
zhǎi cay c () ay () 저ᇹ ceq c () eq (어ᇹ) (chak) 1
zhǎn can c () an () can c () an () (jan) 1
zhāng cyang c () yang () cyang c () yang () (jang) 1
zhàng 𠀋() cyang c () yang () ccyang cc () yang () (jang) 2
zhàng cyang c () yang () ccyang cc () yang () (jang) 1
zhāo ᄎᅸ chyawo ch () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 쪄ᇢ ccyeW cc () yeW (여ᇢ) (jo) 1
zhào ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 쪄ᇢ ccyeW cc () yeW (여ᇢ) (jo) 1
zhé cye c () ye () 져ᇹ cyeq c () yeq (여ᇹ) (jeol) 5
zhè cye c () ye () cye c () ye () (jeo) 88
zhe () cye c () ye () 쨔ᇢ ccyaW cc () yaW (야ᇢ) (chak) 3
zhe () cye c () ye () 쨔ᇦ ccyaf cc () yaf (야ᇦ) (chak) 40
zhēn cin c () in () cin c () in () (jin) 1
zhěng cing c () ing () cing c () ing () (jeong) 1
zhèng cing c () ing () cing c () ing () (jeong) 4
zhī () cu c () u () 지ᇫ ciz c () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 2
zhī cu c () u () 지ᇫ ciz c () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 1
zhī ci c () i () 지ᇫ ciz c () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 5
zhí ci c () i () 찌ᇹ cciq cc () iq (이ᇹ) (jik) 3
zhǐ cu c () u () 지ᇫ ciz c () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 10
zhǐ cu c () u () 지ᇫ ciz c () iz (이ᇫ) (ji) 2
zhōng cwung c () wung () cyung c () yung () (jung) 13
zhōng cwung c () wung () cyung c () yung () (jong) 1
zhōng cwung c () wung () cyung c () yung () (jong) 1
zhǒng cwung c () wung () cyung c () yung () (jong) 1
zhòng () cwung c () wung () cyung c () yung () (jung) 2
zhòng chwung ch () wung () ccwung cc () wung () (jung) 1
zhōu ᄎᆛ chiwu ch () iwu (ᄋᆛ) 지ᇢ ciW c () iW (이ᇢ) (ju) 1
zhū () cyu c () yu () cyu c () yu () (jeo) 3
zhú cwu c () wu () 쥬ᇹ cyuq c () yuq (유ᇹ) (juk) 1
zhǔ cyu c () yu () cyu c () yu () (ju) 17
zhǔ cyu c () yu () 쥬ᇹ cyuq c () yuq (유ᇹ) (chok) 1
zhǔ cyu c () yu () cyu c () yu () (ju) 1
zhǔ cyu c () yu () cyu c () yu () (ja) 1
zhù cyu c () yu () ccyu cc () yu () (ju) 13
zhù cyu c () yu () ccyu cc () yu () (ju) 1
zhuān ⿰石専() ᄌᆑᆫ cyuyen c () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) ᄌᆑᆫ cyuyen c () yuyen (ᄋᆑᆫ) (jeon) 2
zhuàng cwang c () wang () cang c () ang () (jang) 2
zhuàng cwang c () wang () cang c () ang () (dang) 1
zhuō cwo c () wo () 좌ᇦ cwaf c () waf (와ᇦ) (chak) 3
zhuō cwo c () wo () 좌ᇦ cwaf c () waf (와ᇦ) (tak) 1
zhuó () ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 쨔ᇢ ccyaW cc () yaW (야ᇢ) (chak) 2
zhuó () ᄌᅸ cyawo c () yawo (ᄋᅸ) 쨔ᇦ ccyaf cc () yaf (야ᇦ) (chak) 6
cu c () u () 즈ᇫ cuz c () uz (으ᇫ) (ja) 44
cu c () u () 쯔ᇫ ccuz cc () uz (으ᇫ) (ja) 13
zǒng cwung c () wung () cwung c () wung () (chong) 1
zǒu ᄌᆕ cuwu c () uwu (ᄋᆕ) 즈ᇢ cuW c () uW (으ᇢ) (ju) 11
zuó cwo c () wo () 짜ᇦ ccaf cc () af (아ᇦ) (jak) 1
zuǒ cwo c () wo () ce c () e () (jwa) 1
zuò cwo c () wo () 자ᇦ caf c () af (아ᇦ) (jak) 3
zuò cwo c () wo () 짜ᇦ ccaf cc () af (아ᇦ) (jak) 1
zuò cwu c () wu () cwu c () wu () (ju) 11
zuò cwo c () wo () ccwuy cc () wuy () (jwa) 2

Further reading[edit]

For more information on the phonetic value of the light labial sounds:

  • 姜松子 (2009) 十八世紀朝鮮立漢語教科書的「正音」性質 -《重刊老乞大諺解》、《朴通事新釋諺解》左音與《洪武正韻譯訓》正俗音的比較 (in Chinese), Taiwan: National Chengchi University
  • Sven Osterkamp (2011) “Chapter 5, Early adaptations of the Korean script to render foreign languages”, in Alex de Voogt, Joachim Friedrich Quack, editors, The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders (in Chinese), Leiden: BRILL, →ISBN, page 87
  • Zev Handel (2014) “Why Did Sin Sukju Transcribe the Coda of the Yào Rime of 15th Century Guānhuà with the Letter <f>?”, in Richard VanNess Simmons, Newell Ann Van Auken, editors, Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, →ISBN, pages 293-308
  • Jianjiao Dong (董建交) (2015) “《翻譯老乞大·朴通事》與明代官話入聲調的分化 [Fanyi Laoqida Piaotongshi and the Division of the Entering Tone in Ming Mandarin]”, in Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics[1] (in Chinese), volume 8, number 2, pages 214-225