User:Linshee/Doublets

*b

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*bak- (peg, club)	peg (osx > dum), pail	imbecile, baculum, bachelor (cel-gau > la > fro), baccalaureate (cel-gau > la), bacillus, debacle (fro), bacule,	bacteria, bacterium	beak (cel-gau > la > fro)

*bʰ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*bʰed- (improve)	boot (ety 2), Batavia (la), Passau (la > goh), batten (non), batful, battle (ety 2), better, bote	—	—	Bhadra (sa), Bhadrapada (sa), Bhadrakali (sa), bhadralok (sa > bn)
*bʰedʰh₂- (dig)	bed	fossa, fosse (fr), fossor, fossorial, fossil, fossula, fossulate	—	—
*bʰeg- (break)	bitch, bicker (dum), bang, bangle	—	—	bhang (sa > hi)
*bʰeg- (bend)	bench, bank (fr < frk), banc (fr < frk), bank (fr < it < lng), bank, banco (it < lng), banquette (fr < it < lng), bunch, batch, beach, beck (non), back, bacon (fr < la < frk)	—	—	—
*bʰegʷ- (flee)	—	—	-phobe, phobia	—
*bʰeh₁- (warm)	bask, bath, bathe, beath	—	—	—
*bʰeh₂- (shine)	beacon, buoy (frk > fro > dum), beckon	favor (xno), faun, infaust, focus	Phaëthon, emphasis, emphatic, epiphany, phenomenon, fancy (la > fro), fantasia (la > it), fantastic (la > frm), fantasy (la > fro), sycophant, Aristophanes, phantasia, phantasm, phantom (la > fro), phosphorus, photo-, pheno-, phasmid (la), phase	—
*bʰeh₂- (to speak, say)	abandon (frk > fro), ban, bee, babble, banlieue (gem-pro > la > fr), bannition (gem-pro > la), banal (gem-pro > la > fro > fr), bando (frk > fro), bannum (gem-pro > la), banish (frk > fro), boon (non)	nefast, affable, ineffable, nefandous, infandous, infant, fate, fey (fro), fairy (fro), féerie (fr), preface (fro), prefatory, fable (fro), fabulous, fabulation, fabulosity, favel (fro), fame, infamy, infamous, nefarious, confabulation, confess, confiteor, confession, confessor, profession, profess, professor,	anthem (grc > la > fro > ang), antiphone, apophasis, -phone, blasphemy (la > fro), blame (la > fro >), euphemism, -phony, -phasia, phoneme, phonetic, phonate, phono-, prophecy (la > fro), prophesy (la > fro), prophet, prophetic, pseudoprophet, prophetize, phatic	Bahasa (sa > ms)
*bʰeh₂g- (divide)	book, bookstaff, bookstave, booker,	—	phago-, -phagous, phage, -phagia, -phagy, -phage, ichthyophage, coprophage, scatophage, scatophagous, omophagia, balanephagous, xerophagy, necrophage, sarcophagus, zoöphaga,	bhakt (sa), bhagat (sa > pa), bhakti (sa), bhakta (sa), bhajan (sa), bagh (fa), Baghdad (fa > ar), Bhaga (sa), Bhagadatta (sa), Bhagavad Gita (sa), Bhagavata Purana (sa), bhagwaan (sa > hi), bhagwa (sa > hi), Bogdan (sla), Bogomil (sla), Dažbog (sla), nebbish (sla > yi), ban (ety 3, iir-pro > trk-pro > pannonian avar > xgn-pro > sla > zls > ro), ban (ety 4, iir-pro > trk-pro > pannonian avar > xgn-pro > sla > zls)
*bʰeh₃g- (bake)	bake	—	—	—
*bʰel- (sound)	buller (sco)	—	—	—
*bʰel- (shiny)	black ?, blow (ety 2), blue (fro), blaze, blemish (frk > fro), blithe, blatch ?, blanc (frk > la > fr), bale (ety 2), bald ?,	fulminate, fulgid, enfouldered (fro), refulgent, effulge, effulgent, flame (fro), fulgurate, flagrant, flagrate, inflammation, flamen, flavedo, flavid, flavone, Flavia, fulgent, fulgor, profulgent, coup de foudre (fr), fulminous, fulmineous, fulvous, interfulgent, prefulgency, fulvescent, fulmine, flare, in flagrante delicto, inflammable, flammeous, flammivomous, flammiferous, inflame, flambé (fr), flamboyant (fr), flamingo (es, pt), oriflamme (fro),	phlegmatic, phlegm, phlegmon, phlox, phlogiston, phlogopite, phalacrosis, phalarope, phlegmasia	Baltic (bsl > la), Balaton (sla > hu), beluga (ru), Belgorod (ru), Belgrade (sla), Beograd (sh), Belarus (sla), Berat (cu > tr > sq), Białystok (pl)
*bʰel- (blow)	thrapple, boule (frk > fro > fr), blead (ety 2)boulangerie (frk > fro > fr), buller (sco), bold, bield, bawd (frk > fro), palla (frk > ML. > it), ball (frk > ML. > oc > it > frm), blag (nl > fr), blague (nl > fr), poltroon (lng > it > frm), bull, blain, boll (dum), bowl	—	phallus, polyphloisbic, phloem, phlebo-	bung (cel-gau > la > fro), bolgia (cel-gau > la > fro > it), bulla (cel-gau > la), boil (cel-gau > la > fro), bulletin (cel-gau > la > fr), bill (cel-gau > la > fro) billet (ety 1 cel-gau > la > xno), billet (ety 2 cel-gau > la > frm), ebullient (cel-gau > la), parboil (cel-gau > la > fro), bouillabaisse (cel-gau > la > oc > fr), bouillon (cel-gau > la > fr), bullate (cel-gau > la), bull (ety 2 cel-gau > la > fro), bull (ety 4 cel-gau > la > fro), bowl (ety 2 cel-gau > la > fro),
*bʰelǵ- (balk)	balk (non), debauch (frk > fro), block (dum > fro), bloc (dum > fr), bulk (non), balcony (lng > it)	fulcrum,	phalange, palanka (la > gmh > hu > tr), phalanx, plank (la > fro), falanghina (la > nap > it), planche (la > fr), planch (la > fr)	—
*bʰelǵʰ- (swell)	bell, belly, bolster, bellow, ballow, bellows, billow (non),	fool (fro), follis, fils (grc > arc > ar), fals (grc > arc > ar), folly (fro), folie à deux (fr), follicle,	—	bulge (cel-gau > la > fro), budget (cel-gau > la > fro), budge (cel-gau > la > fro), Belgae (cel-pro > la), Belgic (cel-pro > la), Belgium (cel-pro > la),
*bʰendʰ- (bind)	bandage (frk > fr), bindle, bundle, bound, bundt (de), bonnet (frk > fro), bind, unbind, band (ety 1), band (ety 2 frk > pro > fro), bandy (frk > fr), Bund (yi), bund (de), bend, bond,	funicular, funambulist, funicle, funiculus, fundiform, frondeur (fr), honda (es)	—	bund (fa > hi,ur), bandh (sa > hi), bandha (sa), bandana (sa > hi), turban (fa > ota > it > frm), tulip (fa > ota > fro)
*bʰenǵʰ- (thick)	bunch, bunion (frk > fro > lmo), bunny (2 frk > fro), bunker (sco), bunk (sco)	—	pachy-	bahuvrihi (sa)
*bʰer- (to bear, carry)	birle, bring, birr (non), barm, burgeon (frk > fro), bear, birth (non), barrow, burden, burthen, bier, forbear, abear, barn, bairn, bairnless, stepbarn, stepbairn, bier,	fertile, preference, preferans (fr > ru), prefer, profert, profer, proffer (fro), transfer, ferret (fro), efferent, efference, afferent, circumfer, circumference, afference, infer, inference, inferent, inferible, inferrible, offer (fro > ang), offertory, refer, reference, transfer, differ, difference, different, differential, lauriferous, ligniferous, luciferous, Lucifer, lucifer, margaritiferous, melliferous, metalliferous, morbiferous, mortiferous, nimbiferous, noctiferous, nuciferous, odoriferous, odiferous, omniferous, aestiferous, -ferous, auriferous, bacciferous, belliferous, breba (es), palmiferous, conifer, coniferous, dactyliferous, ensifer, ensiferous, falciferous, fatiferous, flammiferous, fructiferous, frugiferous, furciferous, gemmiferous, glandiferous, glanduliferous, herbiferous, igniferous, imbriferous, lactiferous, transference, pestiferous, pomiferous, racemiferous, roriferous, scutiferous, sensiferous, setiferous, signifer, somniferous, soporiferous, spiniferous, viniferous, spumiferous, stoloniferous, sudoriferous, umbriferous, unciferous, velifer, veliferous, veneniferous, confer, conference, defer (ety 1), defer (ety 2), deferent, deference, vas deferens, referent, suffer, sufferance, furtive, fortune, Fortuna, fortunate, fortuitous,	phoresy, -phor, phoresis, phoront, -phoresis, phorophyte, periphery, euphoria, acanthophorous, -phore, anaphora, semaphore, pheromone, metaphor, varnish, Berenice, Veronica (la), Pherecydes, pherogram, paraphernalia, parapherna, anaphora, epiphora, cataphora, diaphoresis, diaphoretic, prophoric, prosphora, hypophora, ecphory, ecphoria, epanaphora, cataphor, criophore, kriophoros, canephora, Christopher, mastigophorous, amphora (la), ampoule (la > fr), ampullaceous (la), ampullary (la), pastophorus, ampulla (la)	Bharani (? sa)
*bʰergʰ- (protect)	bury, borrow, burrow (?), harbor, auberge (la > fro), albergo (la > it), harbinger (frk > fro), aubergiste (la > fr), bargain (fro)	—	—	—
*bʰerǵʰ- (rise)	barrow, rugby, bergh, burgher, burrow (?), berry, berg (af), belfry (LL. > gmh > fro), bergfried (de), borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (ety 2), -bury, -burg, -burgh, burglar (ML. > fro > BML.), burgessy (la > fro), bourgeoisie (la > fr), bourgeois (la > fr), burgess (la > xno), borgo (la > it), Berg (de), Berg (no), iceberg (nl), Bourgogne (la > fr), Burgundy (la), burgundy (la),	fort (fro), fortitude, fortification, fortis, fortress (fro), fortalice, forte (it), forte (frm), a fortiori, fortify, effort,	—	Brigantia (cel-pro > la), Brigid (ga), Bridget (ga), Briançon (cel > la > fr), Bragança (cel > la > pt), Bregenz (cel > la > de), Brianza (cel > la > it), Brendan (owl > sga > la), Brill (cel-bry-pro), brio (cel-gau > pro > es > it), Brahma (sa), Brahman (sa), brahmin (sa), Brahmana (sa), also (many Galician toponyms)
*bʰerH- (pierce)	berry, barling (non), bore	foramen, foraminate, foraminifera, foraminifer, perforate	—	—
*bʰerH- (brown)	bear, brown, brunneous (la), beaver	—	—	—
*bʰers- (tip)	bristle, brad (non), brush (la > fro), barse, bass (ety 2), embroider (got > la > fro), board (?), smorgasbord (? sv), bordure (? frk > la > fr), border (? frk > la > fro), bordage (? frk > la), bordarius (? frk > la), bordar (? frk > la), bordel (? frk > la > fro), bordello (? frk > la > it),	fastigium	—	—
*bʰew-	beat, butt	refute	—	batter (Gaulish)
*bʰewdʰ- (awake)	forbid, verboten (de), forbode, bizen, bode (ety 1), bode (ety 2), bode (ety 3), bid (ety 2), bede (ety 2), beadle, bedel (frk > la > fro),	—	pysma	Buddha (sa), buddhi (sa), bodhi (sa), bodai (sa > ltc > ja), bodhisattva (sa), bodhicitta (sa), Bodhipathapradīpa (sa),
*bʰewg- (flee)	—	fugacious, fugue (it > fr), fugitive, refuge, refugium, subterfuge, tempus fugit, transfuge, centrifuge, -fugal, refugee	apophyge	—
*bʰewg- (enjoy)	—	function, fungible, defunct, perfunctory	—	—
*bʰewgʰ- (bend)	bow, bebay, bight, akimbo, bought (ety 2), bee (ety 3), badge (osx > ML. > xno), badger (osx > ML. > xno), bagel (yi), beag (ang), elbow, rainbow, buck (ety 2, dum), bout	—	—	bog (sga)
*bʰey- (bee)	bee	—	—	—
*bʰeyd- (split)	bitter, boat, bateau (ang > fro), bit, bait (non), bite, abet (non > fro)	bifid, centifidous, fission, fissile, fissiparous, fissure, fissiped, fistule, fester (fro), multifid, quadrifid, trifid, fistulose	—	—
*bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force; to trust)	bide, abide,	Fido, confide, confident, confidence, confidant, diffide, diffidence, diffident, defy (fro), defiance (fro), defiant (fro), fidelity, fealty (fro), feal (ety 4 fro), faith (fro), bona fide, bona fides, fiduciary, fiducial, federal, confederacy, confederation, foederatus, fedifragous, federation, affy (xno), affiance, affidavit, fideism, infidel, infidelity	Peitho, Peisistratus, Pistis, pistic, pisteology, apistevist, pithiatism, pithiatic	—
*bʰeyh₂- (fear)	bive, bever, bibber	fedity	—	abhayamudra (sa), Bhima (sa), Bhishma (sa)
*bʰeyh₂- (strike, cut)	bone, ridgebone, bain (non)	—	—	—
*bʰleh₁- (bleat)	bleat, blea, blatant (sco)	feeble (fr), foible (fr)	—	—
*bʰleh₁- (blow)	blow, blaze, blasé (fr < nl), blast, bladder	soufflé (fr), sufflate, afflate, conflate, conflation, efflate, flabile, flabellum, flageolet, flabel, flatus, flatulence, flatulate, afflatus, afflation, inflate, inflation, exsufflate, insufflate, perflate, flautist (pro > it), flatus, flute (pro > fro), flavor	—	—
*bʰleh₃- (bloom)	blead, blow (ety 4), bloom (ety 1 non), bloom (ety 2), blade, blossom	flower (fro), flour (fro)), flourish (fro), florid, Florida (es), floscule, folio, foil (fro), foliaceous, foliature, foliage (frm), foliate, foliose, florescent, florescence, Flora, floricomous, florulent, floscule, effloresce, exfoliate, floral, flora, Florence	-phyllous, phyllon, Phyllis, phyllo (el), phyllode	belladonna (cel-gau > ML. > it)
*bʰlendʰ- (blend)	blend, blind, blond (frk > ML. > fro), bland (ety 2-3)	—	—	—
*bʰlewH- (overflow)	—	fluid, flux, affluent, affluence, circumfluent, circumfluence, confluent, confluence, deflux, defluous, defluxion, afflux, conflux, defluent, diffluent, diffluence, fluctus, fluctuous, fluctuate, fluctuation, fluctuant, fluent, fluency, fluence, effluous, effluent, efflux, effluvium, effluence, effluxion, flume (fro), fluorite, fluorine, fluoride, fluvio-, Trifluvian, influence, influx, influent, influxion, interfluent, interfluence, preterfluent, fluorescent, fluorescence, profluent, profluence, profluvium, reflux, refluent, refluence, refluous, subterfluent, superfluous, superfluity, superflux, superfluent, superfluence, transfluent, transfluence, transflux,	—	—
*bʰleyǵ- (shine)	blike, blink, blench, blank, blank (frk > la > xno), blake (non), bleak (non), bleach, blanch, Bianca (frk > la > it), Blanche (frk > la > fr), blick (de)	—	—	—
*bʰreg- (break)	break, breach, breakle, forbreak, brake (ety 2), brigand (> it > fro), brigade (> it > fro), brigadier (> it > fr), breccia (frk > fro > it), breech, breeches, britches, brail (> xtg > la > fro), bragget (> xtg > la > fro), bracket (> xtg > la > fro), broekies (af)	fracture, fract, fraktur (de), fraction, frangible, fragile, frail (fro), fragility, frailty (fro), fragment, refrain (fro), infringe, infraction, irrefragable, refract, refringence, diffract, diffraction	—	—
*bʰreHg- (smell)	—	flair (fro), fragrant, fragrance	—	bray (cel-gau > la > fro)
*bʰrekʷ- (crowd)	—	frequent, frequency, farce (fro),	diaphragm, phragma	—
*bʰrem- (make noise)	breme	fremitus	—	—
*bʰrewh₁- (boil)	brew, burn (? ety 1), bren (?) burn (ety 2), bourn, broth, broil (frk > VL. > xno), embroil (frk > VL. > fr), imbroglio (frk > VL. > fr > it), bread (?),	fervor, conferva, comfrey, defervesce, fervent, fervor, effervesce, effervescent, defrutum, effervescence, ferment, fervid,	phreatic	bourbon (cel-gau > fr)
*bʰrews- (break)	bruise, byrnie (non), Brunhild (de), bruise (part), brisket (non)	frustum, frush (fro), frustule	—	bruise (cel-gau > xno, part)
*bʰreyH- (cut)	brine	frivolous, friable, fray (fro), affricate, fricative, frication, friction, perfricate,	—	—
*bʰruHg- (make use of)	brook (ety 1)	frugal, fruit (fro), fructification, fructify, fructuous, fruticose, frumentation, frumenty (fro), fructose	—	—
*bʰuH- (become)	be, bush, bosk (frk > ML. > BL.), by- (non), bosque (frk > ML. > es), bouquet (frk > ML. > fr), been, beeth, bin, bist, beest, booth (non), bower, boun (non), gebur (ang), neighbor, bottle (ety 2), boodle (nl), build, Boer (af), boor (nl), Suebi (gem-pro > la), Swabia (gem-pro > la), beat, butt (frk > VL. > xno), button (frk > VL. > fro),	future, superb, furibund, ridibund, cogitabund, moribund, tribus, tribe (fro), tribune, tribunal, tribal, tribunitial, attribute, attribution, attributor, contribute, contribution, distribute, distribution, retribute, retribution, tributary, probe, prove (fro), proof (fro), probity, reprobate, reprove (fro), probable, probability, probation, probator, approve (fro), approbate, approbation, improbate, improbation, fiat, Samnium, Sabine,	physics, physique (fr), metaphysics, phyto-, -phyte, phylum, phyle, physis, physician, physical, physiognomy, imp (VL. > gmw-pro), physiology, monophysitism, physio-, apophysis, hypophysis, -physis, symphysis, physic, phylon, neophyte, epiphyte,	Bhumi (sa), bhumi (sa), bumiputra (sa > ms), bhoot (sa), Prabhu (sa)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*d

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*deh₁- (bind)	—	—	asyndeton, -desis, amphidetic	—
*deh₂- (share)	tide, zeitgeist (de), time,	dapifer, damnum, damage (fro), damn, dempne (fro), damnous, indemnity, condemn	deme, endemic, daimon, Lacedaemon, daemon (la), demon (la), demonic (la), cacodemon, geodesy, isodapane, demiurge, demagogue (frm), democracy, democrat, Democritus, Demosthenes, Nicodemus, demonym, pandemic, epidemic, demotic, demos, demo-,	—
*deh₃- (give)	—	add, addendum, addition, additive, dative, abscond, sconce (fro), condition, condiction, conditional, donative, donate, donation, donor, condone, reddition, render (fro), deditio, rendition, treason (fro), dedition, editor, edition, perdition, deperdition, subdititious, pardon (fro), tradition, traitor (fro), betray (fro), recondite, recond, datum, data, die (ety 2, fro), dice (fro > enm), date, mandate, mandatory, mandamus, amand, amandation, command (VL. > fro), commend, commando (LL. > pt > af), demand, vend, vendor, vendue (fro > nl), vendition, endow (fro), dowry (fro), dowager (fro),	apodosis, Herodotus, anecdote, antidote, dose (LL.), doos (LL. > nl > af), Theodora, Theodore (la), Isidore, Pandora, fedora (ru > fr), Dorothy,	Dažbog (sla), dana (sa > pi), Aditi (sa)
*deḱ- (take)	—	decent, décor (fr), decorate, decorum, doctor, docile, document, docility, doctrinal, doctrine, doctrix, indign, indignity, indignant, indignation, dignity, dainty (fro), deign (fro), disdain (fro),	fonda (ar > es), diplodocus, dogma, paradox, dogmatic	—
*deḱs- (right side)	Texel	dexter, dexterity, ambidextrous, dexterous	—	Deccan (sa > hnd)
*delh₁- (split)	tell, teller, tale, talk	dolabra, condole, dolent, dol, dolour, Dolores (es), indolent, dolorose, dolorous, dolium	—	—
*dóru	tree, tar, true	—	dryad	druid (Gaulish)
*DEM- (build up)	teem, toft (non), timber,	dome (fr), domus, domestic, domestique, don (es), domino, domine, dominie, dominus, demoiselle (fr), damsel (fr), donzella (it), doncella (es), donzel (it), domina, donna (it), dame (fr), dam (fr), domination, dominatrix, domme, dom, Dominic, dominion, dominium, domaine (fr), demesne (fr), domain (fr), dominate, AD, domicile,	Despina, despot, despotic	—
*demh₂- (tame)	tame,	daunt (fr), don (es), domino, domine, dominie, dominus, demoiselle (fr), damsel (fr), donzella (it), doncella (es), donzel (it), domina, donna (it), dame (fr), dam (fr), domination, dominatrix, domme, dom, Dominic, dominion, dominium, domaine (fr), demesne (fr), domain (fr), dominate, AD	Hippodamia	—
*denḱ- (bite)	tong, tang, tough	—	—	—
*der- (split)	tear, tire (fr), retire (fr), try (fr), turd	—	dermatology, pachyderm, dermal, dermis, epidermis	—
*derbʰ- (spin)	topsy-turvy, turf	—	—	—
*derHgʰ- (tug)	tarry	—	—	—
*derḱ- (see)	—	—	dracontine, dragon (fr), dragoon (fr), drake (ang < la)	darsana (sa)
*dewh₂- (fit)	tool, taw, tew, tow	—	dynamic, dynasty (la)	—
*dewk- (pull)	tee, tie, tye, toy (nl), tuck, touch (fr < frk), touché (fr < frk), zugzwang (de), tow, tug, tog, tether, team, teem,	abduce, abduct, abduction, adduce, adduct, adductor, aqueduct, circumduct, conduce, conduct, conduction, conductor, conduct, conductus, conduit (fr), deduce, deduct, deduction, deductive, deductor, adductive, abductor, ductin, duct, ductus, doge (vec), dux, duke (fr), duchess (fr), archduke (fr), duchy (fr), ducat (it), educe, educate, education, induce, induct, induction, introduce, introduction, obduce, obduction, obduct, produce, product, production, productive, productivity, reduce, reduction, redux, ridotto (it), redoubt (fr < it), seduce, seduction, traduce, traduct, subdue (fr), subduction, traduction	—	—
*deyḱ- (point out)	token, teach, toe	dictum, ipse dixit, abdication, abdication, dedicate, dedication, indicate, index, indication, indicator, predict, predicate, preach (fr), indict, addict, addiction, benediction, Benedict, bentsh (yi), condiction, condition, contradict, contradiction, contradictory, diction, dictionary, avenge (fr), vindicate, judge (fr), abjudicate, abjudge (fr), adjudicate, adjudge (fr), adjudication, judication, vendetta (it), prejudge (fr), prejudicate, prejudice, judicial, judiciary, dictate, dictamen, ditto (it), dictum, edict, interdict, dictation, dictator, dictature, valediction, valedictorian, maledict, vindical, digit, digital, digitalis, digitate, digitule,	deictic, paradigm, Eurydice	—
*drem- (run, sleep)	—	dorm, dormitory, dormant, dorter (fr), dormancy	syndrome, palindrome, hippodrome	—
*dweh₂- (move away, move forward)	—	dour (sco < gd), dure (fr), duramen, duress (fr), durable, durability, duration, endure	—	—
*dwey- (fear)	—	dire	dinosaur	—
*dyew- (be bright)	Lent, Tiw (ang), Tyr (non), Tuesday,	diva (it), adieu (fr), adios (es), Agnus Dei, Opus Dei, deity, deus ex machina, deify (fr), deification, joss (cpi < crp-mpp < pt), divination, divine (fr), divinity, Diana, Vejovis, Jove, Jupiter, biduous, carpe diem, diary, journey (fr), diurnal, journal (fr), Mardi Gras (fr), meridiem, a.m., p.m., meridian, meridional, triduum, nudiustertian, sesquidiurnal, nundine, nundines,	Zeus,	deva (sa), diwata (ceb < sa), Dyeus (ine), Dyaus Pita (sa), daeva (ae), div (fa), Devi (sa)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*dʰ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*dʰegʷʰ- (burn)	day, daw, daywork, daylong, dear, dearth	foment, fomentation, fomite, fever (fr), February	tephra	—
*dʰeh₁- (do)	do, ord, orde, urdé, urdy, odd, deed, misdeed, doom, duma (ru), deem, fordeem, -dom, freedom, kingdom, richdom, wisdom, dis (non)	add, addendum, addition, edit, edition, tradition, treason (fr), traitor (fr), perdition, deperdition, abscond, condition, creed (ang), credo, credible, credibility, incredulous, incredulity, credit, credulity, incredible, credible, creditor, credulous, render (fr), reddition, recreant (fr), condiment, recond, recondite, feral, profane, fanatic, fest, feast (fr), fest (de), fiesta (es), fetial, fete (fr), festive, festivity, festival, feria, fair (fr), mastiff (fr), costume (it), custom (fr), consuetude, mansuetude, insolent, facinorous, affect, benefactor, clarification, carnifex, opificer, office, official, pontifex, pontiff (fr), pontifical, pontificate, pontificious, horrific, horrify, justify, magnific, magnify, maleficent, magnificent, malefactor, mellify, beatify, deify, falsify, mirific, deific, beatific, pacific, Pacific, pacify, pacification, salvific, saxify, scientific, scientify, damnific, damnify, vulnific, sensific, terrific, terrify, venefic, confect, confit (fr), confection, confecture, confiture (fr), comfit (fr), defect, defector, defection, deficient, efficient, effect, efficacy, effection, efficacious, efficiency, effective, sacrificial, sacrifice, gratify, gratification, fortify, fortification, factor, fact, facinorous, sanctify, sanctification, satisfy, satisfaction, signify, significant, significance, stupefy, stupefaction, suffice, sufficient, sufficiency, tepefy, tepefaction, verify, verification, liquefy, liquefaction, malefaction, olfactory, perfect, prefect, perfection, infect, infection, ex officio, olfaction, faitour (fr), facture, feature (fr), faction, fashion (fr), fact, feat (fr), factum, parfait (fr), profit (fr), proficient, proficuous, profect, profectitious, refection, famulus, family, familiar, familiarity, sacerdotal	anathema, epenthesis, epenthetic, epithet, prosthesis, prosthetic, thesis, theme, thema, thematic, synthetic, synthesis, photosynthesis, ethos, ethical, ethics, ethnos, ethnicity, ethnic, ethnarch, ethology, Themis, theme, theo-, atheist, atheism, theist, theism, polytheism, polytheist, monotheism, monotheist, antithesis, apotheosis, Dorothy, hypothetical, hypothesis, parenthesis, nomothete, nomothetic, prothesis, prosthetic, prosthesis, entheate, enthusiast, enthusiasm, theogony, theocracy, theocrat, Theodore, fedora (ru), Theotokos, Timothy, Theophilus, Theseus, antithet, theca, apothecary, bodega (es), boutique (fr), bibliotheca, bibliotheque (fr), bibliothecary, enoteca (it), pinacotheca, pinakothek, hypothec, pantothenic, Thebes	Nadia (ru), Nadezhda (ru), Nadine (fr < ru), Dáil Éireann (ga)
*dʰeh₁(y)- (suckle)	doe	femme (fr), feme (fr), hembra (es), femina, female, fetus, fetal, fawn (fr), felicity, Felix, Fitz- (fr), affiliate, filial, fellate, fellatio	Tethys	dahi (hnd)
*dʰelbʰ- (dig)	delve	—	—	—
*dʰengʰ- (cover)	dung	—	—	—
*dʰenh₂- (set in motion)	Dane (non), Dench, Denmark (da),	font, fountain (fr),	Athanasius, tansy, euthanasia, thanato-,	Don (cel), Danube (cel)
*dʰer- (support)	tarnish (fr), dern, darn, dearn,	firm, firmament, frenum, frenulum, refrain (fr), affirm, affirmation, confirm, confirmation, infirm, infirmation, infirmity, affirmative	throne (la)	dharma (sa), dhamma (pi)
*dʰerǵʰ- (bind fast)	dry, drain	—	—	—
*dʰerh₃- (leap)	dere, dart (fr)	—	—	—
*dʰers- (be bold)	dare	—	—	—
*dʰew- (die)	die, dye, dead, death, deathday, halfdead	funeral, funerary	—	—
*dʰewbʰ- (hazy, deep)	deep, dip, deeply, depth, Dovre (no), but, butt, butte (fr), boot (fr), bottom, bum, dumb, deaf, daff (non), dowf (non)	fund (fr), affuse, found (fr), profound (fr), profundity, foundation (fr), fundament	abyss (la), abysm (la), typhl-, typhlitis, typhlocolitis, typhlograph, typhlology	Gdańsk (pl), Gdynia (pl), Donald (cel), Domhnall (ga)
*dʰewgʰ- (produce)	dow, douth, doughty, dock, dog, daughter	—	Tyche	—
*dʰewh₂- (smoke)	dusk, dew, dye, down (non), duvet (fr < non), dune, down, dust, dwimmer, dweomer (enm)	fimicolous, fimetic, fimetarious, fume, fumarium, fumiferous, funk (fr), fumigate, fumous, effuscate, fury, furiosity, furious, furibund, furor, furore (it)	alexithymia, cyclothymia, dysthymia, hyperthymia, schizothymia, enthymeme, thymus, euthymia, typhus, Typhon, Typhonomachy, typhoid, thyme	town, dune, down (cel-gau)
*dʰeyǵʰ- (knead)	dough, day, dairy, lady,	feign (fr), fiction, effigy, feint (fr), fictive, fictitious, figment, figure,	—	parvis (fr, la < grc < ira), paradise (fr < la < grc < ira), paradisiac (la < grc < ira)
*dʰeygʷ- (pierce)	ditch, dyke (non), digue (fr < non),	fix, affix, crucifix, crucify, fibula, fixation, fixate, fixture, transfix, transfixion, prefix, suffix	—	—
*dʰǵʰu- (fish)	—	—	ichthys, ichthyology, ichthyo-	—
*dʰgʷʰer- (flow away)	—	—	phthor	—
*dʰgʷʰey- (decline)	dwine, dwindle	—	phthisis, phthisical, phthisic	—
*dʰregʰ- (run)	draw, drag (non), draught, draft	—	trochanter, trochlea	—
*dʰreh₂gʰ- (irritate)	—	—	trachea	—
*dʰrewgʰ- (mislead)	dream	—	—	druj (ae)
*dʰrewgʰ- (serve)	drighten, dright, dree, drudge	—	—	droog (ru)
*dʰwen- (make a noise)	dun, din	—	—	—
*dʰwer- (door)	door	forum, forensic, hors d'oeuvre (fr)	thyroid	Nanterre (fr, la < cel)
*dʰwes- (breathe)	deer	beast (fr), bestiary, bestial	—	—
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*g

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*geH- (sing)	—	—	—	dastgah (fa)
*gel- (be cold)	cool, cold, keel, chill, calm (fr < it < lng)	gel (fr < it), gelatine (fr < it), gelato (it), geal (fr), jelly (fr), gelid	—	—
*gelH- (naked)	callow	—	—	—
*gerbʰ- (carve)	carve, kerf	—	graph, graphic, -graph, -graphy, grammar (la), grammatical (la), grimoire (fr, la), graffiti (it), program (la), -gram	—
*gerh₂- (cry hoarsely)	crane, crow, cranberry (nds), trone (xno < non), crake, crack, chark, chirk, creak (dum)	grackle	geranium (la)	—
*gew- (bend)	—	—	gyre (la), gyrus (la), gyrate (la), gyro (el), gyration (la)	gown (fr, la < grc < ira)
*gewH- (call)	—	—	—	gusli (ru), gusle (sh)
*gleh₁y- (smear)	cloam, clean, cliff, climb, cloth, clay	glue (fr), gluten, agglutinate, conglutinate	—	gley (uk)
*glew- (ball up)	clew, clue, knawel (de)	—	gluteus, glutes	—
*glewbʰ- (split)	cleave, cleft	glume	glyph	—
*gleybʰ- (stick)	cleave	—	—	—
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*gʰ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*gʰebʰ- (give)	yive, give (non), forgive (non), yift, gift (non), morning gift, morganatic (la), Godiva, gable (fr < non), Gebhard (de), Giffard (fr < de), gavel,	—	cephalo-	—
*gʰed- (find)	yet, ewte, yete, yote, get (non), beget (non), forget (non), yate, gate (non), gait (non)	prehend, pender (fr), pern (fr), pernancy (fr), reprehend, reprehensible, reprise, reprehension, reprehensive, apprehend, apprehensible, apprehensive, apprehension, comprehend, comprehension, comprehensible, incomprehensible, comprehensive, comprise, apprise, deprehend, prison (fr), prehension, spreath (sco < gd), prey (fr), prede, predator, depredation, predation, predatory	—	—
*gʰedʰ- (join)	good, gather, goodness, goodly	—	—	—
*gʰegʰuǵʰ- (cuckoo)	gawk (non)	—	—	—
*gʰeh₁bʰ- (grab)	—	aver (fr), prebend, provender (fr), prohibit, prohibition, exhibit, exhibition, inhibit, inhibition, adhibit, adhibition, cohibit, cohibition, debt (fr), debit, devoir (fr), debtor (fr), debitor, able (fr), ability (fr), habile, debile, debility, debilitate, habit, habitat, inhabit, inhabitant, habitable, habitacule, habitation, habitus	—	gable (fr < cel-gau), javelin (fr < cel-gau), gaffle (dum, gmw < cel-gau)
*gʰel- (call)	yell, galder, gale	—	—	—
*gʰer- (rub)	grind, grout, great, grit	grand (fr), grande (it), grandeur, grandiose, grandiosity	chondro-, chromo-, schizochroal	—
*gʰerdʰ- (enclose)	begird, girth (non), girdle, gird, yard, garden (fr < frk), garth (non)	—	—	Belgrade (sla), Novgorod (ru)
*gʰleh₂dʰ- (bright)	glad, glade	glabrous, glabrate	—	—
*gʰreh₁- (grow)	grow, grass, green, grass-green, ungreen, sengreen, gray	graminivorous, gramineous	—	—
*gʰrem- (roar)	gram, grim, grunt	—	—	—
*gʰrey- (smear)	grime, grimace (fr < frk)	chrism, cream (fr, la), crème (fr, la), creme (fr, la), Christ, Christian (la), Christianity (la), cretin (fr, la)	ghee (hnd, sa)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*gʷ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*gʷeh₂- (step)	—	—	bema, bima (he)	—
*gʷelbʰ- (womb)	—	—	Philadelphia, dolphin (la), dauphin (fr, la), Delphi	—
*gʷelH- (throw)	queal, quail (dum), quell, qualm	antevolate, evolation, volant, volante (es), volatile, volatility, volitate,	ballet (fr, la), metabolism, anabolic, ballista (la), arbalest (fr), diable (fr < la), diablo (es < la), diabolus (la), diabolic (la), devil (ang < la), obelisk, obeliscolychny, obolus, parabole, parabola, parole (fr, la), palabra (es, la), parable (fr < la), Polari (Sabir, it), palaver (pt, la), ballistic (la)	—
*gʷelh₂- (acorn)	—	glans, gland, glandule, glandulous, juglans	balanitis	—
*gʷem- (step)	come, become	venue (fr), advene, advent, adventure, adventitious, evene, event, prevent, convene, convent, revenue, subvene, souvenir (fr), supervene, survene (fr), intervene, intervention, invent, inventrix, invention, circumvent, circumvention, contravene, convene, convention, convenience, convenient, covenant (fr), covent (fr), convent, adventure, venture, prevent, prevention, venire,	anabasis, stylobate, diabetes, basis, base (la), basilar (la), abase (la), bas relief (la), bass (la), katabasis	Ganges (sa), juggernaut (hi), Durga (sa)
*gʷerH- (praise)	—	grace (fr), gracious, gratitude, congratulate, congratulations, gratuitous, gratis, gratuity, gratuitous	Boreas	bard (gd)
*gʷerh₃- (swallow)	quirk (non), querk (non), querken (non)	voraginous, devour, vorago, voracious, voracity, -vore, -vorous, ranivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, carnivore, omnivore	—	—
*gʷet- (resin)	cud, quid	bitumen	—	—
*gʷet- (say)	quethe, bequest	—	—	—
*gʷey- (win)	—	—	Alcibiades, Zenobia, Zenobius	Jaya (sa)
*gʷeyh₃- (live)	quick, quicken,	veve (ht < pt), joie de vivre (fr), bon vivant (fr), vivarium, viviparous, vivid, vital, vitality, vivacity, vivacious, c'est la vie, vivify, survive (fr), revive, viable, victual (fr), wyvern (fr), viper, viperine, vitamin, Vivian, weever (fr)	zoon, zoo-, zo-, zodiac, zoology, zoo, protozoa, bio-, biology, biological, Zenobia, Zenobius, hygiene, Zoe, -zoic	—
*gʷreh₂- (heavy)	quern, kern, quirn	brut (fr, la < osc), brute (fr, la < osc), brutal (la < osc), Brutus (la < osc)	baritone (it), barytone, baryton, baria, baryta, barium, barometer	guru (sa), gurukula (sa)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*gʷʰ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*gʷʰedʰ- (request)	bid, bead, bede	—	—	—
*gʷʰen- (strike)	bane, autobahn (de), Gunner (non), gonfanon (fr < frk), Gunther (de), Gandolf (lng), Edith, Gonzalez (es < goh), Consalvo (it < lng), gun (non)	defend, defense, defence, defensor, defensive, offend, offence, offensive, inoffensive	Tisiphone	—
*gʷʰer- (warm)	burn, bren, barm, warm	ferment, fermentation, forceps, furnace (fr), fornix, fornicate, fornication, petit four (fr),	thermo-, Thermopylae, -therm, -thermic, thermal, -thermia	—

*ǵ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*ǵem- (marry)	—	—	-gamy, aetheogam, bigamy, geitonogamy, monogamy, polygamy, xenogamy, gamic, gamete,	—
*ǵenh₁- (produce)	kin, kind, king, cyning (ang), kingdom, kindly,	genius, né (fr), née (fr), malign, malignant, malignance, benign, benignity, genitive, genitals, primogeniture, primogenitary, primogenital, genital, genus, gender (fr), sui generis, general, generality, generation, genre (fr), generate, degenerate, regenerate, regeneration, engender (fr), ingenerate, generous, generosity, gens, gentile, genocide, gentle (fr), genteel (fr), gentilicious, gentilician, gentilicial, gentry (fr), gentility, natal, nativity, Noel (fr), Nativity, nation, national, nationality, nascent, international, native, naïve (fr), natural, nature, naturality, germ, germinate, germination, germen, germane, german, genitor, genitrix, genethliac, progenitor, genie (fr), genial, congenial, congeniality, geniality, naevus, nevus, Naevian,	genesis, -gen, Eugene, eugenics, genetic, gene, genealogy, digenous, Diogenes, homogenous, heterogenous, homogeneity, heterogeneity, endogenic, exogenic, androgen, trigenous,	jati (sa), Prajapati (sa)
*ǵerh₂- (grow old)	corn, kernel, churn, kern, churl, Chorlton, Charles (fr, la < goh), Carolina (la < goh), churlish, Karl (non), Carl (non), carl (non), Charlemagne (fr, la < goh),	grain (fr), grange (fr), granary, garner (fr), garnet (fr), grenade (fr), pomegranate (fr), granule,	geronto-, gerontology, geriatric, Greece (fr < la), Greek (gmw < la), gringo (es, la), Magna Graecia (la)	—
*ǵews- (taste)	choose, costen, becast, cast about, cost	gust, gusto (it), gout (fr), disgust (fr)	—	—
*ǵneh₃- (recognize)	can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny, keen, Conrad (de), Kurt (gml), couth, uncouth, fraked, frakel, kithe, unco (sco), know, knowledge, acknowledge, ken	cognosce, cognition, incognito, quaint (fr), acquaint (fr), acquaintance (fr), recognize, cognitive, recognosce, reconnoiter (fr), recognition, precognosce, ignore, ignorant, noble, ignoble, reconnaissance, recon, connote, note (ang), notarize, notary, notation, notable, notability, notion, notice, notorious, nobility, narrate, narrative, narration, narrator, enarration, ignaro (it), glory, glorious, gloria, gloriation, ignoramus, ignorance,	agnostic, Gnosticism, Gnostic, agnosia, gnosis, prognosis, diagnosis, diagnose, pathognomonic, groma (la), gnomon, norm (la < ett), anormal (la < ett), enormous (la < ett), normal (la < ett), normality (la < ett), abnormal (la < ett), abnormality (la < ett), normale (it < la < ett))	jnana (sa)
*ǵwelH- (burn)	coal	—	—	—
*ǵyewh₁- (chew)	chaw, jaw, chew	gingiva, gingivitis	—	—

*ǵʰ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*ǵʰeh₁- (come)	go	heir (fr), hereditary, heredity, inheritance (fr), inherit (fr)	—	—
*ǵʰeh₂- (yawn)	gum	—	chasm, chasma, chaos, chaotic	—
*ǵʰelh₃- (green, yellow)	yellow, gold, gall, glow, glede, gild, gilden,	—	chloro-, chlorine,	arsenic (la < grc < syc, arc < Median), zircon (de < la < grc < ar < fa < Median), daric (grc < fa), jargon (it < ar < fa < Median)
*ǵʰengʰ- (walk)	gang, ging (non), gangue (fr < de), ingang, umgang, outgang, gong, Wolfgang (de), overgang	—	—	—
*ǵʰer- (yearn)	yearn, yern	adhort, adhortation, dehort, exhort, exhortation, hortative, hortatory, exhortative, cohortative, hortation	epicaricacy, chervil (fr, la), Eucharist, Chaeronea, Charites, Charis, charisma, charismatic	—
*ǵʰer- (enclose)	—	court, cohort, horticulture, Hortense, ortolan (fr)	chorus (la)	—
*ǵʰer- (bowels)	yarn, garn (non)	hernia, haruspex, haruspicy	—	—
*ǵʰers- (stiff)	—	horror, horrible, horrendous, horrid, horrify, ordure (fr), horrific, horripilation, horripilate, hirsute, abhor, abhorrent, abhorrence	—	—
*ǵʰes- (hand)	—	mile (gmw), mijl (nl, gmw), million (fr < it), milliary, milli-, millennium, millimeter, milliliter, millipede, milligram, millisecond, host (fr), hostie (fr),	chiro-, chiropractor, chiral, surgery (fr, la), surgeon (fr, la), chirurgeon (fr, la)	hasta (sa)
*ǵʰew- (pour)	god, God, gothi (is), gythja (is), godord (is), Godiva	futile, futility,	enchyma, mesenchyme, parenchyma, chytra, chyle (la), alchemy (la < ar < grc), alchemist (la < ar < grc), chemistry (la < ar < grc), chemist (la < ar < grc), chemical (la < ar < grc), chyme	hotr (sa)
*ǵʰewd- (pour)	yet, ewte, yete, Goth (la), Geat (ang), Jute (la)	affuse, confound (fr), confuse, confusion, diffuse, diffusion, diffusive, effuse, effusive, effusion, foison (fr), fusion, infound (fr), infuse, perfuse, refund, suffuse, superfuse, transfuse, transfusion	—	—
*ǵʰey- (winter)	—	hibernate, hivernate, hibernal, hiemal, hibernacle, hibernaculum, hiemation	Chimera (la)	Himalayas (sa)
*ǵʰley- (shine)	glim, gleam, glisten, glint (non), gloat, glitten, glitter (non)	—	—	Gloucester (cel)
*ǵʰreh₁d- (sound)	greet, regret (fr < frk), grouch (fr < frk), grudge (fr < frk), grouse (fr < frk), grutch (fr < frk)	—	—	—
*ǵʰrem- (vex)	grim, grunt, gram	—	—	—
*ǵʰwer- (wild)	bear	fierce (fr), ferity, feral, ferocious, ferocity,	therio-, theriaca (la), theriac (fr < la)	—
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*h₁

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*h₁ed- (eat)	eat, etch (nl < de), fret, fress (yi), etten, ettin, jotun (non), easse, eaceworm	edible, comestible, esculent, esca, escarole (fr < it), esurient, inedible, obese, obesity	—	Annapurna (sa)
*h₁eg- (lack)	—	indigent, indigence	—	—
*h₁egʷʰ- (drink)	—	ebrious, sober (fr), inebriate, inebriation, ebriose, ebriety	—	—
*h₁eǵ- (say)	—	negate, negation, negative, negator, negatory, abnegate, abnegation, abnegative, abnegator, deny (fr), prodigy	—	—
*h₁eh₁t- (breathe)	edder, and, ande, onde	—	—	atman (sa), mahatma (sa)
*h₁eḱ- (horse)	—	equison, equestrian, equine, eques, zebra (pt),	Philip, hippopotamus, hippo-, Hippodamia, hippodrome, hippocampus, Hippocrates, Hippolyta, Leucippus, Xanthippe, Philippi	Ashwatthama (sa), Ashvamedha (sa), sowar (hnd < fa)
*h₁el- (grayish)	elk, Elhaz (gem), Algiz (gem)	—	elaphine, tragelaphus	—
*h₁em- (take)	—	pome (fr), pomiferous, Pomona, pomme (fr), pomey (fr), pommes frites, caveat emptor, pomegranate (fr), vintage (fr), dirempt, emacity, emption, exempt, exemplar, example (fr), e.g., ensample (fr), exemption, perempt, premium, redeem (fr), absume, absumption, assume, assumption, consume, consumption, desume, sumptuous, sumptuary, insume, presume, presumption, resume, resumption, subsume	—	—
*h₁engʷ- (burn)	—	ignite, ignition, ignicolist, ignify, ignimbrite, ignis fatuus, igneous, ignifluous, ignigenous, ignipotent, ignipotence	—	wonga (rme), Agni (sa)
*h₁er- (earth)	earth, earthnut	—	—	erw (cy)
*h₁erkʷ- (praise)	—	—	—	Rigveda
*h₁ers- (flow)	—	aberr, aberrate, aberrant, aberration, err, erratic, erratum, erroneous, error	—	—
*h₁es- (be)	sooth, soothe, sin, am, is	absent, sans (fr), in absentia, absence, present, presence, presentation, represent, representation, representative, esse, entity, essence, essential, i.e., interest, possible, impossible, potent, potency, impotent, impotence, potential, omnipotent, omnipotence, armipotent, astripotent, bellipotent, potence, power (fr), prosit, proud (fr),	etymon, etymology, ontology, eu-, evangelize (la), evangelical (la), evangelist (la), evangel (la), Evander (la), Euboea, Eugene (fr < la), eugenics (la), Euclid (la), eulogy, Eunice (la), eurythmy, Eusebius, Euterpe, euphemism, euphoric, euphoria, Eucharist, parousia, parusia,	Chernobyl (ru), suttee (sa), sattva (sa), bodhisattva (sa), Svarog (orv), Saurashtra (gu), Siam (pt < th < pi), swastika (sa)
*h₁ewH- (help)	—	adjuvate, aid (fr), adjutant, jocund, jocundity, jucundity	—	—
*h₁ews- (burn)	ember	adure, bust, combust, urn, urna, ustulate, ustulation, crème brûlée (fr)	—	—
*h₁ey- (go)	yode, yede, oath,	ambient, ambulate, ambulance, ambulatory, amble, ambition, ambitious, ambit, ambulacrum, ambulatory, ambulator, comes, count (fr), county (fr), comte (fr), constable (fr), kmet (sh, sla < la), transition, contrition, contrite, preterition, redition, sedition, seditious, coitus, comitia, comitatus, comitatus, iter, itinerary, itinerarium, itinerant, itinerance, disperish (fr), perish (fr), deperish (fr), ish (sco, enm < fr), exit, exitial, exitious, initial, initiate, ab initio, commence (fr), obituary, initiation, preterite, preterition, subitize, sudden (fr), subitaneous, transit, transition	isthmus	—
*h₁eyg- (ice)	ickle, eckle, icicle, jokul (is)	—	—	yakhni (fa < sog)
*h₁eyH- (ice)	ice	—	—	—
*h₁eyHw- (yew)	yew	uva, uvula	—	Ewan (gd), Iona (la < ga)
*h₁eysh₂- (strengthen)	—	ire, irate, irascible	iatro-, -iatrics, -iatry, Jason, perineum (la)	—
*h₁lengʷʰ- (light)	light, lung,	levity, elevation, levitate, levy (fr), levee (fr), levant (fr), lever (fr), alegge (fr), alleviate, elevate, elevation, leaven (fr), Levana, relevate, relieve, relevation	—	Raghu (sa), Raghava (sa)
*h₁lewdʰ- (grow)	lede, leud (frk, got), lith (non), Leopold (de), Luther (de),	libre (es), libre (fr), liberal, liberalism, liberate, libertine, liberality, liberation, liberator, liberty	Eleuthera	Ludic (fi < lud < orv)
*h₁rebʰ- (cover)	rib, reef (non)	—	—	—
*h₁regʷ- (be dark)	—	—	Erebus	—
*h₁reh₁- (row)	row, rudder, rother, Rus' (ru, orv < fin < non), Russia (la < ru, orv < fin < non), Russian (la < ru, orv < fin < non), Belarus (ru, orv < fin < non), Russ (de < la < ru, ov < fin < non)	trireme	Eretria	—
*h₁reh₁p- (take away)	—	ravish (fr), rape (fr), abreption, usurp, rapacious, rapacity, rapid, rapidity, rapine, rapt, rapture, usurpation	—	—
*h₁rewdʰ- (red)	red, rud, ruddy, redden, bloodred	rubedo, rouge (fr), rubella, rubicund, ruby (fr), rubin, rubric, rufous (la < sab), Rufus (la < sab), rubiginous, roux (fr), russet (fr), robust, corroborate, corroboration	erythro-, erysipelas	—
*h₁rewg- (belch)	reek, roke (dum), reek (non)	eruct, eructate, rut (fr), rumen, ruminant, ruminate	—	—
*h₁reyp- (tear)	rive, ripe, rife	riparian, river (fr), riviera (it < fr)	—	—
*h₁wegʷʰ- (promise)	—	votive, devow (fr), devote, devout (fr), devotion, vote, vow	—	—
*h₁weh₂- (leave)	wan-, wane, wanton, waste (fr < frk), want (non)	vain (fr), vaunt (fr), vaniloquence, evanesce, evanish (fr), vanish (fr), vanitas, vanity (fr), vast, vastity, devast, devastate, vacuous, vacuum, vacate, vacation, supervacaneous, supervacuous, vacancy, vacuity, void (fr)	—	—
*h₁wer- (broad)	—	—	eurus, Eurydice, Europe (la), European (la), euro (la)	Varuna (sa)
*h₁wers- (rain)	—	—	ureter, urethra	—
*h₁weydʰh₁- (separate)	widow, wide, widen, wood,	divide, dividual, dividuous, individual, individuum, divisible, divisive, division,, divisor, dividend, viduity	—	Gael (ga), Gaelic (ga), Goidelic (ga), Gaeltacht (ga), Gaeilgeoir (ga)
*h₁yaǵ- (sacrifice)	—	jejune, jejunum,	hagio-, Agnes (la), Nancy (fr, la), Inez (es, la)	yazata (ae), Yazidi (ira), yajna (sa), Mazda (ae),
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*h₂

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*h₂eǵ- (drive)	acre, acreman, aik (non), cast (non), tinker, chaton (fr < frk)	act, abaction, abactor, actuary, action, active, chasten (fr), castigate, chastise (fr), fatigue (fr), funk (fr), fumigate, coagulum, coagulate, quail (fr), examen, examine, exam, examination, actor, agitate, agitation, actrix, actrice (fr), agitator, cogitate, cogitabund, cogitation, agenda, agent, agency, agile, agility, ambiguous, ambiguity, cogent, cogency, coact, cache (fr), exiguous, exact, essay (fr), indagate, litigate, litigation, litigant, mitigate, mitigation, navigate, navigation, circumnavigate, circumnavigation, navigable, navigability, navy (fr), prodigate, prodigy, prodigal, purge (fr), purgation, Purgatory, purgative, react, reaction, redact, redaction, exact, transigent, transact, transaction, variegate, actual, actuality, investigate, levigate, vestigate, investigate, vestige, investigation, pervestigate, agrarian, agriculture, agrestic, agricultor, pilgrim (gmw), peregrine (fr), pelerin (fr), peregrinate, peregrination, exaggerate, exaggeration, congeries, congestion, congest, egest, gestation, gestate, armiger, gerund, belligerent, claviger, falciger, veliger, gesture, ingest, ingestion, suggest, suggestion	Agesilaus, agoge, galactagogue (la), demagogue (la), pedagogue (la), agon, agony (fr < la), agonize, agonistes, agonist, antagonist, protagonist, epagoge, archisynagogue (la), synagogue (la), chiragra (la), podagra, Meleager (la), axiogenesis, axiom	ambassador (fr < la < gau), embassy (fr < la < gau)
*h₂egʰ- (be upset)	ail, ey, awe (non), awesome (non)	—	Achilles	—
*h₂eh₃- (be hot)	amper	—	ephemeris, ephemeral (la)	—
*h₂eHs- (be dry)	star, starn (non), ash,	arid, ardent, ardor, stella, Stella, étoile (fr), Estelle (fr < oc), Estrella (es), stellar, stellate	aster, disaster (la), asterisk, astrolabe, astrology, astronomy, astro-, astronaut, astronomical, astronomer, astrophysics,	Sirona (la < gau), Ishtar (akk, sem < ine), Esther (he < fa), Astarte (la < grc < phn, sem < ine)
*h₂eḱ- (sharp)	hammer, heaven, awn (non), tear, Egbert, edge, heark, hearken, hear, hearsome	acrimony, acrimonious, acrity, acrid, acritude, acid, acidic, dulcacid, acidity, acies, acrylic, acerb, acerbic, acerbity, acerbitude, acerbate, exacerbate, exacerbation, acervate, acervatio, eager (fr), vinegar (fr), acerose, lacrimal, lachrymation, lachrymose, astute, aculeus, acuity, acumen, acute, cacuminous, cacuminal, ague (fr), mediocre, mediocrity	Trinacria (la), akroposthion, acme, dacryo-, oxy-, oxygen, oxia, oxytone	Asman (ae)
*h₂eḱs- (axis)	axle	axis, axilla, ala, ali-, aisle (fr), alate	axon	—
*h₂el- (grow)	old, eld, elder, olden, world, alderman, ellen, elne	coalesce, adolescent, adolescence, alimentary, aliment, alimony, abolish (fr), abolition, obsolesce, obsolescent, obsolete, adolesce, obsolescence, exolete, indoles, redolent, alumnus, element, elementary, alto (it), altitude, haute couture (fr), alvine, alveus, proletariat	—	—
*h₂el- (beyond)	else, all, Alemannic (la < gem)	alter, advoutrer (fr), adulterate, adulterine, advowtry (fr), avowtry (fr), adultery, adult, altercate, altercation, alteration, ultra	allo-, hypallage, alias, alien	—
*h₂el- (wander)	—	amble (fr), ambulance, ambulate, circumambulate, obambulate, obambulation, perambulate, preamble (fr), ambulacrum, ambulator, ambulatory, hallucinate, hallucination	—	—
*h₂ems- (give birth)	Oswald, Anselm (lng), Osborn, Osmond, Astrid (non), Æsir (non)	—	—	asur (hi)
*h₂endʰ- (bloom)	—	—	chrysanthemum, anther, anthia	—
*h₂eng- (curve)	ankle	angle (fr), angular, angulous, multangular, quadrangle (fr), quadrangular, triangle, triangular	—	—
*h₂enǵʰ- (constrict)	agnail, hangnail, eng (nl), anger (non), angst (da < gml),	anxious, angina, anxiety, angust, anguish (fr)	cynanche	—
*h₂enh₁- (breathe)	ande, onde, and	—	—	—
*h₂enk- (curve)	angle, angler,	uncinus, uncinate, aduncity	ankylosis, ankylo-, anchor (gmw < la)	—
*h₂ent- (face)	and, and-, un-, unbind, adread, dread, answer, along, umbe, umb, um, end, endless,	ante-, avant-garde (fr), a.m., anticipate, anticipation, ancestor (fr), antecessor, antecede, antebellum, antemortem, antefix, antefixum, antevolate, anterior, antic (it), Antigua (es), antique (fr), antiquary, antiquarian, antiquity, antiae, ambi-, ambiguous, ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambient, ambience, ambition, ambitious, ambit, ambages, amputate, amputation, amputee, amburbium	anti-, Antigone, antidoron, antidote, antagonist, Antiochus, Antioch, anthippasia, Anticlea, Antikythera, antilogue (fr < la), Antilochus, Antiphon, Antinous, Antipater, antirrhinum, amphibious, amphibian, amphitheater	ambassador (fr < it < oc < la < gau), embassy (fr < it < oc < la < gau)
*h₂ep- (water)	ape, Affenpinscher (de)	amnicolist	—	Sumatra (ms < sa), Avon (bry)
*h₂ep- (join)	—	couple (fr), copula, adapt, apt, inept, apex, copulate, copulation	haptic, haptics, synapse, synaptic, apse (la)	—
*h₂er- (fit)	arm	ordo, order (fr), ordinary, ornery, ordinariate, ordinate, ordain (fr), ornate, orn, adorn, exornation, ornament, ornate, suborn, ordination, ranny (fr), araneous, armomancy, arms (fr), armoire (fr), ambry (fr), armarium, army (fr), armada (es), armiger, armipotent, armisonant, armature, armure (fr), armor (fr), ramus, ramify, ramification, ramose, ramous, ramulose, art (fr), inert, inertia, artisan, artisanal, artist, artistic, article, articulate, inarticulate, articulation	arachnid, arachnoid, harmony, harmonic, philharmonic, Aristaeus, Aristarchus, Aristides, Aristotle, Aristophanes,	asha (ae), Artaxerxes (grc < peo)
*h₂erǵ- (white)	Archibald	argent, Argentina, argentous, argenteus, argue, redargue, argumentation, argument, argumentum,	argil (la), hydrargyrum (la), argyr-, litharge (la), Argo, Argonaut	—
*h₂erh₃- (plough)	ear, ard (no)	aration, arable, exarate, exaration	arura	Aryaman (sa), Aryan (sa), Arya (sa), Alan (la < grc < os), alaunt (fr < osp < got < la < grc < os), Iran (fa)
*h₂erk- (protect)	—	coerce, exercise, Lupercus, Lupercalia, ark (gmw), arch (fr), arcane, parsimony, Orcus, orc (it), ogre (fr),	autarkic, autarky	—
*h₂ew- (enjoy)	eath	avid, avarice, audacious, audacity, avidity	—	—
*h₂ew- (perceive)	ear, heark, hearken, hear,	aur-, aural, scout (fr), auscultate, auscult, auscultation, auscultator, auricle, auricula, audio, audience, audition, audit, auditor, audile, audient, auditorium, auditory, audible, inaudible, obey (fr), obedient, obedience, subaudi, subaudite	oto-, ot-, otic, aesthetic	—
*h₂ewg- (increase)	eke, nickname,	action, auteur (fr), author (fr), lamed auctoris, authority (fr), auctrix, authrix, augment, augmentation, august, August, Augustus, Augusta, auxiliar, auxiliary, augur, auspice, auspicious, augury, inaugurate, inauguration, inaugur	—	—
*h₂ews- (dawn)	east, eastern, Easter, Eostre (ang), Austria (la < goh)	aurora, Aurora, aurorean, aurum, or (fr), aureate, auriferous, auripigment, orpiment (fr), orphrey (fr), oriole (fr), aureole, aureolin, aureus, ostro (it), austral, Australia,	Eos, aura, aero-, air (fr, la < grc), aria (it, la), aerate (la)	Ushas (sa)
*h₂ey- (vital force)	aye (non), young, youth, youngling	primevous, aevum, aeviternity, æt., puer aeternus, ab aeterno, eternal, eternity, eterne (fr), puella aeterna, longevity, junior, juvenile, rejuvenate, emulous, Emil (fr), Emily (fr), emulate, emulation, emulator, image (fr), imagine, imagination, imago, imaginary, imaginable, unimaginable, imaginous, imitate, imitation, imitable, imitative, imitator	eon, kairos	Ayurveda (sa)
*h₂ey- (give)	oath	—	Theaetetus, diet (fr < la), dietary (la), dietician (la), etiology, Menoetius	—
*h₂ey- (day)	ere, early	—	—	—
*h₂eydʰ- (ignite)	anneal, oast	cavaedium, aedicula, edifice, edification, edify, aedile, aestive, estival, estuary	ether, ethereal (la)	—
*h₂eyḱ- (obtain)	owe, ought, own, aught, freight (gml), fraught (gml)	—	—	Ganesha (sa)
*h₂eys- (wish)	ask, asking	aim (fr), estimate, estimation, esteem (fr), estimable, inestimable	—	—
*h₂eysd- (laud)	—	—	metoidioplasty	—
*h₂ger- (gather)	—	grex, gregal, gregarious, aggregate, aggregation, congregate, congregation, congregational, congregationalism, segregate, segregation	agora, agoraphobia, Pythagoras, category (la), categorize (la), categoria (la), Anaxagoras, panegyris, panegyric, Protagoras	—
*h₂leg- (care for)	leech (gem < cel < gem)	dilection, diligent, diligence, intellect, intelligent, intelligence, intellection, intellectual, intelligible, neglect, negligence, negligent, religion, religious	Ucalegon	—
*h₂lek- (protect)	—	—	Alexander, Alexandria, Alexis, Alex, Alastair (gd), Allison (en), Alexandretta, Alcaeus	—
*h₂lewgʰ- (announce)	lie, belie, lain (non)	—	—	—
*h₂leyH- (smear)	—	delete, deletion, liniment, obliterate	—	—
*h₂meh₁- (mow)	mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow	—	aam (nl < la)	—
*h₂melǵ- (milk)	milk, milch	emulge, emulsion, vaccimulgence, promulge, promulgate, promulgation	—	—
*h₂meygʷ- (change)	transmigrate, commigrate, demigrate, emigrate, immigrate, migrate, migration, migratory	—	amoeba	—
*h₂neḱ- (reach)	enough, nigh, near, next	—	Ananke, anangeon, onco-, oncology	—
*h₂reh₁- (think)	—	ration, reason (fr), ratio, rational, rationality, irrational, rationale, ratiuncule, rate, ratiocination, ratiocinative, reasonable (fr), renable (fr)	arete	—
*h₂rey- (count)	ready, graith (non), gradely (non), read, rede, agree (fr), rime, rhyme (fr < frk)	—	arithmetic	—
*h₂sews- (be dry)	sere, sear, searing, sorrel (fr < frk)	—	austere (la), austerity (la)	—
*h₂weg- (increase)	wax, waist, oker (non), ocker (non)	—	—	—
*h₂weh₁- (blow)	wind, weather, unweather	vent, Ventôse (fr), ventilate, ventilation, ventilator, fan (ang), van (fr)	atmosphere	nirvana (sa), Vayu (sa)
*h₂welh₁- (rule)	wield, wald, herald (fr < frk), cuckold (fr < frk), Walter (fr < frk), Gutierrez (es < fr < frk), Harold, Oswald, Ronald (sga < non), Ranald (sga < non), Reynold (fr < frk), Reginald (la < frk), Renault (fr < frk), Arnold (fr < frk), Gerald (fr < frk), Geraldine (fr < frk), Garrett (fr < frk), Jarrett (fr < frk), Garret (fr < frk), Harrell, Harrelson, Reynolds (fr < frk), Walters (fr < frk), Wat (enm < fr < frk), Watkins (enm < fr < frk), Watson (enm < fr < frk), Watt (enm < fr < frk), Watts (enm < fr < frk), Waters (fr < frk), Fitzgerald (fr < frk), McReynolds (ga < fr < frk), Wally (fr < frk), Walt (fr < frk), Waldemar (de)	vale, valediction, valiant (fr), vail (fr), value (fr), equivalent, equivalence, valent, valence, equivale, prevalent, prevalence, prevail (fr), valetudinarian, valid, invalid, validity, valor, Valentine, Valentina, Valentinus, Valentino, Valentinian	—	Toole (ga), Donald (la < sga), Domhnall (ga), Connell (ga), Connel (ga), Cathal (ga), Donaldson (enm < la < sga), MacDonald (gd), McConnell (gd, ga), McDaniel (gd), McDonald (gd), Kermit (gv), Kermode (gv), McDermott (ga), Donnell (ga), O'Donnell (ga), Cadwallader (cy), Callan (ga), O'Connell (ga), oblast (ru < cu), Vladimir (ru), Vlad (ru), Volodymyr (uk), Ladislaus (sla), Laszlo (hu)
*h₂welh₁- (hair)	wool, woolen	lanner (fr), lanugo, villus, villous, velvet (oc), velour (fr < oc), adulate, adulation, adulator, adulatory,	—	flannel (fr < gau)
*h₂wes- (dwell)	was, were	Vesta, vestal	Astyanax	Vasu (sa)
*h₂yew- (straight)	—	jury, perjure, perjury, jurisdiction, injure, injury, injurious, abjure, abjuration, de jure, adjure, adjuration, conjure, conjuration, just (fr), justice (fr), justify, justification, justiciar, justiciary, judiciary, injustice, giusto (it),	—	Griffith (cy), Griffiths (cy), Griffin (la < cy), Joyce (fr < br), Jekyll (br), Jewel (br), Jewell (br)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*h₃

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*h₃ed- (smell)	—	olid, redolent, odor, odorous, deoderant, odiferous, inodorous	ozaena	—
*h₃ed- (hate)	—	odious, ennui (fr), annoy (fr), odible, odium	—	—
*h₃ekʷ- (see)	eye	oculus, Oculi, ocular, monocle (fr), inoculate, inoculation, oculate, binoculars, antic (it), antique (fr), antiquity, Antigua (es), antiquary, antiquarian	cyclops, Europe (la), prosopon, prosopopoeia, synopsis, diopside, optic, optics, metope	—
*h₃elh₁- (fall)	fall, fell, befall	—	Apollyon	—
*h₃engʷ- (smear)	—	unguent, ointment (fr), anoint (fr), unctuous, unguentarium, omentum (la < xum)	—	kouign-amann (br)
*h₃enh₂- (call)	eld, agnail, eng (nl), bright, fill, full, heal, many, soft, enamel (la < frk), starch, heat, name, neven,	-ion, -tion, -ation, -itude, -tude, -oon (fr), centurion, Cicero, Cato, decurion, dungeon (fr), donjon (fr), erroneous, monger (gmw), pawn (fr), patron (fr), pattern (fr), patronate, patronage, albedo, gravedo, livedo, nigredo, rubedo, uredo, torpedo, vorago, Aquilon, Bruno, fronton, onus, onerate, onerous, exonerate, nomen, noun (fr), agnomen, cognomen, ignominy, ignominious, anonymity, nomenclature, nomenclator, nominal, nominalize, nominate, nomination, praenomen, nominative	anemone, Pluto, Timon, Alcmaeonid, andron, Hiero, Medon, Polemon, polemonium (la), onomastic, -onym, -onomy, onomatopoeia, anonymous, anonym, eponym, homonym, synonym, pseudonym, Hieronymus, Jerome (fr), Geronimo (it), paronymous, metonym	—
*h₃ep- (work)	—	office, official, Ops, opiparous, opulent, opulence, opificer, opus, copy (fr), cornucopia, copious, ure (fr), oeuvre (fr), opera (it), operate, operation, operator, operative, opuscule, omni-, omnipotent, omnipotence, omnivore, omnivorous, omnicient, omnicience, omnibus	—	*h₃er- (move)
rin, run, runnel, rine, rith	—	—	—	*h₃erbʰ-
erf	orb	orphan	robot (cs)	*h₃reǵ-
rich, right, rank, rake, reckon	rigid, rule, regent	—	raj (hnd)
Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other

*k

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*krépos	riff	corpus, corpse, corps	—	—

*kʷ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*kʷékʷlos	wheel	—	cycle	chakra (Sanskrit)

*ḱ

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*ḱóm	enough, alike, iwis	contra, country, cum, con-	epicene, koine	galore (Goidelic)
*ḱr̥sós	horse	curule	—	car, carry (Gaulish)
*ḱwṓ	hound	canine	—	corgi (Welsh)

*p

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*pleh₂-	floor	plant, plain, plan, plane, clan	—	—

*s

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*suH-	sow, swine	—	hyena	socket (Gaulish)

*t

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*terh₁-	throw, thread	attrition, contrite	trema, tragedy	—

*w

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*werdʰh₁om	word	verb	—	—
*wĺ̥kʷos	wolf	lupus	—	—
*wobʰseh₂	wasp	Vespa	—	—
*wódr̥	water	undulate	hydro-	vodka (Russian), whiskey (Goidelic)

*y

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*yewg-	yoke	jugular, joust	zeugma, zygote	yoga (Sanskrit)

Affixes

Prefixes

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*n̥-	un-	in-	a-	awning (Gaulish)

Suffixes

Proto-Indo-European	Germanic	Latin	Ancient Greek	other
*-kos	-y, -ey, -ie	-ic	athletic, cleric	shamrock (Irish)